The Biochip Technology

The first biochip was invented by an American company namely Affymetrix, and the product of this company is GeneChip (DNA microarrays). These products comprise the number of individual DNA sensors used for sensing defects. Biochip plays an essential role in the field of biology research like systems biology as well as disease biology while the number of clinical applications is rising. It is a set of microarrays which are placed on a strong surface of a substrate to allow thousands of reactions to be performed in less time. The development of biochip mainly includes the combination of molecular biology, biochemistry, and genetics. Biochips are used for analyzing organic molecules connected with a live organism. This power-point presentation discusses what is Biochip, types, biochips and their uses, disadvantages, and its applications.

1. Mr. Raghvendra Kushwaha Mr. Shiv Pratap Yadav Rajat Jaiswal Roll no.1712240127 ME-55-56 BIOCHIP TECHNOLOGY

2. INTRODUCTION HISTORY COMPONENTS OF BIOCHIP WORKING OF BIOCHIPS BIOCHIP IMPLANT APPLICATIONS ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES FUTURE CONCLUSION REFERENCES

3. Bio + Chip = Biochip Bio: stands for any biological entity eg : protein, DNA. Chip: a computer chip. Biochip: Small-scale device, analogous to an integrated circuit, constructed for or used to analyse organic molecules associated with living organisms.

4. Collection of miniaturized test sites(microarrays) arranged on a solid substrate. Permits many tests to be performed at the same time. Surface area is no longer than a fingernail. P er f o r m t hou s a nd s o f bio l og i ca l r eac t i o n s i n a f ew seconds. U s ed t o analyse o r gani c m olecules a s s o c i a t ed wi th living organisms. Help in identifying gene sequences, environmental pollutants, airborne toxins, or other biochemical constituents.

5. Developed in 1983 for monitoring fisheries. Large scale development of biochips in the 1990s. Today, a large variety of biochip technologies are either in development or being commercialized. Invented in 4G generation & the development is still continued. In 1980 Fred Sanger and Walter Gilbert were awarded Nobel Prize for their pioneering DNA sequencing approach. In 1983, Kary Mullis was awarded Nobel Prize for his Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR) which allowed to amplify minute amounts of DNA to quantities.

6. In 1986, Leroy Hood gave fluorescence-based DNA sequencing which facilitated the automation of reading DNA sequence.

7. Types of Bio-Chips DNA Microarray - A DNA microarray is set of tiny DNA spots fixed to a strong surface. A researcher utilizes to calculate expression levels for a large no of Genes. Microfluidic Chip - Microfluidic chip is also known as lab on a chip. These are choice to usual bio-chemical laboratories and are transforming several applications like DNA analysis, molecular biology procedures which is known as the study of proteins and diagnostic of diseases (clinical pathology). Protein Microarray - A protein microarray or a protein chip method is use to follow the actions as well as connections of proteins and to find out their function on a large scale.

8. Biochip implant system consists of two components:- Transponder Reader or scanner.

9. Two types of transponder – passive or active. Communication between biochip and reader is via low-frequency radio waves. Transponder consists of four parts:- Computer microchip Antenna coil Tuning capacitor Glass capsule

10. Computer Microchip :- The microchip stores a unique identification number from 10 to 15 digits long. An t e n n a C o i l : - T his t i n y , pr i m i t i v e, r ad io an t enna "receives and sends" signals from the reader or scanner. Tuning Capacitor:- This capacitor is charged by the small (1/1000 of a watt) signal sent by the reader. Glass Capsule:- “houses” the microchip, antenna coil and capacitor. It is made of biocompatible material such as soda lime glass.

11. Co n s i s ts o f a n “ e x c i t e r ” c o i l w h i c h c r e a t e s electromagnetic field. Provide energy to “activate” the implanted biochip. Also carries a receiving coil to receive ID number. C o nt ai n s t h e s o f t w a r e an d c o m p o n e nt s t o de c o de t h e receive code and display the result in an LCD display.

12. The operator generates a low power electromagnetic field through radio signals. The fixed biochip gets turned ON. The activated chip transmits the identification code reverse to the operator through radio signals. Reader strengthens the received code to change it into digital form and finally exhibits it on LCD.

13. Injected by a hypodermic syringe beneath the skin. Injection is safe and simple. Anesthesia is not required. Usually injected behind the neck in dogs and cats.

14. With a biochip tracing of a person/animal, anywhere in the world is possible. A b i o ch i p can s t o r e a n d up d a t e f i n anc i al, m e di c al, demographic data, basically everything about a person. A biochip leads to a secured E-commerce systems. Biochips are really potent in replacing passports, cash, medical records. M e di ci n al imple m en t at i on o f b i o ch i p s - a s g lu c o s e detector; as oxygen sensor; as an blood pressure sensor.

15. To rescue the sick. To find the lost people. To identify person uniquely. In monitoring health condition of individuals in which they are specially employed. They can perform thousands of biological reactions in a few seconds. Increase speed of diagnosis of unknown pathogens. Ability to detect multiple viral agents in parallel.

16. They raise critical issues of personal privacy. They mark the end of human freedom and dignity. There is a danger of turning every man, women and child into a controlled slave. They can be implanted into ones body without their knowledge.

17. A chip implanted somewhere in human bodies might serve as a combination of credit card, passport, driver's license, personal diary. No longer would it be needed to worry about losing the credit cards while traveling. A chip inserted into human bodies might also give us extra mental power.

18. Biochips are:- Fast Accurate Miniaturized expected to become economically advantageous attributes that make them analogous to computer chip.

19. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochip http://www.electronicsforu.com http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s002160051 549#page-1 Google images.