TECHNIQUES OF COUNSELLING PPT.pptx

jegdchjVX yydguwgw djhdv<kid iudggwhdgiuef uiwhqui fge 893 yr84 owefiue awoygqf

1. TECHNIQUES OF COUNSELLING PRESENTED TO: PRESENTED BY: DR.RADHA K MS.PREETHI M SAMUEL VICE PRINCIPAL MSC NURSING 1 ST YEAR BHOPAL NURSING COLLEGE BHOPAL NURSINCOLLEGE

2. INTRODUCTION Guidance is the help given by one person to another in making choices and adjustments and in solving problems. Guidance aims at aiding the recipient to grow in independence and ability to be responsible for one’s own self. It is a service that is universal – not confined to the school or the family. It is found in all sectors of life – in the home, in business and industry, in government, in social life, in hospitals and in prisons; indeed it is present wherever there are people who need help and who provide help

3. The goal of assessment is to help counselors develop an understanding of the client or an individual. The selection of any tool whether quantitative or qualitative depends on the type of information the counselor is interested in gathering . TECHNIQUES OF COUNSELLING

4. Psychological tests are designed to assess the characteristics of people such as their abilities,attitudes,motivations,interests,needs and values. Psychological tests are classified into different types depending on their content and the way they are administered . PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS

5. Intelligence  is often defined as a measure of general mental ability. Of the standardized intelligence tests, those developed by David Wechsler are among those most widely used. Wechsler defined intelligence as “the global capacity to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with the environment INTELLIGENCE TEST

6. Achievement tests are of different kinds. Formative test : used to measure progress made in knowledge and skills before and during instruction. Summative test :given at the end of course to assess the outcome . Prognostic test : used to predict how well an individual is expected to profit from training. ACHIEVEMENT TEST

7. An aptitude test is designed to assess what a person is capable of doing or to predict what a person is able to learn or do given the right education and instruction. It represents a person's level of competency to perform a certain type of task. Such aptitude tests are often used to assess academic potential or career suitability and may be used to assess either mental or physical talent in a variety of domains. APTITUDE TEST

8. Personality tests are techniques designed to measure one’s personality. They are used to diagnose psychological problems as well as to screen candidates for college and employment. PERSONALITY TEST

9. A number of techniques used for testing personality: Interview Observation Self-report measures Checklist Rating scales Situational test or behavioural test Projective techniques Anecdotal records Autobiography The daily diary TECHNIQUES OF TESTING PERSONALITY

10. Self report measure personality scales that ask individual to answer a series of questions about their characteristic behaviour . It is  often used in personality assessment. This type of test is often presented in a paper-and-pencil format or may even be administered on a computer. A typical self-report inventory presents a number of questions or statements that may or may not describe certain qualities or characteristics of the test subject . SELF REPORT MEASURES/INVENTORY

11. Projective techniques involve asking subjects to interpret or fill in visual stimuli, complete sentences, or report what associations particular words bring to mind. Because of the leeway provided by the tests, subjects project their own personalities onto the stimulus, often revealing personal conflicts, motivations, coping styles, and other characteristics. PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUES

12. T he best known projective test is the Rorschach test, created in the 1920s by Swiss psychologist Hermann Rorschach (1884-1922). It consists of a series of 10 cards, each containing a complicated inkblot. Some are in black and white, some in color. Subjects are asked to describe what they see in each card. Test scores are based on several parameters: 1) what part of the blot a person focuses on; 2) what particular details determine the response; 3) the content of the responses (what objects, persons, or situations they involve); and 4) the frequency with which a particular response has been given by previous test takers. THE RORSCHACH TEST

13. The Thematic Apperception Test, also known as TAT, involves showing respondents ambiguous pictures of people and asking them to come up with an explanation for what is happening in the scene BEHAVIOURAL ASSESSMENT TEST

14. In this technique presence or absence or a behaviour or trait in a person is rated in terms of quantity and quality. You might be rating your students’ performance, handwriting, habits and many other aspects in your day-to-day teaching . For example, Ashok has done better than Meena in Mathematics but Meena scored the highest in Hindi. Ram is taller than Shyam but Shyam is taller than Nitesh . The world ‘rate’ means judging somebody or estimating the value of something. The guidance worker, who has observed the individual in many situations, gives his/her judgments. In a rating scheme each student is judged on the same general traits and judgments are expressed in the form of a scale on which are marked ‘very poor – poor – average – good – very good RATING SCALE

15. Qualitative assessment offers the counselor methods of helping clients to know and understand themselves better—methods that are flexible, open‐ended, holistic, and nonstatistical . The methods are diverse and include card sorts, simulations, exercises and games, worksamples , and others QUALITATIVE ASSESSMENT TOOLS

16. Case study is an old method which has been discovered and adapted to the complex process of modern counselling . Case study means systematic complete and intensive study of the pupil-his family background,his physical,social,emotional and intellectual environment. CASE STUDY

17. Location of the case Formulation of hypothesis Collection of data from pupils,parents,friends,teachers and community Analysis of data; identification of causal factors Removing the causes Follow up of the case STEPS IN CASE STUDY

