Tensile Structure, Geodesic, Inflated Structure.pptx

Tensile Structures

1. Tensile Structure Group 6, 6 th Sem, B.Arch , MZU 22/ARCH/010 22/ARCH/015 22/ARCH/025 22/ARCH/028

2. Meet our team Huma 22/ARCH/028 Mikael 22/ARCH/015 B. Puia 22/ARCH/025 Faka 22/ARCH/010 2 Tensile Structure 2025

3. Contents 1 2 3 4 5 Introduction, History Structural Principles, Materials Types Pros & Cons Conclusion 3 Tensile Structure 2025

4. Introduction Tensile structures are architectural solutions that rely on tensioned membranes, cables, or fabrics to create innovative and efficient designs. Unlike traditional structures that rely on compression, tensile structures achieve stability and shape through pre-stressed elements. Key Features: Lightweight and flexible Efficient in material usage Capable of spanning large areas with minimal supports Visually striking and adaptable to various environments Common Applications: Stadiums and sports arenas Airport terminals and transportation hubs Exhibition pavilions and cultural spaces Temporary and semi-permanent shelters 4 Urban Tensile Bridge, Parametric Architecture, Turkey

5. History Early Origins – Prehistoric Times Nomadic Tents and Roman Velarium (19 th Century) Bridges and suspension structures, air-supported structures 21st Century Rhino, Grasshopper, and AI-based simulations (5th - 18th Century) Military Tents, Market Stalls and Pavilions 20th Century Frei Otto - lightweight tensile membrane structures – Olympia Park, Munich

6. Frei Otto – Father of Modern Tensile Architecture Frei Otto (1925–2015) was a German architect and structural engineer known for revolutionizing lightweight and tensile structures. His work combined architecture, engineering, and nature-inspired designs , leading to the development of innovative tensile membrane and cable-net structures . Key Contributions: Development of Tensile Architecture by exploring lightweight structures . Munich Olympic Stadium, 1972, Germany, first large-span cable-net structure with a transparent membrane roof. Discovery of Tensile organic, free-flowing shapes like conical, saddle, or barrel vault forms. Otto founded this research center to study minimal surface structures and computational modeling of tensile systems. Otto experimented with tensegrity (tension + integrity) and air-inflated structures , influencing modern stadiums, exhibition pavilions, and space architecture . 6 Frei Otto, 1925-2015 Tensile Structure

7. I have built for people, not for profit. Our work is a research, never a finished building. We must learn to design lightweight structures, as they save material and energy. My architectural structures are never new in principle—they follow the existing laws of nature i.e. Form follows forces. Frei Otto 2025 Tensile Structure 7

8. Structural Principle Tensile structures function based on the balance of tension and compression , utilizing flexible materials and efficient load distribution. Below are the key principles that define tensile structures: Unlike traditional buildings that rely on compression (walls, beams, columns) , tensile structures achieve stability through tensioned membranes and cables . The structural elements are pre-stressed to maintain shape and strength. Lightweight materials (fabric, steel cables, ETFE membranes) are used to cover large spans with minimal supports. The efficiency of material usage makes tensile structures cost-effective and sustainable . Tensile structures rely on double-curved surfaces to evenly distribute forces. They are resistant to seismic activity due to their flexibility. Membranes (PTFE, PVC, ETFE) are used for UV resistance, waterproofing, and thermal insulation . Wind and snow loads must be carefully calculated to prevent structural failure. Modern tensile structures are designed using parametric modeling and structural analysis software (Rhino, Grasshopper, Tensile Modelling Tools). 8 Tensile Structure

