The age of industrilisation

Even before factories began to dot the landscape in England and Europe, there was a large scale industrial production for international market .
This was not based on factories . This phase of industrialization is known as proto-industrialisation . Proto industrialization means the first or earlier age of industrialization .

1. the age of industrialisation

2. Before the industrial revolution Even before factories began to dot the landscape in England and Europe, there was a large scale industrial production for international market . This was not based on factories . This phase of industrialisation is known as proto-industrialisation . Proto industrialisation means the first or earlier age of industrialisation .

3. Situation of merchants In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries , merchants from the towns in Europe began moving to the countryside, supplying money to peasants and artisans , persuading them to produce for an international market. With the expansion of world trade and acquisition of colonies in different parts of the world , the demand for goods began growing . But the merchants could not expand production within towns . This was because here the urban crafts and trade guilds were powerful . These were associations of producers that trained craftspeople , maintained control

4. Poor peasants Over production , regulated competition and prices , and restricted the entry of new people into the trade . In the countryside poor peasants and artisans working for merchants . Cottages and poor peasants who had earlier depended on common lands for their survival , gathering their firewood , berries , vegetables , hay and straw, had to now look for alternative sources of income . Many had tiny plots of land which could not provide work for all members of the household . So when merchants came around and offered advances to produce goods for them ,peasants households eagerly agreed .

5. london There was a more closer relationship between the town and the countryside . Merchants were based in towns but the work was done mostly in the countryside. A merchant clothier in England purchased wool from a wool stapler and carried it to the spinners the yarn that was spun was taken in subsequent stages of production to weavers , fullers , and then to dyers . The finishing was done in London in fact it came to be known as a finishing centre .

6. The coming up of factory The first symbol of new era was cotton . Its production boomed in the late 19 th century. In 1760 Britain was importing 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton to feed its cotton industry .by 1787 this import soared to 22 million pounds . A series of inventions in the eighteenth century increased the efficacy of each step of the production process . They enhanced the output per worker ,enabling each worker to produce more and they made possible the production of stronger threads and yarn .

7. The coming up of factories

8. The hand labour and steam power

9. Coming up of cotton mill Richard Arkwright created a cotton mill . The costly machines would be purchased , set up and maintained in the mill. Within the mill all the processes were brought together under one roof and management . This allowed a more careful supervision over the production process , a watch over quality , and the regulation of labour , all of which had been difficult to do when production was in the countryside.

10. Hand labour and steam power The development of the stationary steam engine was an important element of the Industrial Revolution; however, for most of the period of the Industrial Revolution, the majority of industrial power was supplied by water and wind. In Britain by 1800 an estimated 10,000 horsepower was being supplied by steam. By 1815 steam power had grown to 210,000 hp . Small power requirements continued to be provided by animal and human muscle until the late 19th century .

11. Steam power The first real attempt at industrial use of steam power was due to Thomas Savery in 1698. He constructed and patented in London a low-lift combined vacuum and pressure water pump, that generated about one horsepower and was used in numerous water works and tried in a few mines (hence its "brand name", The Miner's Friend ). Savery's pump was economical in small horspower ranges, but was prone to boiler explosions in larger sizes. Savery pumps continued to be produced until the late 18th century.

12. JAMES WATT

13. Savery engine

14. The life of workers The abundance of labour in the market affected the lives of workers . As news of possible jobs travelled to the countryside , hundreds tramped to the cities . The actual possibility of getting job depended on existing networks and keen relationships . Many workers had to wait weeks , spending nights under bridges or in night shelters . Some stayed in night refugees that were setup by private individuals . Seasonality of work in many industries meant prolonged periods without work. After the busy season was over ,the poor went on roads again . Some returned to countryside after the winter , when demand for labour in rural areas opened up in places .

15. A meet of workers

16. The age of indian textiles Before the age of machine industries silk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles / coarser cottons were produced in many countries ,but the finer variety often came from India . Masulipatnam ,Surat and Hooghly were the banks where exportation took place . a variety of Indian merchants were involved in the network of export trade . Supply merchants linked the port towns to the inland regions.they gave advances to weavers , procured the woven cloth from weaving villages ,and carried the supply to ports . There were brokers of big merchants who negotiated price and bought the textiles.

17. The age of Indian textiles

18. The age of Indian textiles The European companies gradually gained power – first securing a variety of concessions from local courts ,then the monopoly rights to trade . This declined the exports from Surat and Hooghly through which local merchants had operated . While Surat and Hooghly declined Mumbai and Calcutta came up . Trade through the new ports came to be controlled by European companies , and was carried in European ships .

19. What happened to the weavers The company tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers connected with the cloth trade and establish a more direct control over the weaver . It appointed a servant called gomastha to supervise weavers , collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth . In many weaving villages there were clashes between gomasthas and weavers . Earlier supply merchants were friends of weavers and helped them in time of crisis but gomasthas were outsiders they often marched in villages and punished weavers for late supply. In many villages weavers left their native places and set up a loom where they had their relatives.

20. Weavers

21. Anushka Singh roll no.-3 class 10-e