Techniques of data collection in qualitative method

Data collection techniques in qualitative research method

1. Welcome To Our Presentation Ceremony

2. PRESENTATION On Techniques of Data Collection in Qualitative Method

3. Presented By Tahmina Ferdous Tanny Nusrat Jahan Shah Thufayel Miah Department of Public Administration M. S. S. 1 ST Semester

4. Content Interview Observation Focus Group Discussion

5. A verbal technique for obtaining data direct from the primary source. A very systematic method by which a person enters deeply into the life Even a stranger and can bring out needed information and data for the research purpose. Interview

6. C. F. Cannell and R. N. Kahn (1975 ): There are three essential element of interviews Accessibility Cognitive Condition Motivation Elements of Interview

7. Honesty Interest Accuracy Adaptability Personality and temperament Intelligent and education Special skill Appropriate preparation Qualities of Interviewer

8. From of strict structural point of view we can identify three types of interview: Structured Interview Unstructured Interview Semi-structured Interview Types of Interview

9. The use of a set of pre-determined questions Highly standardized techniques of recording The use of fixed, alternative questions The use of close ended questions The question order are pre-determined. Structured Interview

10. Non-standardize interviewing Do not follow a list of pre-determined question Freedom to talk on whatever events Provide their own definition of the social situation It is very complex process. Use open ended questionnaire Un-structured Interview

11. Semi-structured Interview

12. A pre-determined set of questions & questions arise when interviewing an a person To develop a keen understanding of the topic of interest A subjective experience of respondent It  preceded by observation, informal and unstructured interviewing Semi-structured Interview

13. Besides These Clinical Interview Telephone Interview E-Mail Interviews

14. It may not be possible to gather groups of individuals or to visit one-on-one An asking a small number of general questions Closed site access Use open ended question A researcher does not have direct contact with the participant Limited communication to understand the interviewee’s perceptions of the phenomenon Telephone Interview

15. A geographically dispersed group of people To provides rapid access to large numbers of people To promote follow-up conversations To raise complex ethical issues E-Mail Interviews

16. May be unstructured, semi structured, or structured Try to understand individual feeling and motivation I nformation of the client is willing to share Face-to-face interaction between a client and interviewer An intake interview, an admission interview, a mental status exam or a diagnostic interview. Clinical Interview

17. Observation Observe - to see and notice Observation -action or process of watching & listening to gain information

18. Participant Non- participant Experiment Independent & Dependent variable Pre- testing, pro-testing Experimental & control groups Audio visual/recording observation Types of observation

19. Process enabling researchers to learn about the activities of the people by becoming a part of the population or the subject. Discipline: Anthropology, Sociology Participant observation

20. Live in the community, make relationships with informants. Take part in way of life, rituals, customs to know cultural parameters know cultural members manners, leadership , politics , social interaction, and taboos Observer does his recording or note when he is alone. Example : To know the culture, lifestyle of tribal community ( e.g Chakma), become a part of them. Participant observation

21. U nderstand a phenomenon by staying separate from the activities being observed. O bserving participants unobtrusively. U se of recording devices (video or tape recorder)  to know contours of talk (e.g. intonation), body behavior (e.g. facial expression, eye gaze) Example: Teacher Provides a problem to the Students & divides them into team, observes how they make solution . Non- participant

22. A mode of observation that takes action & observe the consequences of that action. Select a group of subjects Do something to them Observe the effect of what was done It involves 3 components Independent & Dependent variable, Pre- testing, post-testing, Experimental & control groups Experiment

23. Independent variable – cause Dépendent variable – effect Example Independent & Dependent variable Independent variable Depression for result, relationship Mixing up with bad company Failure in exam Interest in drugs becomes habit Divorced parents Availability of drugs Dependent variable Increasing Drug addiction among young generation

24. Pre- testing – measurement before incident post-testing- measurement after incident Example Rate of sharing videos, picture, trolls, statues on social networking sites before & after India vs Bangladesh cricket match Indicator : Result of the match If Bangladesh wins sharing is high before & after the match If Bangladesh losses sharing is less Pre- testing, post-testing

25. Experimental group : to which stimulus is applied Control group : to which no stimulus is applied Example : Compare the attitudes & activities of two groups of criminals from jail Experimental & control groups Control group People who are outside of jail by parole Experimental group people who are staying in the jail

26. Experimental G roup Experimental group Teach them good manners Give them books, magazines to read Train & motivate them to be skilled Show them movies Stimulus

27. Experimental & Control Groups Experimental group Control group Compare: same? Compare: different? Figure : Diagram of Experimental design Measure attitude & activities Apply stimulus Re measure attitude & activities Re measure attitude & activities Measure attitude & activities

28. Audiovisual Consist of images or sounds For example : Pictures, photographs, videotapes, objects, sounds Focus The central phenomenon under study .

29. Advantage people easily relate to images share directly their perceptions of reality Disadvantage They are difficult to analyze

30. Focus group discussion(FGD ) Formally organized, structured groups of individuals “ In-depth ” research technique discuss  a specific topic of interest guide future action also called group interviewing Sample size Typically 5 to 15 people For example: political or marketing research

31. Focus group discussion(FGD ) Advantage The technique is a socially oriented research method capturing real-life data in a social environment. It has flexibility. It has high face validity. It has speedy results. It is low in cost Disadvantage Focus groups afford the researcher less control than individual interviews. Data are difficult to analyze. Moderators require special skills.

32. How are focus groups different from regular "groups"? has a specific, focused discussion topic.  a trained leader, or facilitator.  carefully planned to create a nonthreatening environment Members are actively encouraged

33. Why are focus groups used? learn more about group or community opinions and needs what people are really thinking and feeling, their expression depth and complexity of response When should you used FGD a new program or service asked or answered on a written survey time, knowledge, and resources

34. Procedure for conducting FGD Before you begin, Recheck your goals. Find a good leader Find a recorder. Decide who should be invited. Decide about incentives. Decide on the meeting particulars. Prepare your questions . Recruit your members Double-check . When the group meets Conduct the group Some common techniques After the meeting Look at the data Share results with the group.

35. Thank you ?