TELEOSTOMI

includes the acanthodians, bony --fishes, and their tetrapod offspring.
Teleostomes give rise to the teleosts (Teleostei).

ACANTHODII “Spiny forms”
The name is derived from the Greek root acantha (Ακανθα), which refers to a spine
Generally small fish but could be as long as 2 meters
Called spiny forms
The first fishes to have jaws
Numerous fins (both in-line and paired), most of which were supported at the anterior end by a large spine.
Basal gnathostomes that shared a suite of characters with the Osteichthyes and the Chondrichthyes (e.g. gills cover by an operculum, placoid-like scales, etc.)
Osteichthyes “bone” and “fish”
Bony Fish
At least some bone in their skeleton and/or scales.
·Operculum-Cover for the gill openings.
Some have lungs·
Lepidotrichia-slender bony rods or “rays”
Swim Bladders to adjust depth in the water. ·
Two classes:
Actinopterygians
Sarcopterygians
Actinopterygii “Ray-finned”
-dominant aquatic vertebrates since the mid-Paleozoic.
Fish Biologists
Chondrosteans
Holosteans
Teleosts

TWO DIVISIONS:
Palaeonisciformes
Neopterygii
Palaeonisciformes “primitive ray- finned fishes”
-Probably the earliest bony fishes.
-Includes living paddlefish,sturgeon and bichir (Africa)
-Marine and FW forms
-Characterized by...
heterocercal tail
The base of each scale was made of bone,the middle of dentin and the surface with an enamel-like substance called ganoine. Hence the name ganoid scales.
primitive forms with lungs to gulp air in oxygen-poor Devonian FW habitats
Neopterygii “advanced ray-finned fishes”
Replaced Palaeonisciformes as dominant fish group in early Mesozoic
Great range of morphologies and inhabit variety of habitats worldwide; trend toward invasion of SW habitats
Loss of ganoine scales and shortening of tail (homocercal tail)
Primitive living Neopterygians include gars and bowfins (former Holosteans)
Most recent group= Teleosts - 20,000 species; represent vast majority of living fishes
Sarcopterygii “fleshy-finned fish”
Second group of bony fishes
fins evolved into tetrapod limbs
Surviving sarcopterygian
lungfishes (dipnoans)-tropical streams
Coelacanths-e deep waters of the Indian Ocean
Choanae- external nostrils opening internally to the mouth through holes
Scale types of bony fishes
Fish tail types
Actinistia (Coelacanths)-first appeared in the Middle Devonian and survived into the Late Mesozoic
Latimeria- deep oceanic shelves of 100–400 meters
braincase - divided by a hingelike joint transversely across the top of the skull
vertebral centra – tiny
notochord is- prominent
swim bladder –doesn't serve in respiration but is filled with fat.
Lobefins-hold and position the fish within feeding currents

1. TELEOSTOMI Acanthodii Osteichthyes Sarcopterigii Review of Fish Phylogeny

2. TELEOSTOMI includes the acanthodians, bony fishes, and their tetrapod offspring Teleostomes give rise to the teleosts ( Teleostei ). CHAPTER 3

3. ACANTHODII “Spiny forms” The name is derived from the Greek root acantha ( Ακ ανθα), which refers to a spine Generally small fish but could be as long as 2 meters Called spiny forms The first fishes to have jaws Numerous fins (both in-line and paired), most of which were supported at the anterior end by a large spine. Basal gnathostomes that shared a suite of characters with the Osteichthyes and the Chondrichthyes (e.g. gills cover by an operculum, placoid -like scales, etc.) CHAPTER 3 EARLY SILURIANS PERMIAN DEVONIAN ORDOVICIAN represented persisted peak present

