Testosterone Hormone

Testosterone is the primary sex hormone and anabolic steroid in males. In male humans, testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testes and prostate, as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass, and the growth of body hair.

Testosterone is a sex hormone that plays important roles in the body. In men, it's thought to regulate sex drive (libido), bone mass, fat distribution, muscle mass and strength, and the production of red blood cells and sperm. A small amount of circulating testosterone is converted to estradiol, a form of estrogen.
If a male has a low level of testosterone, the symptoms can include erectile dysfunction, and reduced bone mass and sex drive. The hormone has many important functions, including: the development of the bones and muscles. the deepening of the voice, hair growth, and other factors related to appearance.
Men with high testosterone can experience a variety of troubling symptoms and possible health consequences. Excess testosterone can lead to more aggressive and irritable behavior, more acne and oily skin, even worse sleep apnea (if you already have it), and an increase in muscle mass.

1. TESTOSTERONE (SEX HORMONE) Presented By Dr. R. N. CHAVHAN Assistant Professor in Zoology, Mahatma Gandhi Arts, science and Late N. P. Commerce College Armori , District Gadchiroli Testosterone

2. AGENDA WHAT IS HORMONE ? WHAT IS SEX HORMONE ? WHAT IS TESTOSTERONE ? TESTOSTERONE STRUCTURE TESTOSTERONE BIOSYNTHESIS NORMAL LEVEL OF TESTOSTERONE FUNCTIONS OF TESTOSTERONE METABOLIC EFFECTS. THERAPETIC USES OF TESTOSTERONE CONTROL OF TESTOSTERONE ABNORMALITIES (LOW/HIGH) DOSE THERAPY ADVERSE EFFECTS BEST SUPPLEMENTS TO BOOST REGULAR YOGA AVOIDS THE FOODS WHO NEEDS DOSES TESTOSTERONE (SEX HORMONE) Testosterone

3. WHAT IS SEX HORMONE ? Generally, HORMONES are substances that are secreted by the ductless glands, and only minute amounts are necessary to produce the various physiological reaction in the body. Hormones are  chemical messengers  that trigger necessary changes in the body. WHAT IS HORMONE ? Sex-hormones belong to the steroid class of compounds and are produced in the glands, i.e., testes in the male and ovaries in the female. In fact, their activity seems to be controlled and monitored by the hormones that are produced in the anterior lobe of the pituitary glands. Perhaps because of this inherent characteristics the sex hormones are invariably termed as the secondary sex hormones and the hormones of the anterior lobe of the pituitary are called the primary sex-hormones. Testosterone

4. WHAT IS TESTOSTERONE ? Testosterone is a Principle Male Sex Hormone and an anabolic steroid. Testosterone is a STEROID HORMONE from the androgen group. It is found in MAMMALS, REPTILES, BIRDS and other vertebrates. In mammals, testosterone is primarily secreted in the TESTICLES of males and the OVARIES of females although small amounts are also secreted by the ADRENAL GLANDS . TESTOSTERONE STRUCTURE It is a type of androgen produced primarily by the testicles in cells called the Leydig cells . Testosterone

5. TESTOSTERONE BIOSYNTHESIS The largest amounts of testosterone (> 95 %) are produced by the testes in men, from the interstitial cells of LEYDIG between seminiferous tubules “ about 20 % of testicular mass”. The male generative glands also contain SERTOLI cells which require testosterone for spermatogenesis. It is also synthesized in far smaller quantities in women by the THECAL CELLS of the ovaries, and by the placenta. On an average, in adult males, levels of testosterone are about 7-8 times as great as in adult females. But as the metabolic consumption of testosterone in males is greater, the daily production is about 20 times greater in men. Females are also more sensitive to the hormone. 97 % bound to protein in Plasma 03 % free Testosterone

