technical seminar on space debirs ppt...

Technical seminar on space debirs

1. B M S Evening College of Engineering
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University)
Bangalore - 560019
Technical
Seminar on
Space Debris
Under the Guidance of
Dr. / Prof. HPJ SIR
Designation,
Dept. of Mechanical
Engineering
BMSECE
BASAVARAJU AL
USN: 1BE19ME404
Digital Signature with
date
of in-charge faculty

2. BMSECE Dept. of Mechanical Engineering 2
Technical
Seminar
Abstract.
1.What is sky debris..?
Isanypieceofmachineryordebrisleftbyhumaninspace.Itcanrefertobig
objectssuchasdeadsatellitesthathavefailedorbeenleftinorbitattheendoftheir
mission. off a rocket.
Ex;Paintflecks,solidifiedliquidsexpelledfromspacecraft,andunburnedparticles
from solid rocket motors.
2. Effect of Space trash:
morethan128millionpiecesofdebrissmallerthan1 cm(0.4 in),about900,000
piecesofdebris1–10 cm,andaround34,000ofpieceslargerthan10 cm(3.9 in)
wereestimatedtobeinorbitaroundtheEarth.Spacedebrisrepresentsariskto
spacecraft.  that could nonetheless prove disastrous if they hit something else.
3. How can we clean up space junk?
Planningsometechniquetoremovethedebrisdraggingthembackintothe
atmosphere, where they will burn up.
1.Harpoon grab satellite, catching it in huge net.
2.Electrostatic force.
3.Laser Booming.

3. 3BMSECE Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Technical
Seminar
❑What is a satellite?
A satellite is an object in space that orbits or circles around a bigger object.
Therearetwokindsofsatellites:natural(suchasthemoonorbitingtheEarth)orartificial(such
as the International Space Station orbiting the Earth).
❑ what is an orbit? 
An orbit is the curved path that an object in space
(suchasastar,planet,moon,asteroidorspacecraft)takesaroundanotherobjectduetogravity.
lowEarthorbit(LEO),mediumEarthorbit(MEO),andgeostationaryorbit(GEO),LEO
satellitesarepositionedatanaltitudebetween160kmand1,600kmaboveEarth.MEO
satellites operate from 10,000 to 20,000 km from Earth.
❑Will be space junk problem in the future..?
On July 24, 1996, in the first collision between an operational satellite and
apieceofspacedebris,afragmentfromtheupperstageofaEuropean Ariane rocketcollided
with Cerise,aFrenchmicrosatellite.Cerisewasdamagedbutcontinuedtofunction.Thefirst
collision that destroyed an operational satellite happened on February 10, 2009,
Introduction
Fig-1: satellite

4. 4BMSECE Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Technical
Seminar
SPACE DEBRIS
1. Initially the term space debris refer to the
Natural debris found in the solar system
Like asteroids, comets, meteoroids.
2.However with the beginning of NASA orbital
Debris programs, space waste or space garbage
From the mass of the defunct, artificially created
Object in a space especially earth orbit.
3. These includes old satellite and spent rocket stages as well as
Fragment from their disintegration and collision.
Fig-2 : SPACE DEBRIS

5. 5BMSECE Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Technical
Seminar
History of space debris
Fig-3 :History of space
debris

6. 6BMSECE Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Technical
SeminarType of Orbit
Geostationary orbit (GEO)
Low Earth orbit (LEO)
Medium Earth orbit (MEO)
Polar orbit and Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO)
Transfer orbits and geostationary transfer orbit (GTO)
Lagrange points (L-points)
Fig-4 : Type of Orbit

7. 7BMSECE Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Technical
Seminar
Tracing and Measurement
1.Radar and optical detector such as LIDAR is the main tool to use tracking of the space debris
2.Radio waves have been recently used. These waves are transmitted inti space ,and they bounce
Off the space junk back to the origin and that will be detect and tack the object
3.Ground based radar facilities, and space telescopes are also used track the debris.
4.Return hardware of space debris is valuable source of information of environment
5.Some of the models used were:
LDEF (Long duration exposer facilities) satellite
EURECA(European Retrievable carrier)
STS-61 Endeavour
STS-109 Columbia

