The Anterior Teeth

Dental Anatomy of anterior teeth for Dental Students

1. New Insight Into
Dental Anatomy
MO'men Gamal AboDaif

2. Anterior Teeth











Contents
Part 2: Anterior Teeth
-Maxillary First Incisor
-Maxillary Second Incisor
-Mandibular First Incisor
-Mandibular Second Incisor
-Maxillary Canine
-Mandibular Canine


2016

New insight into
Dental Anatomy

MO'men Gamal AboDaif
Dentistry Faculty

3. Anterior Teeth

The Permanent Incisors
Number: There are eight incisors; four in each arch and two in each quadrant
Types: The central incisors: the teeth which are adjacent to the midline
The lateral incisors: the teeth which are distal to the central incisors
NB: *The maxillary and mandibular central incisors are the only teeth with their
mesial surfaces facing each other
*In the maxillary arch, the central incisor is larger than the lateral incisor, while in the
mandibular arch the lateral incisor is larger
FUNCTIONS OF INCISORS
• Incisor are used for biting, cutting and shearing the food during masticatory process
• They are of great importance in esthetics and phonation too
Common characteristics of all incisors:
• develop from four lobes; three labial lobes and one lingual lobe for cingulum
• have single, cone shaped tapering roots
• Their contact areas are nearly at the same level
• Their labial and lingual aspects are trapezoidal
• Their proximal aspects are triangular in shape
• Their labial surfaces are convex
• Their lingual surface is concavoconvex because
They have Concave lingual fossa at the center of lingual surfaces
They have Convex cingulum at the cervical portion
• The crests of both labial and lingual contours are at the same level, in the cervical
third of the crown, facing each other
• Newly erupted incisors show three elevations at incisal portion called ‘mamelons’
corresponding to three labial lobes. The mamelons disappear soon as the incisal
surface of the tooth gets worn by mastication

4. Anterior Teeth

PERMANENT MAXILLARY CENTRAL INCISOR
The maxillary central incisors are (esthetically) the
most prominent teeth in the mouth
The mesiodistal dimension of maxillary central incisor
is wider than that of any other anterior tooth
DESCRIPTION
Labial & Palatal Aspects
Geometric shape: trapezoid with shortest side cervically
Crown Outlines
Mesial Outline • slightly convex but can be nearly straight
• The mesioincisal angle is a sharp one
• The crest of curvature of mesial outline (mesial contact area) is
at incisal third
Distal Outline • More convex than the mesial outline
• The distoincisal angle is more rounded
• The crest of curvature of the distal outline (distal contact area)
is at the junction of incisal and middle third of the crown (higher
towards the cervical line)
Incisal Outline • is formed by the incisal ridge
• Regular and straight mesiodistally
NB: A newly erupted tooth shows mamelons on the incisal ridge
Cervical Outline • is formed by the cervical line
• Curves toward the root (semicircular)
Labial Surface within the Outlines
• The tooth is longer cervicoincisally than it is wider mesiodistally
• The labial surface is smooth and convex both mesiodistally and cervicoincisally
Developmental Grooves: *mesiolabial and distolabial: Two
straight, shallow grooves separating the three labial lobes
Years
Chronology
3-4 (month) Initial Calcification
4-5 Completion of the Crown
7-8 Eruption
10 Completion of the Root

5. Anterior Teeth

Palatal Surface within the Outlines
•Because of the crown lingual convergence
1- The Lingual surface is narrower than
the labial surface
2- The labial line angles can be viewed
from lingual aspect
•Unlike labial aspect, lingual surface is
irregular with convexities and a concavity
•The convexity found immediately below
the cervical line is called the “cingulum”,
and the central concavity is the “lingual
fossa”
NB:
•The cingulum is smooth and convex both mesiodistally and cervicoincisally
• Lingual fossa is bordered cervically by the cingulum, mesially by the mesial marginal
ridge, distally by the distal marginal ridge and incisally by the incisal ridge
•Marginal ridges: mesial and distal marginal ridges
*mark the mesial and distal borders of the lingual fossa
*They are linear and extend from their respective incisal angles to the cingulum
Developmental Grooves: Usually two extend from cingulum into the lingual fossa;
especially on canines and maxillary incisors

For any question:

