TCP/IP model

A useful presentation on TCP/IP model

1. NAME KRISHNKANT PANDEY SUBMITTED BY :- Telecom Switching System And Network PRESENTATION ON TCP/IP MODEL 1

2. Content Introduction What is TCP/IP Addressing in TCP/IP Network Model Advantage Disadvantage 2

3. INTRODUCTION The Internet Protocol Suite (commonly known as TCP/IP ) is the set of communications protocols used for the Internet and other similar networks. It is named from two of the most important protocols in it: The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) The Internet Protocol (IP), which were the first two networking protocols defined in this standard. 3

4. What is TCP/IP IP addresses are not the same as the underlying data-link (MAC) addresses. IP is a network layer - it must be capable of providing communication between hosts on different kinds of networks (different data-link implementations). The address must include information about what network the receiving host is on. This is what makes routing feasible. IP 4

5. IP IP Addresses are usually shown in dotted decimal notation: 1.2.3.4 00000001 00000010 00000011 00000100 cse.unr.edu is 134.197.40.3 10 000110 11000101 00101000 00000010 5

6. TCP Reliable, full-duplex , connection-oriented , stream delivery Interface presented to the application doesn’t require data in individual packets Data is guaranteed to arrive, and in the correct order without duplications Or the connection will be dropped Imposes significant overheads 6

7. Applications Of TCP Most things! HTTP, FTP, … Saves the application a lot of work, so used unless there’s a good reason not to 7

8. Addressing in TCP/IP Each TCP/IP address includes: Internet Address Protocol (UDP or TCP) Port Number 8

9. TCP/IP Network Model Different view – 4 layers Layer 1 : Application Layer 2 : Transport Layer 3 : Internet Layer 4 : Network 9

10. Application This layer is comparable to the application, presentation, and session layers of the OSI model all combined into one. It provides a way for applications to have access to networked services. This layer also contains the high level protocols. The main issue with this layer is the ability to use both TCP and UDP protocols. 10

11. For example TFTP uses UDP because usually on a LAN the physical links are short enough to ensure quick and reliable packet delivery without many errors. SMTP instead uses TCP because of the error checking capabilities. Since we consider our email important information we would like to ensure a safe delivery. 11

12. UDP (User Datagram Protocol) - offering a direct way to send and receive datagram over an IP network with very few error recovery services. TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) - Simplified version of the FTP protocol which has no security features. 12

13. Application Layer (AL) Application Layer (AL), contains those protocols which provides services to users. Web browsing, e-mail, encryption, session establishment all these things happen in application Layer which uses protocols such as, HTTP, SMTP, DNS, TELNET, FTP, NFS, DFS, IMAP4, POP3, NNTP, SSH, SSL, GOPHER. Application Layer (AL), defines network application services like file transfer, network management. Identification of services is done using port numbers. Ports are nothing but socket i.e. entry & exit point to the layer. Application layer, Presentation layer, Session layer of OSI model Responsible for converting data into standard format ex: ASCII, JPEG, MIDI, MP3. Encoding-decoding, encryption-decryption, compression, NFS, RPC (remote procedure code). 13

14. TRANSPORT This layer acts as the delivery service used by the application layer. Again the two protocols used are TCP and UDP. The choice is made based on the application's transmission reliability requirements. The transport layer also handles all error detection and recovery. 14

15. It uses checksums, acknowledgements, and timeouts to control transmissions and end to end verification. Unlike the OSI model, TCP/IP treats reliability as an end-to-end problem 15

16. Transport Layer (TL) Two important protocols are used in Transport layer (TL). They are TCP and UDP Transport layer (TL), deals with actual manipulation of data and prepares it for delivery through network. If data is too large for the single frame, then TL breaks it into smaller pieces and assigns sequence number. It ensures that all the data is received in the right order than it was sent. TL is responsible for ensuring data is sent and received successfully. TL is responsible for verifying delivery of packets. Identification services, sequencing, flow control, error correction, segmentation, reassembling is done here. 16

17. A set of inter connected net works The I nternet is the most famous example Networks can be completely different Ethernet, ATM, modem, … (TCP/)IP is what links them Routers (nodes) are devices on multiple networks that pass traffic between them Individual networks pass traffic from one router or endpoint to another TCP/IP hides the details as much as possible INTERNET 17

18. This layer is also known as Internet layer. The main purpose of this layer is to organize or handle the movement of data on network. By movement of data, we generally mean routing of data over the network. The main protocol used at this layer is IP. While ICMP(used by popular ‘ping’ command) and IGMP are also used at this layer. 18

19. Internet Layer (IL) Internet layer (IL), deals with, finding the way to the destination. internet layer (IL) defines, IP addressing, routing, switching. It determines where the data should go on the physical network. It is responsible for routing each packet to its destination. Defines network address. Protocols that are used in this layer are routing protocol -OSPF, RIP, IGRP, EIGRP Routed protocols -IP, IPX, Appletalk . And DDP (datagram delivery protocol), ICMP, IPSec. This layer is also known as network layer in OSI model. IL provides best path to the data to reach destination. Device working in this layer is Router. 19

20. N E TW O RK This layer is also known as network interface layer This layer normally consists of device drivers in the OS and the network interface card attached to the system. Both the device drivers and the network interface card take care of the communication details with the media being used to transfer the data over the network. 20

21. In most of the cases, this media is in the form of cables. Some of the famous protocols that are used at this layer include ARP(Address resolution protocol), PPP(Point to point protocol) etc. 21

22. Network Access Layer It is responsible for putting frames (packets) on the wire. Responsible for setting bits & bytes, electrical signals and impulses back and forth across the wire (coaxial or twisted pair). Deals with wire, connectors, signals, pulses, modems, fiber optic cable (in for of light). “Doors between worlds” connecting physical aspect of network (cables & Digital pulses). Describes specifications for topology. Devices used here are- HUB, Switch, Repeater, Bridges, and NIC. MAC – it talks about physical address LLC – it talks about wan protocols like ppp , hdlc , and frame relay. Responsible for error detection. 22

23. Advantages It can be used to establish/set up connection b/w different types of computers.    It operates/works independently of the operating system. It support for a number of routing-protocols. It enables the internetworking between the organizations. It has a scalable, client-server architecture. 23

24. Disadvantages It is complex to set up & manage. IPX is faster than TCP/IP model. The shallow/overhead of TCP/IP is higher-than ipx. 24

25. THANK YOU 25