Terminalia chebula (Harro)

Cultivation practices and uses of Terminalia chebula

1. CULTIVATION PRACTICES AND MEDICINAL IMPORTANCE OF Terminalia chebula (Harro)

2. Introduction: Botanical name Terminalia chebula Rtz Belongs to family Combretaceae Terminalia chebula (TC) is a unique herb that is used from ancient time. Known by different names, Harro in Nepali, Haritaki in Sanskrit, Harad in Hindi, Chebulic myrobalan in English 2

3. Distriubution and Origin of Terminalia chebula China 3 Indonesia Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh India Pakistan Laos, Vietnma, Thailand Malasiya

4. Varieties and Habitat: It is classified mainly in two types: T . c. var.  chebula  - leaves and shoots hairless, or only hairy when very young T. c.  var.  tomentella  - leaves and shoots silvery to orange hairy Its habitat includes dry slopes up to 900m (3000ft) in the elevation. Scattered in teak forest, mixed deciduous forest, extending into forests of comparatively dry types 4

5. Botany: Terminalia chebula is medium to large deciduous tree growing to 30 m tall with a trunk up to 1 m. The leaves are alternate to sub-opposite in arrangement, oval and broad with 1-3 petiole. They have acute tip cordate at the base, margin entire, glabrous above with yellowish pubescence below. The flowers are monoecious with dull white to yellow flowers, have a strong unpleasant smell. They are borne in the terminal spikes or short-panicles. The fruit is drupe like broad, blackish with five longitudinal ridges.

6. Classification: Kingdom: Plantae Subkingdom: Tracheobiont Super-division: Spermatophore Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Sub-class: Rosidae Order: Myrtales Family: Combretaceae Genus: Terminalia Species: chebula 6

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8. Why Harro?? 8 Edible uses : Seed: It can be eaten as a snack. An edible oil is obtained from the seed. Fruit : The sour fruits are eaten in salads, preserved in brine or fried. The fruit has been used in the manufacture of black salt and main ingredient of the spice blend known as chat masala . Medicinal Uses : Terminalia chebula is used for dysentery and as a lotion for sore eyes . Terminalia chebula and Emblica officinalis combination is also used to lower cholesterol and to prevent death of heart tissue also named as a “ Health harmonizer

9. Contd …. 9 It has been used for the asthma, bile duct disorders, scorpion stings, and poisonings. It is used to protect the liver and to treat respiratory conditions, including cough and sore throat. It is also used typically as a mouthwash and gargle. Other Uses: The flowers give a yellow dye, used for painting yellow and green details on calicos. It is used as construction timber and for furniture, carts and implements.

10. Cultivation Practices of Terminalia chebula 10

11. Climatic and Edaphic Requirements In the natural habitat of the species, temperature ranges between 36 °C and 45 °C, and rainfall ranges from 1200 mm to 3000 mm per annum. It is capable of growing on different types of soils, but attains best development on loose well-drained soils, such as sandy loam as well as clayey loam having low salinity. 11

12. Propagating Materials 12 Seed is the most appropriate material for this plant’s propagation Fruit is collected in summer in May–June. Fruits are collected when they turn yellow. The seeds can be collected as soon as they fall on the ground, and are dried under shade. The seeds can be stored in gunny bags for one year, but fresh seeds germinate quicker. Vegetatively, the plant is propagated through the stump cutting of from 12-15 months old plant. Place your screenshot here

13. Raising Propagules in Nursery 13 The saplings are raised from seeds in a nursery in July with the onset of monsoon season. Seeds may be sown in prepared beds or polybags. Germination is slow, but may be improved by pretreating the seeds. The nursery should be partially shaded against the sun. The seeds germinate in 10-30 days with the germination success of 60%.

14. About 5 kg seeds are required for raising stock for planting in 1 hectare of land. The de-pulped seeds should be either treated by fermentation process for a period of 15–20 days, or the seeds may be clipped at their broad end and then soaked in water for a period of two days before sowing in the nursery beds. Alternatively, seeds may be mixed with cow dung slurry and kept in pits for one to two weeks. 14 Seed rate and Pre-treatment of seeds:

15. The land is tilled and levelled properly to make it porous and friable. Pits of size 60 cm × 60 cm × 60 cm are dug at a spacing of 6 m × 6 m. The soil of each pit is mixed with 15 kg FYM (farmyard manure) and a mixture of NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) @ 75:30:30 g and refilled before transplanting of seedlings. Place your screenshot here 15 Land Preparation and Fertilizer Management

16. 16 Transplantation of one-year-old saplings is done in the next monsoon. A spacing of 6 m × 6 m enables a crop stand of 280–300 plants per hectare. Transplanting and Optimum spacing: Place your screenshot here

17. Place your screenshot here 17 Since this is a long-term crop, intercropping with short duration crops is preferable. Generally shade-loving crops like Curcuma, Zingiber can be intercropped. Intercropping System:

18. Place your screenshot here 18 Weeding: Generally manual weeding is done. Irrigation: Irrigation is done depending on the soil moisture and season. The plants may be irrigated at least once a week in summers. Disease and pest control: The plants are able to survive attacks of seasonal insects and pests. Therefore no such treatment is done. Anti-termite treatment with Chloropyriphos 20% EC should be given in termite-prone areas. Intercultural Operations:

19. Harvesting and Yield: Flowering and fruiting generally commence after 8–10 years of planting in the summer season. Fruits are harvested when they turns yellow . The collected fruits are well dried in shade for a few days, with moisture content not more than 10%, and stored in well-ventilated containers/baskets in damp-proof, cool rooms. Approximately 40–50 kg of dry fruits are obtained per tree per year after it attains six years of age. This gives an average yield of about 12.6 quintals/hectare.

20. Collection and Processing: The collection of fruits is done by shaking the trees and picking up from the grounds. Then, the fruits are dried in sun. It takes 3 to 4 weeks for the complete drying. For this temporary sheds are used. They are graded based upon their solidness, color and freedom from insect attack.

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