6. Anterior Teeth

Mesial &Distal Aspects
Geometric Shape •triangular with
Its base at the cervix
Its apex towards the incisal ridge
Crown Outlines
Labial Outline •convex
•The Crest of the curvature is at the cervical
third
Lingual Outline
•Convex in the cervical portion because of the cingulum
Concave towards the incisal portion because of the lingual fossa
Convex towards the incisal ridge
•The Crest of the Curvature is also at the cervical third
Incisal Outline •is formed by a rounded incisal ridge in a newly erupted tooth and a
flat incisal edge in a worn functional tooth
Cervical Outline •the cervical line curves incisally
Mesial Surface within the Outlines
• Mesial surface is convex labiolingually and
cervicoincisally
• Mesial contact area is at incisal third
Distal Surface within the Outlines
Distal surface within the outline is similar to mesial
surface except
1-The crown appears thicker towards the incisal third, so more labial surface is seen
2-Distal contact area is at the junction of incisal and middle thirds and at the center
labiolingually (More Cervically)
3-The Cervical line curvature is less than on mesial surface.
This feature is same for all other teeth

7. Anterior Teeth

Incisal Aspect
Geometric shape: triangular with
Its base towards the labial surface
Its apex towards the cingulum
• The mesiodistal dimension is slightly greater than the labiolingual dimension
• The mesiolabial and distolabial line angles are prominent
• The crown tapers rapidly from the labial surface towards the cingulum due to the
lingual convergence
NB: • Most of the labial surface is seen from this aspect
• The cingulum forms a smaller convex







ROOT
Number: single root
Size: one and half times as long as the crown
Shape •Cone shaped, tapering from cervical line to the apex
• Apex: usually blunt
Curvature: usually straight without any curvature

8. Anterior Teeth

Pulp Cavity
Labiolingual Section
The pulp cavity follows the general outline of the crown and root
The pulp chamber
-is narrower in the incisal portion
-increases gradually towards the cervix
The root canal tapers to the apical constriction
The apical foramen is -usually located near the tip of the root
-may be located slightly to the labial or lingual aspect of the root

Mesiodistal Section
The pulp cavity follows the general outline of the crown and root
The pulp chamber is wider in the mesiodistal dimension than in the labiolingual
dimension
The root canal tapers to the apical constriction
NB: If prominent mamelons have been present, three pulp horns are seen

Cervical Cross Sections
The pulp cavity is widest at about the cervical level
The pulp chamber is -triangular shaped in young individuals
-becomes more round or crescent-shaped
NB: The pulp canal tend to be rounder at the midroot level than at the cervical level
The outline form of the root at the cervical level is triangular with rounded corners

9. Anterior Teeth

10. Anterior Teeth














Millimeters Measurements
Drawing Carving

42 10.5 Crown Length
52 13 Root
34 8.5 Crown Width
28 7 Root
28 7 Crown Thickness
24 6 Root
14 3.5 Mesial Cervical line
10 2.5 Distal

11. Anterior Teeth

Permanent Maxillary Lateral Incisor
Maxillary lateral incisor is very similar to maxillary
central in form as the two teeth function as a team
It is smaller than the central incisor in all dimensions
except root length
DESCRIPTION
Labial & Palatal Aspects
Geometric shape: trapezoid with shortest side cervically
Crown Outlines
Mesial Outline •Similar to that central incisor except
1-the mesioincisal angle is more rounded
2-The mesial contact area is at the junction of middle and incisal thirds
Distal Outline •Similar to that central incisor except
1-Shorter and more rounded than mesial outline
2-has more rounded distoincisal angle
3-The distal contact area is at the center of the middle third
Incisal Outline •Similar to that central incisor except
Years
Chronology
1 Initial Calcification
4-5 Completion of the Crown
8-9 Eruption
11 Completion of the Root

12. Anterior Teeth

1-the mesial half is relatively straight but the distal half is more rounded curving
cervically to join the distal outline
Cervical Outline •Similar to that central incisor except
•the cervical line curves toward the root apex greatly
Labial Surface within the Outlines Similar to that central incisor except
1- Labial surface is narrower and shorter than the central incisor
2- Labial surface is more convex than that of the central incisor
Developmental Grooves: are often present, similar to those of the central incisor



For any question:

13. Anterior Teeth

Palatal Surface within the Outlines
Similar to that central incisor except
1-Lingual surface is more regular
2-The marginal ridges and Cingulum are more prominent
3-Lingual fossa is deeper, well-circumscribed and exhibits developmental groove
4-has a deep developmental groove, crossing the distal side of the cingulum
extending on the root, called Palatogingival groove