6. The amount of testosterone produced by existing leydig cells is under the control of LH which regulates the expression of 17- β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD). REGULATION OF TESTOSTERONE BIOSYNTHESIS When testosterone levels are low, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone ( GnRH ) is released by the hypothalamus which in turn stimulates the pituitary gland to release FSH and LH. These later two hormones stimulate the testis to synthesis testosterone . Hypothalamus ANT.PITUITARY TESTIS TESTOSTERONE Testosterone is primarily synthesized in LEYDIG CELLS . The number of leydig cells in turn is regulated by (LH) luteinizing hormone and (FSH) follicle stimulating hormone. Finally increasing levels of testosterone through a negative feedback loop act on the hypothalamus and pituitary to inhibit the release of GnRH and FSH/LH respectively. Testosterone

7. Age Male (in ng /dl) Female (in ng /dl) 17 to 18 years 300-1,200 20-75 19 years and older 240-950 8-60 NORMAL LEVEL OF TESTOSTERONE According to recent guidelines from the American Urological Association ( AUA ), a   testosterone   level of at least 300 ( ng / dL ) nanograms per deciliter is   normal   for a man. A man with a   testosterone   level below 300 ng / dL should be diagnosed with Low   testosterone. Typical testosterone levels Testosterone

8. FUNCTIONS OF TESTOSTERONE SEXUAL FUNCTION During intrauterine life: testosterone secreted from genital ridge. Help in formation of male sex characters as: Formation of PENIS, scrotum, seminal vesicles, prostrate glands, male genital ducts. Influence the descent of testes into scrotum since Second month of pregnancy. EARLY INFANCY: least understood, increases in first weeks the fats again helps in brain development. BEFORE AND AT PUBERTY : Appearance of male secondary sex characters:- Growth of hair over pubis, Extension towards umbilicus, on face and chest, axillary, leg hair. GROWTH OF SEX ORGANS : Testes, Scrotum, Testes, Penis, prostate. Deepeness of voice due to hypertrophy of larynx. MALE BODY TYPE : Narrow pelvis and wide shoulders. Males sexual behaviour associated with adulthood like desire to apposite sex. Increase muscle strength. Appearance of Adam’s apple. Growth of jaw, braw, chin. Testosterone

9. FUNCTIONS OF TESTOSTERONE SEX DRIVE (L ibido & regulates F ertility ) MALE SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION. Maintains male secondary sexual characteristics. Normal male sexual function and behaviour. GROWTH OF PENIS. In men, testosterone is thought to regulate a sperm production (Spermatogenesis). IN ADULTS : Spermatogenesis BALDNESS: Decrease hair growth at top of the head, provided genetic background. The brain and pituitary gland control testosterone levels. Once produced, the hormone moves through the blood to carry out its various important functions. Testosterone

10. FUNCTIONS OF TESTOSTERONE OVERALL HEALTH EFFECTS: In general, androgens promote protein synthesis and growth of those tissues with androgen receptors. Testosterone effects can be classified as anabolic and virilising. Anabolic effects include growth of muscle mass and strength. Increased bone density and strength, and Stimulation of linear growth and bone maturation. Androgenic effects include : Maturation of the sex organs, particularly the penis and the formation of the Scrotum in the foetus, and after birth (usually at puberty) a deepening of the Voice, growth of the beard and axillary hair. Many of these fall into the category of male secondary sex characteristics. BONE MASS FAT DISTRIBUTION MUSCLE SIZE AND STRENGTH ( muscle mass) RED BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION Testosterone

11. Metabolic effects: Increase metabolic rate. Anabolic to Protein: Increases muscle bulk and strength. On CHO: Increases Glycogenesis and Increase Glucose uptake by cells. Reduction of CO 2 and PO 4 Union of epiphysis Stimulate erythropoiesis Degraded by conjugation in liver to excrete in urine or in bile salts . FUNCTIONS OF TESTOSTERONE ANDROSTENEDIONE: Hormone that serves as a precursor to testosterone and estrogens . INHIBIN: Hormone that inhibits the release of FSH and is thought to be involved in sperm cell development and regulation. Testosterone

12. EFFECTS OF TESTOSTERONE Converted to DHT in tissues (more active). Testosterone is also converted to oestradiol in adipose tissue by aromatase enzyme. Testosterone