4. Teleostomi , phylogenetic relationships CHAPTER 3

5. Osteichthyes “ bone” and “fish ” Bony Fish At least some bone in their skeleton and/or scales. · Operculum-Cover for the gill openings. Some have lungs· Lepidotrichia -slender bony rods or “rays ” Swim Bladders to adjust depth in the water. · Two classes : Actinopterygians Sarcopterygians CHAPTER 3

6. CHAPTER 3 Actinopterygian phylogeny Source : After J. Z. Young.

7. Actinopterygii “Ray-finned” F ish B iologists Chondrosteans H olosteans Teleosts TWO DIVISIONS: Palaeonisciformes Neopterygii CHAPTER 3 Representative actinopterygians . Source: After J. Z. Young -dominant aquatic vertebrates since the mid-Paleozoic.

8. Palaeonisciformes “ primitive ray- finned fishes” - Probably the earliest bony fishes . - Includes living paddlefish,sturgeon and bichir (Africa ) - Marine and FW forms - Characterized by ... heterocercal tail The base of each scale was made of bone,the middle of dentin and the surface with an enamel-like substance called ganoine . Hence the name ganoid scales. primitive forms with lungs to gulp air in oxygen-poor Devonian FW habitats CHAPTER 3

9. Neopterygii “advanced ray-finned fishes” Replaced Palaeonisciformes as dominant fish group in early Mesozoic Great range of morphologies and inhabit variety of habitats worldwide; trend toward invasion of SW habitats Loss of ganoine scales and shortening of tail ( homocercal tail) Primitive living Neopterygians include gars and bowfins (former Holosteans ) Most recent group= Teleosts - 20,000 species; represent vast majority of living fishes CHAPTER 3

10. Sarcopterygii “fleshy-finned fish” Second group of bony fishes fins evolved into tetrapod limbs Surviving sarcopterygian lungfishes (dipnoans)-tropical streams Coelacanths-e deep waters of the Indian Ocean Choanae - external nostrils opening internally to the mouth through holes CHAPTER 3

11. 2 Subgroups Dipnoans monophyletic group Crossopterygians paraphyletic Choanae or internal nares cosmoid scales-rhomboidal in shape , thin, circular disks Early species- two dorsal fins and heterocercal tails (figure 3.18a, b) later species- dorsal fins reduced , caudal fin (symmetrical & diphycercal ), vertebral column extending straight to the end of the tail with equal areas of fin above and below it. (figure 3.18c) FIGURE 3.18 Sarcopterygians CHAPTER 3

12. Scale types of bony fishes Fish tail types Actinistia (Coelacanths)-first appeared in the Middle Devonian and survived into the Late Mesozoic Latimeria - deep oceanic shelves of 100–400 meters braincase - divided by a hingelike joint transversely across the top of the skull vertebral centra – tiny notochord is- prominent swim bladder –doesn't serve in respiration but is filled with fat . Lobefins-hold and position the fish within feeding currents CHAPTER 3

13. Discovery of living coelacanth Coelacanth cranial kinesis Dipnoi - Devonian lungfishes marine , but modern forms occupy fresh water Styloichthys (Early Devonian)-earliest known lungfish Three surviving genera occur in continental streams and swamps (figure 3.19a–c ). paired lungs, can breathe when oxygen levels in the water fall or when pools of water evaporate during dry seasons. lack cosmine , have a skeleton composed mostly of cartilage, and exhibit a prominent notochord FIGURE 3.19 Sarcopterygians —Living lungfishes. CHAPTER 3

14. TETRAPODS Primitive Tetrapods Labyrinthodonts Lissamphibia —Modern Amphibians Urodela ( Caudata )—Salamanders Salientia ( Anura )—Frogs Gymnophiona ( Apoda )—Caecilians Lepospondyls

15. Primitive Tetrapods Labyrinthodonts Ancient tetrapods retained bony scales large in body length, skulls as well Eogyrinus - Carboniferous species , 5 m in length Late Devonian- Earlist form of group Early Tetrapod Acanthostega “four-footed fish”-Late Devonian Ichthyostega CHAPTER 3