14. Anterior Teeth

Mesial &Distal Aspects
Geometric Shape •triangular
(Shorter and narrower than that of the central incisor)
Crown Outlines
Labial Outline •Similar to that of central incisor but less convex
Lingual Outline •Similar to that of central incisor
Incisal Outline •Similar to that of central incisor except
1-The incisal ridge is more rounded
Cervical Outline •Similar to that of central incisor
Mesial Surface within the Outlines •Similar to that of central incisor except
1-The incisal ridge is in line with the center of the root
2-Mesial contact area is at the junction of the incisal and middle thirds

15. Anterior Teeth

Distal Surface within the Outlines








•Similar to that of central incisor except
1-The crown appears thicker from distal aspect
2-Distal contact area is at the middle third
3-Palatogingival developmental groove may be seen on extending onto
the root

16. Anterior Teeth

Incisal Aspect

•Similar to that of central incisor
except
1-Labially, Crown is more convex
2-The labiolingual dimension is
slightly greater than the mesiodistal
dimension
3-The incisal ridge and the cingulum
are more prominent





ROOT
•Similar to that of central incisor except
1-The root length is greater in proportion to the crown length
2-The root curves distally at the apical third
3-The root is flat shaped labiolingually, with usually pointed apex
4-The root may show developmental groove on mesial and distal surfaces

17. Anterior Teeth

Pulp Cavity
Labiolingual Section
Similar to that of the central incisor except:
1-The pulp horns are usually prominent
Mesiodistal Section
Similar to that of the central incisor except:
1-The root canal apex curves distally in the apical region
Cervical Cross Sections
Similar to that of the central incisor

18. Anterior Teeth

19. Anterior Teeth



Millimeters Measurements
Drawing Carving

36 9 Crown Length
52 13 Root
26 6.5 Crown Width
20 5 Root
24 6 Crown Thickness
20 5 Root
12 3 Mesial Cervical line
8 2 Distal

20. Anterior Teeth

The mandibular Incisors
Number: four mandibular incisors; two centrals and two laterals
-are the first permanent teeth to erupt
-have smaller mesiodistal dimensions than all other teeth
NB: The lateral incisor is larger than the central. It can be remembered that in the
maxillary arch, the central incisor is larger than the lateral incisor
The crowns of these teeth exhibit lingual inclination which can be appreciated from
proximal aspects
PERMANENT MANDIBLAR CENTRAL INCISOR
-the smallest teeth in the permanent dentition
-among the first permanent teeth to erupt into the oral cavity along with the 1st
molars around 6 to 7 years of age
NB: Their mesial surfaces are in contact with each other

21. Anterior Teeth

DESCRIPTION
Labial & Lingual Aspects
Geometric shape: trapezoid with shortest side cervically
Crown Outlines
Mesial Outline •nearly straight
• The mesioincisal angle is sharp and at right angle
• Mesial contact area is at the incisal third
Distal Outline • nearly straight
• The distoincisal angle is sharp and at right angle
• Distal contact area is at the incisal third (at the same level)
NB: The crown mesial and distal outlines are continuous with that of
the root
Incisal Outline •the incisal ridge is straight and at right angles to the
long axis of the crown
NB: A newly erupted tooth shows mamelons on the incisal ridge
Cervical Outline •the cervical line curves toward the root apex
Labial Surface within the Outlines
• Labial surface is narrow and bilaterally symmetrical
• The tooth is longer cervicoincisally than it is wider mesiodistally
• The labial surface is smooth and
(Convex in the cervical third - flattened in the incisal third)
Developmental Grooves: are not normally present
Occasionally, there are very faint depressions which only occur near the incisal
margin

22. Anterior Teeth

Lingual Surface within the Outlines
•Because of the crown lingual convergence
1- The Lingual surface is narrower than the labial surface
2- The labial line angles can be viewed from lingual aspect
•Unlike labial aspect, lingual surface is irregular with convexities, concavity and flat
NB:
•The cingulum is smooth and convex both mesiodistally and cervicoincisally
• Lingual fossa is bordered cervically by the cingulum, mesially by the mesial marginal
ridge, distally by the distal marginal ridge and incisally by the incisal ridge
•Marginal ridges: are not very distinct
Developmental Grooves: no grooves, fissures, or pits

