Taining and pruning in horticultural crops

CANOPY MANAGEMENT INCLUDE TRAINING AND PRUNING

1. TRAINING & PRUNING I N HORTICULTURAL CROPS SUBMITTED BY- LOVELY NAGRA

2. Canopy management Training Pruning

3. It means developing a desired shape of the tree with particular objectives by controlling habit of growth. Training is start from nursery stage of plant. Some fruit crops like grape vines, ber , fig, guava etc require training. Training

4. TRAINING SYSTEMS

5. 1.Central Leader System • Main trunk extends from the soil surface to the total height of the tree • Several side branches grow at different heights in various directions. Advantages: – Such trees are structurally best suited to bear crop load and to resist the damage from strong winds. Disadvantages: – Trees under this system grow too tall and are less spreading. – Tree management (spraying, pruning, thinning and harvesting) is difficult. – Shading effect on interior canopy (the lower branches of such trees may be so much in shade that the fruit may not be able to develop proper colour).

6. Central Leader system

7. Central leader system in apple & pear

8. 2.Open Centre System • Main trunk is allowed to grow upto 1.0 m by cutting within a year of planting. • 3-5 lateral branches are allowed to develop from short main stem. • Widely used fro peaches and is good for mechanical harvesting. Advantages: – The trees so trained allow maximum sunshine to reach their branches. – Better clouration of fruits on the interior side of the tree. – Trees are more fruitful and low spreading tree greatly facilitate operations like spraying, pruning, thinning and harvesting. Disadvantages: – Such trees are structurally weak, and their limbs are more likely to break with crop load and strong winds. – This system does not only need severe pruning to start with but also constant effort to maintain its form through drastic pruning treatment.

9. Open centre system

10. 3.Modified Leader System • most acceptable for commercial fruit cultivation. • combines the best qualities of the central leader and open centre systems. • A leader develops on the young tree until it reaches the height of 2-3 m and then the growth is restricted. • Laterals are selected to ascent in a spiral fashion up the central trunk and are cut until the proper number and distribution of branches have been obtained. Advantages: – The branches are well distributed, allowing plenty of sunshine to reach the interior of the tree. – The trees is structurally strong and not prone to limb breakage. – Owing to limited height of trees, spraying, pruning and harvesting may be done easily.

11. Pruning may be defined as the art and science of cutting away of portion of plant to improve its shape, to influence its growth , flowering and fruitfulness and to improve the quality of the product. It is done to divert a part of plant energy from one part to another part of plant. It is done to – make the plant more productive and bear quality fruits, – increase longevity of the tree, – make it into manageable shape and – to get maximum returns from the orchard. Pruning

12. 1.heading back 2.thinning out Type of pruning cuts

13. 1.Heading back cuts Removal of a part of a shoot or branch It removes terminal buds Apical dominance is weakened or lost Physiological effects Net result: increase in total shoot growth This method is often followed for hedges, ornamental shrubs, first dormant pruning and October pruning in grapes. This refers to pruning or cutting of main stem or all or few of the branches leaving a basal portion.

14. Heading back cuts

15. 2.Thinning cuts Removal of an entire shoot or branch at its junction with the trunk •Ratio of terminal to lateral buds is not disturbed -Less physiological changes •Net result: It does not increase shoot growth as much as heading cuts

16. Pruning Thinning cuts

17. Before pruning & after pruning

18. Producing a supporting framework for the tree Allowing annual flower formation Developing a tree which allows maximum fruit growth and quality development Ease of management Goals for training and pruning

19. Modification of apical dominance Balance of root and top Alteration of the growth phases Modification of environmental effects principles of training and pruning

20. To control the direction of growth To develop a strong framework To control the amount of growth To influence productiveness To improve quality of product To utilise space efficiently To increase the usefulness of plants Objectives of training and pruning

21. Pruning tools

22. Impact of training and pruning Growth response foliage area, photosynthesis & respiration Hormonal pattern Fruit setting Regularity of cropping Fruit quality

23. Know where the flower buds are located Fruit Flowers borne on Peach Lateral buds, 1 yr shoots Apricot Lateral buds, 1 yr. Shoots + 2 yr. Spurs Cherry( swt ) Lateral buds, 2 yr. spurs Cherry sour Lateral buds, 2 yr. spurs Apple Terminal buds, 2yr.spurs Pear Terminal buds, 2yr.spurs

24. Thank you