9. Materials Fabric & Membranes PVC-coated polyester – Cost-effective, UV-resistant, and widely used for temporary or semi-permanent structures. PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene) coated fiberglass – Highly durable, self-cleaning, and resistant to extreme weather conditions. Common in long-term installations. ETFE (Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene) – Transparent, lightweight, and often used in inflated cushions (e.g., the Beijing National Aquatics Center ). Silicone-coated fiberglass – Similar to PTFE but offers different flexibility and durability properties. Cables & Ropes Stainless steel cables – Provide high tensile strength and corrosion resistance. Galvanized steel cables – A more economical alternative, though less durable than stainless steel. Aramid and carbon fiber ropes – Lightweight and extremely strong, used in advanced applications. Structural Support Steel (Mild or Stainless Steel) – Used for masts, compression rings, and support frames. Aluminum – Lightweight and corrosion-resistant, often used for smaller tensile structures. Timber – Occasionally used for aesthetic or eco-friendly designs in hybrid tensile structures. 9 Tensile Structure ETFE Membrane Carbon Fibre Ropes

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11. Types of Tensile Structure Membrane Structure Also called Fabric Structure Pneumatic Structure Air-Supported Structure Cable-Net Structure Network of Cables Conical Tensile Structure Central Peak and Radial Members Cable Truss Structure Combination of Cable and Rigid Elements 11 Tensile Structure 20XX

12. Types of Tensile Structure Anticlastic Tensile Structure Organic Shaped Design Parallel Arch Structure Arched and Curved Trusses Frame Supported Tensile Structure Rigid Frames with Tensile Fabric Suspension Structure Utilization of Anchored Cables Hybrid Structure Combination of multiple types of Tensile Structures 12 Tensile Structure 20XX

13. Membrane Structure Membrane tensile structures are architectural forms that use flexible fabric materials tensioned over a support system to create lightweight, large-span enclosures. Key Features: They primarily use fabric materials with minimal use of extensive cables. Requires minimal structural support while covering large spans. Can take organic, free-flowing shapes like conical, saddle, or barrel vault forms. Often used for shading and roofing, offering UV protection and waterproofing. Can be designed for both short-term events (e.g., exhibition pavilions) and long-term structures (e.g., stadium roofs). Applications: Sports & Stadiums: Allianz Arena (Munich). Public Spaces: Shade canopies in parks, shopping centers, and amphitheaters. Exhibition & Event Pavilions: Expo 2000 in Hannover, temporary festival structures. Transportation Hubs: Denver International Airport roof. 13 Denver International Airport roof, Allianz Arena (Munich) Expo 2000 in Hannover Tensile Structure

14. Membrane Tensile Structure 14 Tensile Structure 2025 Sources: ResearchGate

15. Gallery Kalyan, India Allianz Arena, Germany, uses ETFE membrane throughout the facade SoFi Stadium, USA, features massive ETFE Canopy 15 Tensile Structure 2025

16. Pneumatic Structure Pneumatic tensile structures use air pressure to maintain their shape, either by inflating a single membrane (air-supported) or by pressurizing individual tubes or cushions (air-inflated). They rely on continuous internal air pressure to stay upright and require airlocks to maintain stability. Key Features: Pneumatic structures rely on pressurized air for structural integrity. Extremely lightweight and quick to set up, making them ideal for temporary or emergency shelters. Minimal structural framing is required. Often made from ETFE or PVC , allowing natural light inside while reducing energy costs. Needs air pumps or fans to maintain internal pressure. Applications: Sports & Event Dômes: Tokyo Dôme (Japan), Rogers Centre (Canada). Temporary & Emergency Shelters: Inflatable medical tents, military barracks, and disaster relief structures. Greenhouses & Climate-Controlled Spaces: Botanical gardens and agricultural enclosures. Exhibition & Pavilion Structures: Expo pavilions, inflatable concert halls, and festival domes. 16 Tokyo Dôme, Japan Rogers Centre, Canada Tensile Structure

17. Pneumatic Tensile Structure 17 Tensile Structure 2025 Pneumatic tensile structures use both tension (cables, frames) and air pressure , whereas pneumatic structures rely entirely on air pressure for stability. Sources: ResearchGate