23. Anterior Teeth

Mesial &Distal Aspects
Geometric Shape •triangular
Crown Outlines
Labial Outline •straight
(except at the cervical third,
where it is convex)
•The Crest of the curvature
is at the cervical third
Lingual Outline
•Convex in the cervical
portion because of the
cingulum
Concave towards the incisal portion because of the lingual fossa
Convex towards the incisal ridge
•The Crest of the Curvature is also at the cervical third
Incisal Outline •the incisal ridge is
- rounded, placed lingual to a vertical line
Cervical Outline •the cervical line greatly curves incisally
Mesial Surface within the Outlines
• Mesial surface is (convex in the incisal third -flat towards the middle third)
• Mesial contact area is at incisal third
• The crown appears to be inclined lingually; this mandibular teeth
feature to facilitate normal overjet

Distal Surface within the Outlines
Distal surface within the outline is similar to mesial surface except
1-The Cervical line curvature is 1 mm less than on mesial surface

24. Anterior Teeth

Incisal Aspect
Geometric shape: Oval labiolingually
•The Labiolingual dimension is always greater than mesiodistal dimension
NB: •Bilateral symmetry of this tooth is easily appreciated
•The incisal ridge is at right angle to the labiolingual axis
•Because of the crown lingual inclination, most of the labial surface is seen from this
aspect
•Because of the crown lingual convergence
1-the Labial surface is wider than lingual surface
2-the crown tapers rapidly from the labial surface towards the cingulum
•The cingulum forms a smaller convex
•The labial surface of crown at incisal third is convex, while the lingual surface of the
crown at incisal third is concave

25. Anterior Teeth

ROOT
Number: single root
Size: one and half times as long as the crown
Shape •the root outline is straight from cervix to middle third where it tapers apically
• Apex: Pointed
NB: •Root is convex mesiodistally and flattened labiolingually
•Developmental grooves are seen on both mesial and distal surfaces of root; the
groove is deeper on the distal surface
Curvature: straight but sometimes curves distally at the apical third

26. Anterior Teeth

Pulp Cavity

Labiolingual Section
The pulp cavity follows the general outline of the crown and root
The pulp chamber
-is wide with prominent help horns
-increases gradually towards the cervix
The root canal tapers to the apex
NB: This tooth usually has one canal; two canals may be found, but not
very frequently

Mesiodistal Section
The pulp cavity follows the general outline of the crown and root
The pulp chamber is narrow
The root canal is also narrow and tapers to the apex
The pulp horn is prominent but single

Cervical Cross Sections
The pulp cavity is widest at about the cervical level
The pulp chamber may be round or oval
The outline form of the root at the cervical level is round

27. Anterior Teeth

28. Anterior Teeth



Millimeters Measurements
Drawing Carving

36 9 Crown Length
50 12.5 Root
20 5 Crown Width
14 3.5 Root
24 6 Crown Thickness
21 5.3 Root
12 3 Mesial Cervical line
8 2 Distal

29. Anterior Teeth

Permanent Mandibular Lateral Incisor
Mandibular lateral incisor is very similar to the mandibular central in form as the two
teeth function as a team
It is slightly larger than the mandibular central incisor (unlike the case of maxillary
incisors where the lateral is smaller than the central incisor)
DESCRIPTION
Labial & Lingual Aspects
Geometric shape: trapezoid with shortest side cervically
Crown Outlines
Mesial Outline •Similar to that central incisor
Distal Outline •Similar to that central incisor except
1-The distoincisal angle is rounded one
2-The distal contact area is more cervical than the mesial one
Incisal Outline •Similar to that central incisor
Cervical Outline •Similar to that central incisor
Labial Surface within the Outlines •Similar to that central incisor except
1-The crown is not bilaterally symmetrical; the crown distal half is slightly larger
2-The mesiodistal width of crown is approximately 1 mm more
Developmental Grooves: •Similar to those of the central incisor
except 1-they are deeper if present

30. Anterior Teeth

Lingual Surface within the Outlines
Similar to that central incisor except
1- Lingual surface is wider mesiodistally than that of the central incisor
2-Marginal ridges, cingulum and lingual fossa are more prominent

31. Anterior Teeth

Mesial &Distal Aspects
Geometric Shape •triangular
Crown Outlines
Labial Outline •Similar to that of central incisor
Lingual Outline •Similar to that of central incisor
Incisal Outline •Similar to that of central incisor
Cervical Outline •Similar to that of central incisor
Mesial Surface within the Outlines •Similar to that of central incisor except
1-The lateral incisor is broader buccolingually than the central
2-The mesial surface is longer than the distal surface
Distal Surface within the Outlines •Similar to that of central incisor except
1-Distal contact area is still within incisal third but is more cervically