16. CHAPTER 3

17. CHAPTER 3

18. Lissamphibia —Modern Amphibians labyrinthodont radiation includes fossil and living forms Amphibian Subgroup salamanders , frogs, and caecilians tropical and temperate regions of the world stand between fishes and later tetrapods Many bones of the ancient skull and pectoral girdle are lost. Scales are absent, except in caecilians Salamanders -Upper Jurassic frogs -Triassic CHAPTER 3

19. Common characteristics Most modern forms are small respire through their skin have unique pedicellate teeth with a suture dividing the tooth base from the tip, possess an extra bone associated with the ear, the auricular operculum undergo metamorphosis CHAPTER 3

20. AMNIOTES Stem-Amniotes Sauropsids Reptilia Synapsida Pelycosauria Therapsida Mammalia

21. AMNIOTES CHAPTER 3

22. 2 Major Lineages CHAPTER 3 Sauropsida - birds, dinosaurs, modern reptiles, and many of the diverse assemblages of the Mesozoic . two major lineages: Parareptilia Eureptilia Synapsida - monophyletic lineage producing many various forms, including therapsids and modern mammals.

23. CHAPTER 3 Skull Fenestration - used to classify amniotes - large holes in the side of the skull The temporal region in amniotes varies in two ways: Temporal fenestrae- number of openings T emporal arches- made up of defining skull bones .

24. CHAPTER 3 anapsid skull- characteristic of the first amniotes and the later turtles and their allies synapsid skull- found in mammalian ancestors represents an early divergence from the anapsid has a single pair of temporal openings bordered above by a temporal bar formed by squamosal and postorbital bones diapsid skull- characterized by two pairs of temporal openings separated by this temporal bar. upper temporal bar- squamosal-postorbital bar lower temporal bar- formed by jugal and quadratojugal bones, defines the lower rim of the lower temporal fenestra including pterosaurs and dinosaurs, were predominant during the Mesozoic and gave rise to birds and all living reptiles “ euryapsid ” skull- once thought to be a separate skull type, lower temporal bar is lost, leaving the squamosal-postorbital arch to form the lower border of the paired fenestral opening.

25. CHAPTER 3

26. Sauropsids embrace all birds and reptiles as well as their immediate fossil ancestors Parareptilia and Eureptilia and related extinct clades e Eureptilia sub-group Diapsida Parareptilia clade - died out 200 million years ago. CHAPTER 3

27. Reptilia Parareptilia and Eureptilia Anapsida - first group -diagnosed by skulls without temporal fenestrae Diapsida - second group - a by skulls with two temporal fenestrae paraphyletic CHAPTER 3

28. M esosaurs first of many sauropsids to embark on a specialized aquatic existence earliest date to the Late Permian elongate snout bristled with sharp, long teeth paddle-shaped feet, laterally compressed tail, and long neck Fossil remains are found in South America and southern Africa in the Late Permian expanded Neural arches of the trunk and slightly overlapping CHAPTER 3

29. Parareptilia An assortment of fossil groups distinctive ear region digits articulate with the ankle bones CHAPTER 3 FIGURE 3.30 Parareptilia . Pareiasauid , Parelasaurus from the Late Permian.

30. Eureptilia Petrolacosaurus - oldest diapsid araeoscelidian reptile from the Late Carboniferous in what is today Kansas body - 20 cm long, elongated neck and limbs, tail added another 20 cm to the overall length skull – diapsid Other primitive diapsid species became quite specialized Coelurosauravus - elongated ribs that in life likely supported a gliding membrane. Askeptosaurus - 2 m in length, slender, and probably aquatic in habits.