13. GnRH : LH secretion is stimulated by “ GnRH ” from hypothalamus to the anterior Pituitary. CONTROL Other factors affects secretion: Weight loss, Zinc deficiency, Aging dominance challenge, Sleep , Training , Licorice , Antiandrogens . LH- Luteinizing hormone: The hormone secretion is stimulated by LH. Negative feedback mechanism: Mainly by the testosterone on the hypothalamus and weaker effect on the anterior Pituitary gland. Testosterone

14. Chronic, or ongoing, low testosterone may lead to  Osteoporosis , Mood swings , Reduced energy, and Testicular shrinkage. Testosterone

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16. Testosterone ABNORMALITIES (LOW/HIGH ) TESTOSTERONE IMBALANCE LOW TESTOSTERONE : When a man has LOW testosterone, or hypogonadism , he may experience : REDUCED SEX DRIVE ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION (ED) LOW SPERM COUNT Enlarged or swollen breast tissue Abnormalities: HYPOGONADISM in Male During foetal life : When the testes are of functioning, none of male characteristics appear, instead female organs are formed. If boy loses his testes before puberty. A state of eunichism : infantile sex organs and sex characters. Slightly tall because of slower union of epiphysis If a man is castrated after puberty : Secondary sexual characters aren’t affected. Decreased sexual desire and sterility. Accessory sexual organs are gradually dysfunctioned . FSH & LH are increased due to – ve feedback mechanism.

17. Testosterone B- adiposogenital syndrome, Frolich’s syndrome, hypothalamic eunuchism Hypogonadism due to genetic inability of hypothalamus to secrete normal amount of GnRH & abnormality of feeding of centre of hypothalamus leads to obesity with eunuchism

18. The following are  symptoms of late-onset hypogonadism : Diminished erectile quality, particularly at night Decreased libido Mood changes Reduced cognitive function Fatigue ,  depression , and anger A decrease in muscle mass and strength Decreased body hair Skin changes Decreased bone mass and bone mineral density Increase in abdominal fat mass Testosterone

19. As well as sexual dysfunction, late-onset hypogonadism has also been associated with metabolic disease and cardiovascular disease. The degree to which testosterone levels decline varies between men, but a growing number of men experience the effects of reduced testosterone levels. Life expectancy has increased, and many men now live beyond the age of 60 years. As a result, a higher number of men see the effects of age-related testosterone depletion. Treatment: Administering treatment for hypogonadism as the result of a disease differs from treating late-onset hypogonadism in older men. Testosterone

20. Testosterone levels and aging: - Testosterone levels naturally decrease as a man ages . The effects of gradually lowering testosterone levels as men age have received increasing attention in recent years. It is known as late-onset hypogonadism . After the age of 40, the concentration of circulating testosterone falls by about  1.6 percent every year  for most men. By the age of 60, the low levels of testosterone would lead to a diagnosis of hypogonadism in younger men . About  4 in 10  men have hypogonadism by the time they reach 45 years old. The number of cases in which older men have been diagnosed as having low testosterone increased  170 percent  since 2012 . Low testosterone has been associated with increased mortality in male veterans. Late-onset hypogonadism has become a recognized medical condition, although many of the symptoms are associated with normal aging.

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22. TESTOSTERONE IMBALANCE : High or low levels of testosterone  can lead to dysfunction  in the parts of the body normally regulated by the hormone . LOSS OF BODY HAIR LOSS OF MUSCLE BULK LOSS OF STRENGTH INCREASED BODY FAT Testosterone OVER time, these symptoms may develop in the following ways:

23. Testosterone GROWTH AND SWELLING OF THE CLITORIS CHANGES IN BODY SHAPE REDUCTION IN BREAST SIZE OILY SKIN ACNE FACIAL HAIR GROWTH AROUND THE BODY, LIPS, AND CHIN Too much testosterone, on the other hand, can lead to the triggering of  puberty  before the age of  9 years . this condition would mainly affect younger men and is much rarer. IN WOMEN, HOWEVER, HIGH TESTOSTERONE LEVELS  CAN LEAD TO  MALE PATTERN BALDNESS, A DEEP VOICE, AND MENSTRUAL IRREGULARITIES, AS WELL AS: Testosterone imbalances can be detected with a blood test and treated accordingly. Recent studies have also linked high testosterone levels in women to the  risk of uterine fibroids .