8. 8BMSECE Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Technical
Seminar
HOW CAN WE CLEAN UP SPACE JUNK
1.Electrodynamic tethers
2.Laser Booming
3.Solar sails
4.Space nets & Harpoon
5.Electrostatic force

9. 9BMSECE Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Technical
Seminar
Fig-5: Electrodynamic tether
ELECTRODYNAMIC TETHERS
1. An Electrodynamic tether provide a simple and
reliable alternative to the conventional rocket thruster
2. It work on the basic principle of Lorentz force Flemings
Left hand rule
3. Magnetic force is exerted on the current carrying wire
In an direction perpendicular to both the flow of current and
magnetic field
ELECTRODYNAMIC TETHERS

10. 10BMSECE Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
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Seminar
LASER BOOMING
1. Laser booming is used to powerful ground
Based laser to ablate the front surface of the
Debris and their by produce rocket like thrust
And the slow the object.
2.Withcontinuedapplicationofthedebriswilleventuallydecrease
their altitude
Enough to become subject to atmospheric drag
3.Additionallythemovementofthephotonsinthelaserbeamcould
be used to impact
Thrust on the debris directly
4. Mainly the two types of laser used
a)Ground based laser techniques
b)Space based laser technique
Fig-6: LASER BOOMING

11. 11BMSECE Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Technical
SeminarSOLAR SAILS
1. The solar sails use the pressure from the sun light
To navigate an object, just like an naval sail use wind
2. This way the debris can be navigated out of orbit and burnt into the atmosphere
3. The only the problem with solar sail is that its very hard to navigate the junk into the ocean
And hence might be pretty dangerous
Fig-7: SOLAR SAILS

12. 12BMSECE Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Technical
Seminar
NETS AND HARPOONS
1. Space nets or the umbrellas are satellites which eject the huge nets that fishes or Collect
Debris and is later disposed off into the graveyard orbit.
Fig-8 a: Net Method
Fig-8 b : Harpoon Method

13. 13BMSECE Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Technical
SeminarELECTROSTATIC FORCE
1.Electron built up on the surface of the object
Bombarded remove the object from the orbit
 2. whenever electrons build up on something.
Bombarding a piece of space junk with electrons
could give it a modest negative charge of
a few tens of kilovolts, roughly the equivalent
charge stored in a car spark plug. An unmanned
space probe with a positive charge could then
tow it in a tractor-beam-like fashion.
Fig-9 : ELECTROSTATIC FORCE

14. 14BMSECE Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Technical
SeminarCollector satellite
1. The most commonly used collector satellite
In the sky sling sat
2. It has two extended arms which collects
Debris when it is in motion
Fig-10: Collector satellite

15. 15BMSECE Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
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REFERENCE
1] Anderson, B.J (ed.) and Smith, R.E. (compiler): 1994, Natural Orbital Environment
Guidelines for Use in Aerospace Vehicle Development, NASA Technical Memorandum 4527,
Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama, USA.
2] Bade, A., Reynolds, R.C. and Kessler, D.J.: 1996, Tethers for Power Generation
on the International Space Station Alpha, NASA JSC-27362, Johnson Space Center, Houston,
Texas, USA.
3] Cosmo, M.L. and Lorenzini, E.C. (eds.): 1997, Tethers in Space Handbook,
Third Edition, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
4] Forward, R.L., Hoyt, R.P. and Uphoff, C.: 1998, The Terminator Tether: A Near-Term
Commercial Application of the NASA/MSFC ProSEDS Experiment, Proceedings of the Tether
Technical Interchange Meeting, NASA CP-1998-206900, Marshall Space Flight Center,
Huntsville, Alabama, USA, p. 109
5] Goldstein, R.M., Goldstein, S.J. and Kessler, D.J.: 1998, Radar Observation of Space Debris,
Planet. Space Sci., 46, 1007-1013.
6] Pardini, C., Anselmo, L., Rossi, A., Cordelli, A. and Farinella, P.: 1998, A New Orbital Debris
Reference Model, The Journal of the Astronautical Sciences, 46, No. 3.

16. 16BMSECE Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Technical
Seminar