31. Eureptilia Captorhinidae - basal eureptilian lack temporal fenestrae long and slender limbs, similar digit and ankle articulations, and similarities of bone structure within the skull . 20 cm in length, generally similar to modern lizards in that they had a well-ossified skeleton similar to anthracosaurs , but captorhinids possess reptilian features (strong jaw musculature, and reptilian structural details in their skull, limbs, and vertebral column) CHAPTER 3

32. Eureptilian Radiation- three major lineages Archosauromorpha - dinosaurs, birds, and related groups Lepidosauromorpha - fossil forms as well as snakes, lizards, and allies Euryapsida - Mesozoic marine reptiles, ichthyosaurs and sauropterygians CHAPTER 3

33. Archosauromorpha Archosaurs “ruling reptile” - crocodiles, dinosaurs, and birds . Bipedalism (two-footed locomotion) Thecodonts - paraphyletic group arose late in the Permian and prospered during the Triassic teeth set in deep, individual sockets rather than in a common groove Within the hindlimb , a unique ankle design appeared in some thecodonts along with a tendency to bipedal, upright posture . CHAPTER 3

34. Pterosaurs “ pterodactyls ” specialized for flight with membranous wings Pterosaurs , birds, and bats- 3 vertebrate groups to achieve active aerial locomotion sparrow- to hawk-sized wingspan of 12 m Rhamphorhynchoids - long tails and teeth CHAPTER 3

35. Dinosaurs include two groups of archosaurs : Saurischia Ornithischia CHAPTER 3 differ in the pelvic structure

36. CHAPTER 3

37. AVES

38. Sauropterygia specialized to an aquatic mode of life includes the early nothosaurs (Triassic) and the later plesiosaurs ( JurassicCretaceous ) that evolved from them .

39. Testudinata first appeared in the Late Triassic possessed a distinctive shell made up of a dorsal carapace of expanded ribs and surface skin plates ( scutes ) and a connected ventral plastron of fused bony pieces

40. Lepidosauria Modern snakes, lizards, Sphenodon , and their ancestors constitute the lepidosaurs . Eosuchia - most likely the ancestors of all modern lepidosaurs This genus carries forward the primitive eosuchian skull, complete temporal bars In lizards- lower temporal bar is absent . Snakes lack both upper and lower temporal bars.

41. Mammalia arose within the therapsid radiation in the Late Triassic Mezozioic mammals- shrew-sized and the largest not much bigger than a cat The radiation of modern mammal groups began early in the Cenozoic, especially among the eutherian mammals.

42. Characteristics of Mammals two primary characteristics: hair and mammary glands

43. Extinct Mammals : kuehneotherids , haramiyoids , sinoconodontids , multituberculates , and morganucodonts , to mention a few - size of a shrew - nocturnal and endothermic - sharp , pointy teeth - Brain size was larger, for a given body size, than in their reptilian contemporaries . - Teeth were heterodont - hatched from eggs and nursed from mammary glands like the monotremes

44. Living Mammals

45. Ungulates- descriptive term of convenience and refers to hoofed animals - include the Perissodactyla (horses, rhinoceroses, tapirs), Artiodactyla (pigs, camels, cattle, deer, etc.), and Cetacea (whales and porpoises ) Subungulates - include the Proboscidea (elephants), Sirenia (sea cows), Tubulidentata (aardvark), and Hyracoidea (hyraxes).

46. Carnivora ,- the term fissiped is used informally for land carnivores (cats, dogs, bear, skunks), and the term pinniped refers to semiaquatic carnivores (seals and walruses ) Rodentia - largest of the eutherian groups - divided informally into the sciuromorphs (squirrel-like), the myomorphs ( mouselike ), and the hystricomorphs (porcupine-like ). Primates- arboreal - possess grasping fingers and toes tipped by nails .

47. Place of origin and routes of dispersal of therian mammals

48. Early in the Mesozoic- all continents were joined into one large supercontinent, Pangaea . Late Mesozoic- Pangea had split into two regions introducing a north/south geographical division in land masses Cenozoic- regions continued to further fragment and rotate into the recognizable continents we are familiar with today.