24. Sex verification in sports  (also known as  gender verification , or loosely as  gender determination  or a  sex test ) Caster Semenya In August 2009,  South African  athlete  Caster Semenya  was subjected to mandatory sex verification testing at the request of the IAAF. On 6 July 2010, the IAAF confirmed that Semenya was cleared to continue competing as a woman. The results of the gender testing were never officially released for privacy reasons.   In 2018, the IAAF announced new rules that once again prevented Semenya from running, rules that are thought to have been designed specifically to target Semenya . South African  middle-distance runner  Caster Semenya  won the 800 meters at the  2009 World Championships in Athletics  in  Berlin . After her victory at the 2009 World Championships, it was announced that she had been subjected to gender testing. The IAAF confirmed that Semenya had agreed to a sex-testing process that began in South Africa and would continue in  Germany . Dutee Chand was born a woman, raised as a woman and identifies as a woman. But winning a gold medal led to a legal challenge over whether she could compete as a woman – and humiliating "gender verification" tests.

25. Testicular injury, such as castration Infection of the testicles Medications , such as opiate analgesics Chronic diseases, including:- type 2 diabetes , kidney and liver disease,  obesity , and  HIV / AIDS . CAUSES CAN INCLUDE: GENETIC DISEASES, SUCH AS :- KLINEFELTER SYNDROME,  PRADER-WILLI SYNDROME ,  HEMOCHROMATOSIS , KALLMAN SYNDROME, AND MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY Disorders that affect the hormones, such as pituitary tumors or high prolactin levels Testosterone

26. Testosterone SKIN GELS AND PATCHES INJECTIONS TABLETS THAT ARE ABSORBED THROUGH THE GUMS INCREASED RED BLOOD CELL COUNT PROSTATE AND BREAST ENLARGEMENT ACNE IN RARE CASES, BREATHING DIFFICULTIES DURING SLEEP INCREASED RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, ALTHOUGH THIS IS SUBJECT TO DEBATE The treatment can be administered by: These can, however, trigger side effects, including:

27. Testosterone Testosterone replacement therapy is used to help treat people with abnormally low levels of testosterone. These abnormally low levels usually affect normal body functions, which can contribute to decreased muscle mass and a lower sex drive, among other effects. For this treatment, testosterone medication is prescribed. 1. Exercise and Lift Weights. 2. Eat Protein, Fat and Carbs 3. Minimize Stress and Cortisol Levels. 4. Get Some Sun or Take a Vitamin D Supplement. 5. Take Vitamin and Mineral Supplements. 6. Get Plenty of Restful, High-Quality Sleep. What is the best treatment for low testosterone? Here are 8 evidence-based ways to increase testosterone levels naturally.

28. Testosterone The Endocrine Society recommends offering  testosterone  therapy to people with symptoms of  testosterone  deficiency. In men over 65, treatment  should  only be initiated on an individual basis and after consultation with the person regarding risks and benefits . People worried about their testosterone levels might choose to avoid the following foods. Soy products. Soy foods, such as tofu, edamame , and soy protein isolates, contain phytoestrogens. Dairy products. Alcohol. Mint. Bread, pastries, and desserts. Licorice root. Certain fats. Who needs testosterone?

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30. Testosterone Best Supplements to Boost Testosterone  Levels: D-Aspartic Acid. Vitamin  D.  Tribulus Terrestris . 4. Fenugreek . 5. Ginger . 6. DHEA . 7. Zinc . 8. Ashwagandha

31. Fast facts on testosterone Testosterone regulates a number of processes in the male body. Levels of testosterone tend to drop as men age. Prohormone supplements do not have any effect on testosterone levels . Testosterone supplements are prescribed only for specified conditions, and not to counteract the natural, age-related drop in testosterone levels. Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) is also available. However, this can carry side effects and risks. Testosterone

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