The bourgeois revolutions presentation.pptx

Summary of Revolutions in the !8th Century

1. The consequences of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Empire Art and architechture 5 6 American independence The French Revolution (1789-1792) The Napoleonic Empire Spain (1788-1814) 1 2 3 4 The bourgeois revolutions

2. 1. American independence The 1763 Royal Proclamation banned settlements forming west of the Appalachian Mountains, and also a number of tax increases. In addition, the colonies were unable to have a say in these matters because they had no representation in parliament. The colonists were encouraged by the ideas of Enlightened thinkers and a desire for independence took hold. After a series of protests and exchanges, the American War of Independence broke out in 1775 between the colonies and Great Britain. France and Spain supported the colonies. In 1776 the Declaration of Independence was signed by representatives of the 13 colonies. The American War of Independence ended in 1783 when Great Britain accepted American independence and signed the Treaty of Versailles . In 1787 the United States Constitution established the federal government, with George Washington as the first president. Background In the early 17th century, groups of people from England settled on the east coast of what’s now the United States. These settlements grew and by the mid-18th century they were organised into 13 Colonies under the rule of Great Britain. Evolution

3. 1. American independence The American War of Independence led to the United States’ expansion westward. It also inspired the Spanish colonies in Latin America to work towards their own Independence, which was achieved in the first half of the 19th century . Victory to Enlightenment and liberal thinkers! It Influenced the events that led to the French Revolution. Consequences

4. 2. The French Revolution (1789-1792) A serious economic crisis as a result of French involvement in the American War of Independence and the royal court’s excessive spending A series of bad harvests and an unfair tax system Exclusion of the wealthy and educated bourgeoisie Ideals of Enlightened thinkers and the achievement of American Independence Background The revolution that started in Paris in 1789 would mark the beginning of the Modern Age. In response to the economic crisis, Louis XVI ordered the Estates General to convene in 1789. Representatives of the First Estate and the Second Estate attended with the intention of protecting their privileges. The Third State came to: discuss changing the tax system. demand voting per deputy rather than per estate. After this was refused, they met in the tennis courts and formed the National Assembly. They aimed to create a constitution for France. Ordinary people took the streets of Paris and rioters stormed the Bastille . The rebellion spread quickly into the countryside, where castles and palaces were also attacked. Louis XVI was forced to recognise the assembly and reform the French state. The Estates General

5. 2. The French Revolution (1789-1792) The National Assembly introduced reforms to turn France into a constitutional monarchy. Abolition of the estates system Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, which established individual and collective rights, as well as equality for all before the law First French Constitution (1791), which established the separation of powers The Legislative Assembly was elected by census suffrage . It included monarchists and republicans. In the face of the war with Austria and Prussia, the Girondins proposed that a new assembly be elected by universal manhood suffrage. The aim was to unite France under a republic. The National Assembly (1793) tried and executed Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. With the support of the sans-culottes , the Jacobins established a Reign of Terror. They wanted the political transformations to benefit everyone and not just the upper bourgeoisie. To this end, they drafted a new constitution in 1793 which included universal manhood suffrage. In 1794 the moderates carried out a coup d’etat which removed the Jacobins from power. Another constitution was drafted and limited suffrage was reintroduced. Under a new political system called the DIRECTORY , a committee of five held executive power, while legislative power was held by two chambers. Radical revolutionaries were persecuted, and the government used the army to maintain social order. This dependence on the military ultimately led to another coup d’etat in 1799 by a young general called Napoleon Bonaparte . Napoleon introduced a new system of government called the CONSULATE , which marked the end of the French Revolution. Constitutional monarchy The French Republic From the Directory to the Consulate

6. 3. The Napoleonic Empire In 1804, Napoleon declared himself Emperor of France and established a despotic government and reformed French society based on the principles of the French Revolution. He put an end to the institutions of the Ancien Régime with his approval of the Civil Code. He signed the 1801 Concordat with the Pope that signified acceptance of the Catholic church. Napoleon’s conquests abroad created an empire that made him master of Europe by 1810. It included annexed states and satellite states dependent on France and governed by members of his family. After losing the Battle of Leipzig in 1813, Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba. He escaped and returned to France, where he ruled once more in a period called the Hundred Days. Portugal, the United Kingdom and Russia remained outside of his control. He enforced a Continental Blockade on the United Kingdom. In 1815 Napoleon’s rule ended for Good after his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo. The Bourbon monarchy was then restored in France.