18. A case study about a person presents basic information on the following topics : the physical, socio-economic and cultural environment the history and present status of the family personal history of the individual . Facts to be collected in case study

19. The purpose of this technique is to study the nature of social relationship of individual within a group. SOCIOMETRY TECHNIQUE

20. There are usually three types of sociometric techniques : ( i ) the nomination (ii) the social acceptance and (iii) the ‘who’s who’ or ‘guess who’. In the nomination techniques the student is asked to select and name his/her peers in terms of some criterion suggested by the teacher. For example, the teacher may ask students to name three best friends in the class. In the social acceptance technique, levels of social relationship are stated and the student is asked to express his/her sociometric choice. In the ‘Guess who’ technique, brief descriptions of various types of students are provided and they are asked to guess who in the class matches with the description. For example, one of the statements may be ‘The boy is always in trouble with his parents’, who? Continue…

21. A  Cumulative Record Card  is that which contains the results of different assessment and judgments held from time to time during the course of study of a student or pupil . The Cumulative Record is characterised in the following grounds: ( i ) The Cumulative Record is a permanent record about the pupil or student. (ii) It is maintained up-to-date. Whenever any new information is obtained about the pupil it is entered in the card. (iii) It presents a complete picture about the educational progress of the pupil, his past achievements and present standing. Cumulative record card

22. You might have read autobiographies of great personalities. An autobiography is a description of an individual in his/her own words. As a guidance technique for studying the individual, it gives valuable information about the individual’s interests, abilities, personal history, hopes, ambitions, likes, dislikes, etc. In guidance, structured autobiographic items are given to the individual and he/she is asked to write them out. The autobiographical material thus obtained is verified by various other means. Since feelings, values and attitudes cannot be measured by any other technique, autobiography appears to be the one technique for appraising these characteristics. AUTOBIOGRAPHY

23. An anecdotal record contains short descriptive accounts about some events regarding a student. Every account is a report of a significant episode in the life of a student. It is a simple statement of an incident deemed by the observer to be significant with respect to a given student. When such reports describing, on the spot, some incidents are recorded so that they may be of some significance, they are collectively known as an anecdotal record. An anecdote may be compared to a snapshot ANECDOTAL RECORD

24. Patience: You need to be very patient. Go to the next step of explanation only when the patient/client has clearly understood the content of the information you are giving. Thus you need to have ample time for the client/patient. Good Listening: You need to be a good listener. Never interrupt what the patient/client has /is to say. Give your inputs only when the client / patient has finished talking. Observant: You need to be very observant and able to interpret non-verbal communication e.g. if the patient/client looks angry, find out the cause of his/her anger first. Warm: Provide non-possessive warmth in a counseling environment. Smile and show concern and acceptance to the patient/client . CHARACTERISTICS OF COUNSELOR

25. Knowledgeable: You should have good knowledge on the topic /problem e.g. compliance to medication.  Some people do not take medication for one reason or the other, while others demand drugs/medication.  For example, Muslims do not take oral medication when they are fasting while Jehovah’s witnesses do not take blood transfusion. Understanding the factors why people may not do certain activities at specific time will assist to assist them better. Having empathy with the patient/client: Try to understand the feelings the patient/client is having in the counseling process. In other words put yourself in his/her position. Maintaining a therapeutic relationship with a patient: Give the patient/client the opportunity to make his/her own decision from your message. Continue…

26. Confidentiality: Although confidentiality is important in health matters it does not apply very much to all situations e.g. most people will openly say what they feel/ the problem they are having. However, ensure that you maintain confidentiality on what the patient/client tells you.  The patient/client would feel greatly offended if you disclose any information about him or her to other people.  This means that counseling must be done individually and privately. Personal integrity: Maintain a high degree of personal integrity, credibility and mutual trust as a counselor . Continue..

27. Adjustment/transition to/from college Alcohol/other drugs Anger management Anxiety/stress Behavioural /mood changes(depression) Eating concerns Body image Grief and loss Gender identity Relationship conflicts Sexual identity concerns Spirituality’ S uicidality COMMON CONCERNS ADDRESSED IN COUNSELLING

28. Effective counseling can make a significant, positive impact on clients' lives. Some positive outcomes might include: Better decision making Coping skills Improved outlook on life Ability to plan for the future (e.g., college and career preparedness) Improve socialization with peers, teachers, and family Engagement with extracurricular activities IMPACT OF EFFECTIVE COUNSELLING

29. CONCLUSION Tackling the ups, downs, and all around issues that come along with living a healthy life is no easy bull’s eye to hit. Every week can bring family emergencies, health problems, relationship issues, and career concerns. With all of these things that we cannot ignore how do we go about facing them head-on with strength, self assurance , and a clear mind? If you are a counselor, or have been to a counselor before, you would know the benefits that being able to speak with someone about your issues have to offer. There is no shame in asking for help, and there are plenty of people that are qualified professionals that are here to service your personal, career, or family needs.