32. Anterior Teeth

Incisal Aspect
•Similar to that of central incisor except
1-The crown is not bilaterally symmetrical
2-The incisal ridge is not at right angle to the crown labiolingual axis
3-The incisal ridge and the cingulum are more prominent
4-The lateral incisor crown appears to be slightly twisted on its root base to follow
the curved arch

ROOT
•Similar to that of central incisor except
1-The root is longer than that of the central incisor

33. Anterior Teeth

Pulp Cavity
Similar to that of the central incisor in all sections except:
1-The pulp chamber and root canal are larger
Because of the mandibular lateral incisor tends to be a larger than the mandibular
central incisor in all dimensions

34. Anterior Teeth

35. Anterior Teeth




Millimeters Measurements
Drawing Carving

38 9.5 Crown Length
56 14 Root
22 5.5 Crown Width
16 4 Root
26 6.5 Crown Thickness
23 5.8 Root
12 3 Mesial Cervical line
8 2 Distal

36. Anterior Teeth

The Permanent Canines
Number: There are four canines; two in each arch and one in each quadrant
They are often the last ones to go
NB: The four maxillary permanent canines are placed at the corners of the mouth;
thus they sometimes are referred to as the corner teeth
FUNCTIONS OF CANINES
•are mainly used for tearing food
•assist the permanent incisors and premolars in mastication
Common characteristics of all canines
•They are wider buccolingually than mesiodistally
•develop from four lobes: Three labial and one lingual (for cingulum); the middle
labial lobe is highly developed incisally to form a strong, well-formed cusp
•have single root, longest and strongest of all teeth
•Their distal cusp slope is longer than the mesial cusp slope
•Their labial surfaces have a labial ridge extending from the cusp tip to the cervical
line
•Their lingual aspect shows well-formed cingulum and a lingual fossa, which may be
divided by a lingual ridge into two small fossae
•Typically, their contact areas at different levels cervico-occlusally. This is because the
adjacent teeth of canines, with which they make contact, are of different classes
lateral incisor mesially and the 1st premolar distally

37. Anterior Teeth

PERMANENT MAXILLARY CANINE
-is the longest tooth of all
-In many ways, it acts like a transition between
anterior and posterior segments of the dental arch
-exhibit some of the characteristics of permanent
maxillary incisors and some features of premolars
DESCRIPTION
Labial & Palatal Aspects
Geometric shape: trapezoid or pentagonal with shortest side cervically
Crown Outlines
Mesial Outline •Convex from cervix to the area where it joins the mesial cusp slope
•The mesial contact area is at the junction of incisal and middle third
Distal Outline •Convex for most of its part except near cervix, where it is concave
•The distal contact area is at the center of middle third
Years
Chronology
4-5 (month) Initial Calcification
6-7 Completion of the Crown
11-12 Eruption
13-15 Completion of the Root

38. Anterior Teeth

Incisal Outline •is formed by two slopes extending downwards from mesial and
distal contact areas to meet the cusp tip at midline
These slopes are called as mesial and distal cusp ridges
The distal cusp ridge is longer and is slightly rounded
The mesial cusp ridge is usually concave
Cervical Outline •the cervical line curves toward the root
NB: The cervical line on lingual aspect is more convex
Labial Surface within the Outlines
•The tooth is longer cervicoincisally than it is wider mesiodistally
•The middle labial lobe is well-developed than other lobes and forms a linear
elevation extending from cervical line to the cusp tip; this feature is called as labial
ridge
•The labial surface is generally smooth and convex except for the shallow depressions
on either side of the labial ridge
Developmental Grooves: •In a newly erupted tooth, two shallow developmental
grooves separating the three labial lobes
NB: •From labial aspect the maxillary permanent canine resembles a premolar
•The crown is narrower than the maxillary central incisor mesiodistally by 1 mm and
much narrower at cervix
•The mesial and distal contact areas are noticeably at different levels in maxillary
canine

39. Anterior Teeth

Palatal Surface within the Outlines
•Because of the crown lingual convergence
1-The Lingual surface is narrower than the labial surface
•Unlike labial aspect, lingual surface is irregular with convexities and a concavity
NB: •The cingulum is well developed, smooth and convex
•The cingulum of maxillary canine is largest of all anteriors and sometimes it is
pointed like a small cusp
• Lingual fossa is bordered cervically by the cingulum, mesially by the mesial marginal
ridge, distally by the distal marginal ridge
• The lingual fossa may be divided by a lingual ridge into two small concavities called
mesial and distal lingual fossae
•Marginal ridges: -are strongly developed
-mark the mesial and distal borders of the lingual fossa
•Height of contour is on cingulum at cervical 3rd
Developmental Grooves: •The lingual fossa is usually devoid of any
developmental grooves