7. 4. The consequences of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Empire Constitutions were approved which recognised popular sovereignty and the separation of powers. The French Revolution generated democratic ideas , such as freedom of press, political freedom and popular participation in politics. The Napoleonic Empire fuelled feelings of nationalism in France and in the countries acquired by Napoleon. In these countries nationalism took the form of resistance to French rule. The principles of equality , liberty and fraternity , which had been at the very heart of the French Revolution, continued to inspire people in their struggle against social injustice. Political consequences The French Revolution saw the abolition of feudalism and the privileges of the estates. All men were now equal before the law. During the French republic and Napoleon’s rule, agrarian reform created opportunities for peasants to improve their status. Furthermore, the protection of private property paved the way for industrialisation. Social consequences Economic consequences

8. 5. Spain (1788-1814) A year into Carlos IV’s reign, the French Revolution began. Carlos IV and his minister Floridablanca decided to send Spanish troops to the aid of Louis XVI. They were defeated by the French republic in 1795. They then turned their focus to preventing revolutionary ideas from reaching Spain. When Napoleon came to power, Carlos IV’s minister, Manuel Godoy, advised him to ally with France. With this aimed, he signed several treaties. The 1796 and 1799 Treaties of San Ildefonso , which promised to help the French in their war against Great Britain, ended with the defeat of the Spanish troops at the Battle of Trafalgar. The 1807 Treaty of Fontainebleau allowed French troops to enter Spain to occupy Portugal (which was also an ally of Great Britain). However, after the French troops crossed the Pyrenees, they dispersed across Spain. Crown Prince Fernando opposed these policies and conspired against his father and Godoy. In 1808 the Revolt of Aranjuez led Carlos IV to abdicate. Fernando VII became King of Spain, but he was pressured by Napoleon to return the crown to his father. Napoleon then forced Carlos IV to abdicate in favor of Napoleon himself, who made his brother Joseph Bonaparte, King of Spain. The Reign of Carlos IV (1788-1808) Carlos IV’s reign (1788-1808) was marked by a great economic crisis in Spain. Carlos IV’s reign coincided with and was influenced by both the French Revolution and the expansion of the Napoleonic Empire.

9. 5. Spain (1788-1814) Development of the War Across Spain, local and provincial defence councils ( Juntas de Defensa ) formed, with the aim of resisting the French invasion. Guerrilla warfare was a key part of their resistance. Napoleon responded by bringing more troops into Spain, eventually occupying the entire country. The Central Council ( Junta Suprema Central ) changed tactics and allied to Great Britain and, under the command of General Wellington defeated the French at the Battle of Arapiles in 1812. The war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Valeçay in 1813 and Fernando VII was restored to the throne in 1814. The Spanish War of Independence (1808-1814) A failed uprising in Madrid against the French troops on 2 nd May 1802 marked the beginning of the Spanish War of Independence. The Central Council took refuge in Cádiz. Replaced by the Regency Council, it convened the Cádiz Cortes in 1812. The deputies in the Cortes represented Spain as a whole . The 1812 Cádiz Constitution established a constitutional monarchy, separated powers, Universal man suffrage , protection of certain rights and liberties and the abolition of the Inquisition . 1812 Cádiz Constitution As a result of the war , a sense of Spain as a nation of citizens rather than subjects emerged, but Spanish society was also divided .

10. 5. Art and architecture Neoclassicism emerged in the late 18th century as a reaction to the overly decorative styles of Rococo and Baroque. New leaders commissioned Works that reflected values such as austerity, courage, virtue and sacrifice. The Neoclassical style became popular during the French Revolution and the Napoleonic empire, being more prevalent in France and the United Kingdom. Sculptures Had smooth lines and polished finishes which showed perfection but lacked emotion. They were made of marble or bronze, and were often portraits, funerary monuments or representations of classical mythology. Architecture Characterised by straight lines, symmetry and balanced proportions. It strived for decorative simplicity and there was a return to the classical orders. Monumental buildings were constructed with centralised floor plans, large domes and classical facades. There was also a return to the commemorative structures of Roman times, such as the Puerta de Alcalá in Madrid. Painting Developed a new style based on the form and content of other classical works. Artists used sharp lines and controlled brush strokes, and displayed a preference for cold colours and the use of chiaroscuro.

11. 5. Art and architecture Francisco de Goya (1746-1828) Considered the last of the Old Masters. His work is a precursor to modern artistic styles , such as Impressionism . Goya is considered one of the most important Spanish artists in history. < FIRST PERIOD His paintings initially reflected his optimistic view of life and he served as a court painter of Carlos IV. SECOND PERIOD After he became deaf in 1793, his works began to convey a more critical view of the world around him. He used earth tones to explore themes related to the human condition, the corruption of the clergy and the Spanish War of Independence.