18. Gallery Canary Wharf Crossrail Station, Japan Auchan Pole Shopping Centre, France Aida Cruise, Japan 18 Tensile Structure 2025

19. Cable-net Structure Cable-net tensile structures consist of a network of tensioned cables that form a flexible yet strong surface, often supporting a lightweight membrane or glazing. Key Features: Unlike fabric-based tensile structures, cable-net structures use interwoven or grid-like cable networks to transfer loads. Often used with ETFE, glass, or fabric , allowing natural light while maintaining structural integrity. Large spans with very few columns or rigid supports, making them ideal for open public spaces. Can take organic, freeform, or geometric shapes , adapting to architectural and engineering needs. Efficiently withstands wind, snow, and other loads with minimal material use . Applications: Stadium Roofs & Arenas: Munich Olympic Stadium (Germany), BC Place (Canada). Airport Terminals & Public Spaces: Denver International Airport, Shenzhen Bao’an Airport. Exhibition Halls & Cultural Centers: The Louvre Pyramid Courtyard Roof (France). Large Glass Facades & Skylights: Apple Park Visitor Centre (USA). 19 Munich Olympic Stadium, Germany Tensile Structure

20. Cable-net Tensile Structure 20 Tensile Structure 2025 Sources: ResearchGate

21. Gallery Munich Olympic Stadium, Germany, Inside Detail Combined Roofing, Membrane + Cable-net Cable Connection in Cable-net Tensile Structure 21 Tensile Structure 2025

22. Conical Tensile Structure Conical tensile structures are fabric-based tensile systems characterized by a central high point (peak) and radial slopes that create a cone-like shape. Key Features: Unlike flat or free-form tensile structures, conical structures feature a high central point with fabric slopes extending outward. The sloped design naturally directs rainwater to specific drainage points. The curved, tensioned membrane reduces wind loads , making it suitable for open spaces. Can be center-supported (single mast) or perimeter-supported (without a central pole) for clear open spaces. Often used for shading and protection in public areas while adding an elegant, sculptural form to architecture. Applications: Outdoor Canopies & Plazas: Public parks, resort shade structures, amphitheater covers. Commercial & Retail Spaces: Shopping mall entrances, outdoor food courts. Transportation Hubs: Bus stations, airport drop-off zones. Sports Facilities & Stadiums: Qatar Aspire Park Shade Canopy, Dubai Tennis Stadium. 22 Masdar City, UAE Tensile Structure Aspire Park Shade Canopy, Qatar

23. Conical Tensile Structure 23 Tensile Structure 2025 Sources: Science Direct and ITCanopy

24. Gallery Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, India, Changi Airport Canopy, Singapore, Inverted Membrane-less Conical Structure Las Vegas Convention Center , USA – doesn’t require to be pointed to be conical. 24 Tensile Structure 2025

25. Cable Truss Tensile Structure Cable truss tensile structures combine tensioned cables and rigid compression elements (such as beams or trusses) to create a stable and lightweight structural system. Key Features: Unlike cable-net structures (which rely purely on tension), cable trusses use compression-resistant elements (trusses or beams) to support the structure. Suitable for large-span roofing due to its high strength-to-weight ratio . Can support heavier loads than a standard membrane or cable-net system. Provides controlled flexibility , reducing structural movement under wind and seismic loads. Often used in sports arenas and transportation hubs , creating open, column-free spaces. Applications: Stadiums & Sports Arenas: Georgia Dome (USA) , Estádio da Luz (Portugal) Airport Terminals & Public Spaces: Denver International Airport (USA) , Kansai International Airport (Japan) Exhibition Halls & Convention Centers : EXPO 2010 Shanghai Pavilion (China), Messe Frankfurt (Germany) 25 Georgia Dôme, USA Tensile Structure Kansai International Airport, Japan