40. Anterior Teeth

Mesial &Distal Aspects
Geometric Shape •triangular or wedge-shaped
•Like incisors but with more labiolingual bulk
Crown Outlines
Labial Outline •more convex than that of maxillary central
incisor due to the presence of prominent labial ridge
•The Crest of the curvature is at the cervical third (but more
incisally than that of the maxillary central incisor)
Lingual Outline •‘S’ shaped
•Convex in the cervical portion because of the cingulum
Concave towards the incisal portion because of the lingual
fossa
Convex towards the incisal ridge
•The Crest of the Curvature is also at the cervical third, located on cingulum
(Incisally placed than that of the maxillary central incisor)
Incisal Outline •forms a small arc representing the cusp tip
NB: Pointed cusp tip may become flat due to occlusal wear
Cervical Outline •the cervical line curves incisally
Mesial Surface within the Outlines
•has the greatest labiolingual width amongst anteriors. So, the tooth appears more
bulky from proximal aspects
•The mesial surface is generally convex except for a small concavity in the cervical
portion above the contact area
•The mesial contact area is at the junction of incisal and middle third cervicoincisally,
and is at the center labiolingually
NB: •Unlike the incisal ridge of maxillary incisors, the cusp tip of maxillary canine is
not centered over the root. It is placed labial to the vertical root axis

41. Anterior Teeth

Distal Surface within the Outlines
Distal surface within the outline is similar to mesial surface
except
1-The Cervical line curvature is less than on mesial surface
2- The distal contact area is at the center of middle
3rd of the crown
3-The distal surface shows more concavity apical to
the distal contact area
4-The distal marginal ridge is strongly developed than
the mesial

42. Anterior Teeth

Incisal Aspect











Geometric shape: diamond shaped
•The labiolingual dimension is greater than the mesiodistal dimension
•The crown is asymmetrical with distal half larger than the mesial half
•The lingual fossa, the lingual ridge and the marginal ridges can be seen
• Position of cusp tip: The cusp tip is located labial to the center of the crown
labiolingually, and mesial to the center mesiodistally
Labially •the cervical portion of labial face is convex
•the labial ridge appears prominent from incisal view, which is more convex at
cervical third and gets flattened towards incisal third
Lingually •the cingulum forms a shorter convex arc
Mesial and Distal Contact Areas
•Short arcs present mesially and distally represent the mesial and distal contact areas
The mesial contact area is broader than the distal
• The cusp ridges form a straight line mesiodistally which bisects the contact areas

43. Anterior Teeth

ROOT
Number: single root
Size: one and half times as long as the crown
-has the longest root of all teeth
-its labiolingual thickness is greater than that of incisors
Shape •Cone shaped, tapering from cervical line to the apex
• Apex: blunt
NB: -Narrower mesiodistally and wider labiolingually
-Similar to the crown, the root also exhibits lingual convergence
-The labial and lingual surfaces are smoothly convex
-The mesial and distal surfaces are flattened and exhibit developmental depressions
for major part of the root
-Developmental depression on the distal surface is deeper; these developmental
depressions help to reinforce anchorage in alveolar bone
Curvature: straight but curves distally at the apical third

44. Anterior Teeth

Pulp Cavity
Labiolingual Section
The pulp cavity follows the general outline of the crown and root
The pulp chamber
-is very wide in the mouth because of the largest labiolingual dimension of the root
The root canal tapers to the apex
-its incisal half is very wide with a very abrupt constriction in the apical region
The apical foramen may appear to exit at the tip of the root or labially to the apex

Mesiodistal Section
The pulp cavity follows the general outline of the crown and root
The pulp chamber is much narrower than labiolingually
The root canal tapers to the apex
The apical foramen may appear to exit at the tip or slightly to the mesial or distal
aspect of the root

Cervical Cross Sections
The pulp cavity is widest at about the cervical level
The pulp chamber is triangular or oval shaped
The outline form of the root at the cervical level is triangular or oval

45. Anterior Teeth

46. Anterior Teeth

























Millimeters Measurements
Drawing Carving

40 10 Crown Length
68 17 Root
30 7.5 Crown Width
22 5.5 Root
32 8 Crown Thickness
28 7 Root
10 2.5 Mesial Cervical line
6 1.5 Distal

