Terminologies in psychiatry and classification of mental disorders

KSHIRABDHI TANAYA
TUTOR,SUM NURSING COLLEGE
S'O'A DTU,BHUBANESWAR

1. TERMINOLOGIES USED IN PSYCHIATRY AND CLASSIFICATIONS PRESENTED BY:- KSHIRABDHI TANAYA TUTOR(MHN),SUM NURSING COLLEGE,SOA DTU,BHUBANESWAR

2. CONFUSION:- It is a disturbance of consciousness characterized by disturbance of orientation of time,place and person. CLOUDING OF CONSCIOUNESS:- In clouding of consciousness ,the patient has disturbance of clear mindedness. The capacity to think ,perceive ,respond & remember is impaired.

3. STUPOR:- In stupor the individual’s activity is reduced to a minimum. The patient remains motionless & mute but movement of the eyes & respiration occur. COMA:- The patient reaches to state of unconsciousness. Breathing is deep,slow & rhythemic.Patient do not respond to painful stimuli,the eyes may remain open without reflex. DELIRIUM:- It is much more than a disturbance of consciousness. This syndrome consists of clouding of consciousness,restlessness,confusion,disorientation,illusion & hallucination.

4. STUPOR

5. STEREOTYPE POSITION :- (CATALEPSY) It is a constantly maintained position without any movement. It is also explained as wax flexibility.The joints of the patient’s limb may be flexed or extended with a wax like rigidity. STEREOTYPE MOVEMENT :- (MANNERISM) When the movement is repeated,involuntary it is called mannerism.People without mental illness may have mannerism like repeatedly touching the neck while talking ,lifting the shoulder & swallowing saliva while talking. NEGATIVISM:- It means that an individual is aware of the stimuli but he is trying to oppose these actively or passively. It is frequently expressed in forms of mutism,refusal of food etc.

6. CATALEPSY

7. CATALEPSY

8. ECHOLALIA:- It is the repetition by imitation of speech by another person. ECHOPRAXIA:- The activities done by the people are repeated or imitated by the patient. COMPULSION:- Repeatedly performing an act which may look unreasonable to the viewers & the individual himself ,it is called compulsion. VIOLENCE:- Violence is an aggressive behaviour in which physical force is exerted .violence is used in war,murder,rape,assult etc

9. HALLUCINATIONS:- It is a perception of a stimulus in the absence of an actual sensory stimulus. AUDITORY HALLUCINATION:- It is also known as hallucination of hearing. Patient may hear the noises or the voices of people talking, such as somebody is knocking at the door, someone is telling him not to eat food etc. VISUAL HALLUCINATION:- It is also known as hallucination of sight. The patient may have a frightful visual experience or a unpleasant one. OLFACTORY HALLUCINATION:- Patient smells unpleasant or repulsive things.like smell of vomitus,bodies being burnt.

10. GUSTATORY HALLUCINATION:- It is also known as hallucination of taste. Taste hallucination is seen in patients with organic brain syndrome. The patient may say that something is added in his food which has a very bad taste. TACTILE HALLUCINATION:- It is otherwise called hallucination of touch. FLIGHT OF IDEAS: - There is disturbance of the stream of thought,thinking processes appear too quickly. Example:-when asked- if patient happy:- Replied with- yes u have to b happy.dress colour is nice,I like his shirt.I have to look smart,flowers are nice.

11. PERSEVERATION:- It is persistent repetition of the same word or idea in response to different questions. VERBIGERATION:- Senseless repetition of some words or phrases over and over again. CIRCUMSTANTIALITY:- In this,the patient finally reaches his objective but only after after many unnecessary or trival details. He is not able to distinguish essentials from nonessentials. TANGENTIALITY:- The patient begins to respond to a question,follows a series of related topics.But he never reaches the goal .

12. DELUSION:- It is defined as a false ,fixed unshakable belief.These are not shared by others. Eg :-A person has a false belief that he is a king . Delusion of grandeur :- It is also known as expensive delusion.It is seen in manic state. Delusion of persecution :- Delusion of persecution is the common form of delusion seen in psychotic dosorders . Most common in the paranoid schizophrenia. Delusion of reference:- It is a false belief that the behaviour of others refers to oneself.In which patient falsely feels that he is being talked about by others.

13. NIHILISTIC DELUSION:- Patient does not accept the existence of his body , his loved ones, & the world around him. He may say that he is dead ,his leg is missing ,everyone is dead etc. It is common in depression. OBSESSION:- In obsession ideas,thoughts or impulses that can not be eliminated from consciousness.A person may get preoccupied with a repeated thoughts. PHOBIA: It is an exaggerated pathological fear of a specific type of stimulus or situation. APATHY:- Patient shows an emptiness of expression. AMNESIA:- Absence of memory may be complete ,partial or continuous .

14. CLASSIFICATION OF MENTAL DISORDERS There are two major classifications in psychiatry,namely,ICD 10(1992) & DSM (2013). In both the ICD And DSM ,the mental disorders are at present grouped by their symptoms in categories that compose the classification.

15. 1-ICD10(International Statistical classification of disease & related Health problems)1992 The main categories in ICD10 are:- F00-F09: -Organic ,including symptomatic mental disorders F10-F19: -Mental and behaviour disorders due to psychoactive substance use F20-F29: - Schizophrenia,Schizotypal & delusional disorders F30-F39: -Mood affective disorder F40-F48: -Neurotic ,stress related & somatoform disorders F50-F59:- Behavioural syndromes associated with physiological disturbances & physical factors F60-F69:- Disorders of adult personality & behaviour F70-F79: -Mental retardation F80-F89:- Disorders of psychological development F90-F98:- Behavioural & emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood& adolescence F99:- Unspecified mental disorder

16. 2-DSM-5 The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disordrs,Fifth edition was published on may 18,2013 overriding the DSM-IV. The five axis of DSM-IV are:- AXIS-I:clinical psychiatric disgnosis AXIS-II: personality disorder and mental retardation AXIS-III: General medical conditions AXIS-IV: Psychosocial and environmental problems AXIS-V: Global assessment of functioning in current & past one year

17. The diagnostic criteria and codes in DSM-5 1.2.1: Neurodevelopmental disorders 1.2.2: Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders 1.2.3: Bipolar and related disorders 1.2.4: Depressive disorders 1.2.5: Anxiety disorders 1.2.6: Obsessive –compulsive & related disorders 1.2.7: Trauma & stress related disorders 1.2.8: Dissociative disorders 1.2.9: Somatic symptom & related disorders 1.2.10:Feeding & eating disorders 1.2.11: Sleep –wake disorders 1.2.12: Sexual dysfunction 1.2.13: Gender dysphoria 1.2.14: Disruptive , impulse control & conduct disorders 1.2.15: Substance related & addictive disorders 1.2.16: Neurocognitive disorders 1.2.17: Paraphilic disorders 1.2.18: Personality diorders

18. 3-Indian classification:- A-Psychosis: 1-Functional:-Schizophrenia( simple,hebephrenic,catatonic,paranoid ) 2-Affective:- Mania & Depression 3-Organic:- Acute & chronic B-Neurosis:- Anxiety,OCD,phobic C-Special disorders:-childhood disorders,personality disorders,substance abuse,mental retardation

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