26. Cable Truss Tensile Structure 26 Tensile Structure 2025 Sources: ESDEP Lecture Note WG14

27. Cable Truss Tensile Structure 27 Tensile Structure 2025 Sources: ESDEP Lecture Note WG14

28. Gallery Kuala Lumpur International Airport, Malaysia Forsyth Barr Stadium, New Zealand BC Place Stadium, Canada 28 Tensile Structure 2025

29. Anticlastic Tensile Structure Anticlastic tensile structures are characterized by a double-curved surface where the curvature in one direction is opposite to the curvature in the other. This creates a saddle-like shape , which enhances structural stability and aesthetic appeal. Key Features: Unlike conical or pneumatic structures, which have synclastic curvature (same-direction curves) , anticlastic structures have one convex and one concave curvature , creating a unique organic form. The opposing curves balance tension forces , making the structure stable and lightweight . Used for freeform, fluid architectural designs , often associated with iconic and futuristic architecture . The curved geometry naturally redistributes loads and reduces wind pressure , making it suitable for large spans. Applications: Stadium Roofs & Public Spaces: Olympic Park Roof (Munich, Germany), Millennium Dome (London, UK) Cultural & Exhibition Centers : The Eden Project Biomes (UK), EXPO 2000 Pavilion (Hannover, Germany). Transportation Hubs & Walkways: King Abdulaziz Airport Canopy (Saudi Arabia) 29 Millennium Dome , London Tensile Structure Eden Project Biomes, UK

30. Anticlastic Tensile Structure 30 Tensile Structure 2025

31. Anticlastic Tensile Structure 31 Tensile Structure 2025 Sources: TensileStructureEducation

32. Parallel Arch Tensile Structure A parallel arch tensile structure , also known as a barrel vault tensile structure , consists of a series of arches covered with a tensioned membrane . The arches provide a rigid framework , while the tensile fabric stretches over them, creating a lightweight yet structurally efficient enclosure . 32 Parallel Arch Tensile Structure Tensile Structure Frame Supported Tensile Structure Frame Supported Tensile Structure A frame-supported tensile structure is a combination of rigid structural frames (made of steel, aluminum, or wood) and tensioned fabric membranes . Unlike purely tensile structures that rely only on tension and anchorage, these structures use frames for primary support , while the tensile fabric acts as a covering or enclosure .

33. Suspension Tensile Structure A suspension tensile structure is a type of tensile system where the primary load-bearing elements are cables that are suspended between supports . These structures transfer loads through tensioned cables rather than relying on rigid compression members, making them ideal for long-span applications . 33 Suspension Tensile Structure Tensile Structure Hybrid Tensile Structure Hybrid Tensile Structure A hybrid tensile structure combines multiple tensile system types (e.g., membrane, cable-net, cable-truss, frame-supported) to achieve greater stability, flexibility, and architectural innovation . These structures integrate tension and compression elements to create optimized load distribution and unique aesthetics .

34. Pros and Cons Pros Lightweight and Material Efficient Large Span Coverage with Minimal Support Aesthetic and Architectural Flexibility Quick Installation and Prefabrication Cost-Effective for Large Spaces Durable and Weather-Resistant Natural Light Transmission Flexible and Earthquake-Resistant Cons Limited Lifespan Vulnerability to Harsh Weather Higher Maintenance Requirements Limited Fire Resistance Difficult to Modify or Expand Complex Design Process Poor Insulation and Soundproofing 34 Tensile Structure 2025

35. Conclusion Tensile structures represent a remarkable fusion of architectural innovation, engineering efficiency, and aesthetic flexibility . By utilizing tensioned membranes, cables, and lightweight materials, they achieve large spans with minimal structural support , making them ideal for stadiums, pavilions, airports, and public spaces. 35 Tensile Structure 2025

36. Thank You Sources: ResearchGate ESDEP Lecture Notes Parametric Architecture TensileStructureEducation Science Direect ITCanopy