47. Anterior Teeth

Permanent Mandibular Lateral Incisor
The mandibular canine closely resembles the maxillary canine
In comparison to its maxillary counterpart, the mandibular canine has a long narrow
crown, shorter root, poorly developed cingulum and less prominent cusp
The mandibular canine erupts before maxillary canine
DESCRIPTION
Labial & Lingual Aspects
Geometric shape: trapezoid or pentagonal
Crown Outlines
The labial aspect reveals the major differences between the maxillary and mandibular
canines
Mesial Outline •almost straight, in line with the mesial outline of the root and it joins
the mesial cusp
•The mesial contact area is near the mesioincisal angle (more incisally)
Distal Outline •less convex than that of maxillary canine
•The distal contact area is more incisally located than that of maxillary canine
NB: •The crown appears to be tilted distally because of its straight mesial outline and
curved distal outline
Incisal Outline •Cusp ridges are straight
•The distal cusp ridge is longer than the mesial as in case of maxillary canine

48. Anterior Teeth

•The cusp tip is on line with vertical root axis
Cervical Outline •Similar to that maxillary
Labial Surface within the Outlines •Similar to that maxillary except
1-Crown of mandibular canine appears longer, not only because of its extra length,
but also due to its narrow mesiodistal width and more incisally placed contact areas
2-Mesioincisal and distoincisal angles are well-defined
3- The labial ridge is less prominent than that of the maxillary canine
Developmental Grooves: •Similar to those of the maxillary except
Lingual Surface within the Outlines
•Similar to that maxillary except
1-The lingual surface is less concave and more flattened
(Similar to that of mandibular lateral incisor)
2-Marginal ridges, lingual ridges, cingulum and lingual fossa are poorly prominent

49. Anterior Teeth

Mesial &Distal Aspects
Geometric Shape •triangular
Some major differences between maxillary and mandibular canines are noted from
this aspect
Crown Outlines
Labial Outline •the labial outline is less convex especially near the cervical line
Lingual Outline •lingual outline follows a less convex cingulum and less concave
lingual fossa
Incisal Outline •Cusp tip is thin, pointed and cusp ridge is thin labiolingually
Cervical Outline •the cervical line shows more curvature incisally than
that of the maxillary canine
Mesial Surface within the Outlines •Similar to that maxillary except
1-The cusp tip is in the center or lingual to the vertical root axis, while
that cusp tip of maxillary canine is labial to the vertical root axis
2-Show a lingual inclination over the root base; this conforms to the
general rule that the upper teeth overlap the lower teeth in occlusion
Distal Surface within the Outlines •Similar to the mesial except
1-The Cervical line curvature is less than on mesial surface

50. Anterior Teeth

Incisal Aspect
•Similar to that maxillary except
1-Has an Oval shaped geometrical outline
2-Mesial outline is less curved
3-Cingulum is smaller
4-Cusp tip and cusp ridges are lingually inclined, while cusp ridges of maxillary canine
extend straight to bisect the mesial and distal contact areas
ROOT
•Similar to that maxillary except
1-The root is longer than that of the central incisor
1-Usually single, but bifurcated root is a common variation than the maxillary canine
root
2-It is shorter by 1 to 2 mm
3-The root is thinner mesiodistally
4-its lingual surface is narrower than that of maxillary canine
5-has a more pointed root tip
6-usually straight and sometimes shows mesial curvature at its apical third
7-The developmental depression is deeper on mesial surface of the root

51. Anterior Teeth

Pulp Cavity
Labiolingual Section
•Similar to that maxillary in size and shape except
1-The mandibular canine is shorter

Mesiodistal Section
•Similar to that maxillary
Cervical Cross Sections
•shows considerable variation in size and shape
The outline form of the root may be oval, rectangular or triangular

52. Anterior Teeth

53. Anterior Teeth



Millimeters Measurements
Drawing Carving

44 11 Crown Length
64 16 Root
28 7 Crown Width
22 5.5 Root
30 7.5 Crown Thickness
28 7 Root
10 2.5 Mesial Cervical line
4 1 Distal

54. Anterior Teeth

CHARACTERISTICS Maxillary Central Incisor Maxillary Lateral Incisor
Tooth Nomenclature
Universal System Right 8; Left 9 Right 7; left 10
Palmer System 1 Right; Left 1 2 Right; Left 2
FDI System Right 11; Left 21 Right 12; Left 22
Chronology
Calcification Begins 3–4 months 10–12 months
Eruption 7–8 years 8–9 years
Root Completion 10 years 11 years
General Features
Lobes 4 lobes 4 lobes
Dimension Crown is larger, root is thicker Smaller in all dimension except root length. Crown
smaller and root slender
Crown
Labial Aspect



Mesiodistal Width Wider Narrower
Cervicoincisal Width Longest crown among all incisors Shorter
Mesial Outline Straight Convex
-Mesioincisal Angle Sharp, Right angle Round
-Mesial Contact Area At the incisal third At the junction of incisal and middle thirds
Distal Outline Slightly Convex More Convex
-Distoincisal Angle Round Round
-Distal Contact Area At the junction of incisal and middle thirds At the middle third
Incisal Ridge Straight line Rounded and Slopes cervically towards distal
Labial Surface Slightly Convex More Convex
Lingual Aspect


Cingulum Moderately Prominent More Prominent
Lingual Fossa Moderately Deep Deeper and more circumscribed
Marginal Ridge Moderately Prominent More Prominent
Grooves Few grooves in lingual fossa Deep Palatogingival groove

55. Anterior Teeth



Mesial Aspect



Labial& Lingual Contours More curved Less curved
Mesial Contact area At cervical third At cervical third
Cervical line Maximum curvature 3.5 mm 1 mm less
Distal Aspect



Cervical Line Maximum curvature 2.5 mm Less curved
Distal Contact Area At incisal third At middle third
Incisal Aspect



Geometrical Form Triangular Ovoid – Round
Dimensions Wider Mesiodistally Mesiodistal and labiolingual nearly same
Root
Number Single Single
Size Shorter, thick and Conical root Longer, delicate and slender root
Curvature Straight Distal curvature at the apical third
Grooves Usually not present May present on mesial and distal surfaces

56. Anterior Teeth

CHARACTERISTICS Maxillary Canine Mandibular Canine
Tooth Nomenclature
Universal System Right 6; Left 11 Right 27; left 22
Palmer System 1 Right; Left 1 2 Right; Left 2
FDI System Right 13; Left 23 Right 43; Left 33
Chronology
Calcification Begins 3–5 months 4-5 months
Eruption 11–12 years
NB: Usually erupt after maxillary premolars
9-10 years
NB: Erupts before mandibular premolars and well
before maxillary canine
Root Completion 13-15 years 12-14 years
General Features
Lobes 4 lobes
NB: Middle labial lobe is very well-developed
into labial ridge
4 lobes
NB: Middle labial lobe is not so well-developed
Dimension •Longest tooth of all
•Longest root of all
•Bulkier crown
•2nd longest tooth
•Root shorter by 1 mm
•Crown longer by 1 mm and slender
Crown
Labial Aspect


Mesiodistal Width Crown is wider and shorter Crown is longer and narrower
Cervicoincisal Width Longest crown among all incisors Shorter
Mesial Outline Convex Straight following mesial outline of root. So crown
looks bent distally on root base
Distal Outline Convex for most of its part except near cervix,
where it is concave
less convex than that of maxillary canine
-Mesial Contact Area At the junction of incisal and middle thirds Near mesioincisal angle
-Distal Contact Area At center of middle 3rd At the junction of incisal and middle thirds
-Mesioincisal Angle Less pronouns More pronouns
-Distoincisal Angle Round Round
Incisal Ridge Straight line Rounded and Slopes cervically towards distal
Labial Surface Slightly Convex More Convex
Lingual Aspect



Cingulum Moderately Prominent More Prominent
Lingual Fossa Moderately Deep Deeper and more circumscribed
Marginal Ridge Moderately Prominent More Prominent
Grooves Few grooves in lingual fossa Deep Palatogingival groove
Mesial Aspect

57. Anterior Teeth







Labial& Lingual Contours More curved Less curved
Mesial Contact area At cervical third At cervical third
Cervical line Maximum curvature 3.5 mm 1 mm less
Distal Aspect



Cervical Line Maximum curvature 2.5 mm Less curved
Distal Contact Area At incisal third At middle third
Incisal Aspect



Geometrical Form Triangular Ovoid – Round
Dimensions Wider Mesiodistally Mesiodistal and labiolingual nearly same
Root
Number Single Single
Size Shorter, thick and Conical root Longer, delicate and slender root
Curvature Straight Distal curvature at the apical third
Grooves Usually not present May present on mesial and distal surfaces