The Concept of sentence - Week 4 General English.pptx

sentences

1. The Concept of sentence Week 4

2. A sentence is a fundamental unit of language that expresses a complete thought, idea, or statement. It is one of the building blocks of communication in any language, including English. A well-constructed sentence typically consists of several key elements: Subject : The subject is the main focus of the sentence, and it usually indicates who or what the sentence is about. It can be a noun, pronoun, or even a noun phrase. For example, in the sentence "She is reading a book," "She" is the subject. Predicate : The predicate is the part of the sentence that provides information about the subject. It includes the verb and, in many cases, additional elements such as objects, complements, and modifiers. In the sentence "She is reading a book," "is reading a book" is the predicate. Verb : The verb is a crucial component of the predicate. It indicates the action being performed by the subject or describes a state of being. In the sentence "She is reading a book," the verb is "is reading." Object : Some sentences include a direct or indirect object that receives the action of the verb or is affected by it. In the sentence "She is reading a book," "a book" is the direct object. Modifiers : Modifiers are words or phrases that provide additional information about other parts of the sentence, such as adjectives, adverbs, and prepositional phrases. For instance, in the sentence "The big brown dog quickly chased the squirrel up the tree," "big," "brown," and "quickly" are modifiers. Punctuation : Proper punctuation, including the use of periods, question marks, and exclamation points, is essential in forming complete sentences. Punctuation helps convey the intended meaning and structure of the sentence.

3. Exercise ___________ (Has/Have) your brother and sister arrived yet? The dog, as well as the cats, ___________ (enjoy/enjoys) playing in the garden. Many people ___________ (believes/believe) that exercise is essential for good health. Neither the teacher nor the students ___________ (was/were) aware of the change in the schedule. My collection of rare coins ___________ (is/are) stored in a secure vault. One of the books on the shelf ___________ (needs/need) to be returned to the library. The news about the election results ___________ (was/were) shocking to everyone. The committee members ___________ (has/have) different opinions on the matter. Either the blue car or the red truck ___________ (needs/need) a new paint job. Ten dollars ___________ (seems/seem) like a fair price for that item.

4. Types of Sentences Sentences in English can take various forms, including declarative (making a statement), interrogative (asking a question), imperative (giving a command or instruction), and exclamatory (expressing strong emotions or exclamations). Each type of sentence serves a distinct purpose in communication. Verbal vs Nominal sentences: Verbal and nominal sentences are two different types of sentences based on their structure and purpose.

5. Verbal and Nominal Sentences Verbal Sentence : A verbal sentence is a sentence that primarily conveys an action or a state of being. It typically consists of a subject and a verb. Verbal sentences are the most common type of sentences in English. Example of a verbal sentence: She sings beautifully. Nominal Sentence : A nominal sentence is a sentence where the subject is a noun or pronoun, and it acts as the main focus of the sentence. Nominal sentences often use a form of the verb "to be" (am, is, are, was, were, etc.) to connect the subject to a noun or adjective that renames or describes it. Example of a nominal sentence: Happiness is a choice.

6. Exercise Identify whether the following sentences are verbal or nominal. a) The sun sets in the west. b) Happiness is a choice. c) They laughed at the funny joke. d) Running a marathon requires endurance. e) He slept peacefully f) The movie was entertaining. g) She became a doctor. h) The cat chased the mouse. i ) John felt tired after the long hike. j) Education is important.

7. Tenses in english Part 1

8. Understanding Grammar Part 1  Simple Present Tense  Present Continuous Tense  Present Perfect Tense  Present Perfect Continuous Tense These four tenses are fundamental in English grammar and are used to convey different aspects of time and actions in various contexts. Understanding when and how to use them is essential for effective communication in English.

9. Simple Present Tense: Form: The simple present tense is used to describe actions or situations that are habitual, general truths, or facts. Form (positive sentence): Subject + base form of the verb (e.g., He eats). Form (negative sentence): Subject + do/does not + base form of the verb (e.g., She does not eat). Form (interrogative sentence): Do/Does + subject + base form of the verb (e.g., Do you eat?). Usage Examples: I work at a software company. She doesn't like spicy food. Do you play the piano?

10. Exercise She __________ (read) a book every evening. They __________ (play) basketball on Sundays. My cat __________ (sleep) in the sun. I usually __________ (drive) to work, but today I am taking the bus. He __________ (watch) his favorite TV show at 8:00 PM. The sun __________ (rise) in the east. They __________ (not like) spicy food. Sarah __________ (visit) her grandmother every weekend. We __________ (study) English on Mondays and Wednesdays. Do you __________ (enjoy) swimming in the ocean?

11. Present Continuous Tense: Form: The present continuous tense is used to describe actions that are happening right now or in the near future. Form (positive sentence): Subject + am/is/are + present participle (verb + "- ing ") (e.g., They are eating). Form (negative sentence): Subject + am/is/are not + present participle (e.g., She is not studying). Form (interrogative sentence): Am/Is/Are + subject + present participle (e.g., Are you coming?). Usage Examples: They are watching a movie tonight. She isn't listening to music at the moment. Is he playing soccer now?

12. Exercise She __________ (read) a book right now. They __________ (play) basketball at the park this afternoon. My brother and I __________ (study) for our exams at the moment. The kids __________ (watch) cartoons on TV. He __________ (work) on a new project this week. It __________ (rain) outside, so bring an umbrella. Sarah __________ (not eat) meat; she's a vegetarian. The chef __________ (prepare) a delicious meal for us. They __________ (travel) to Europe next month. Why __________ (you wear) that fancy dress to the party?

13. Present Perfect Tense: Form: The present perfect tense is used to express actions that occurred at an unspecified time in the past and are still relevant to the present. Form (positive sentence): Subject + have/has + past participle (e.g., I have eaten). Form (negative sentence): Subject + have/has not + past participle (e.g., She hasn't traveled). Form (interrogative sentence): Have/Has + subject + past participle (e.g., Have you seen that movie?). Usage Examples: I have visited Paris several times. They haven't finished their homework yet. Has she ever been to Asia?

14. Exercise I __________ (visit) Paris twice. She __________ (not finish) her homework yet. We __________ (eat) at that restaurant before. They __________ (just arrive) at the airport. He __________ (never travel) to Asia. Maria __________ (live) in New York for five years. The team __________ (win) the championship. Have you ever __________ (try) sushi? I __________ (read) three books this month. The company __________ (not announce) the new product yet.

15. Present Perfect Continuous Tense: Form: The present perfect continuous tense is used to describe actions that started in the past and continue into the present or were recently completed. Form (positive sentence): Subject + have/has been + present participle (e.g., We have been working). Form (negative sentence): Subject + have/has not been + present participle (e.g., He hasn't been studying). Form (interrogative sentence): Have/Has + subject + been + present participle (e.g., Have they been traveling?). Usage Examples: They have been playing basketball for hours. She hasn't been studying for her exam. Have you been waiting long?

16. Exercise They __________ (play) tennis for two hours. I __________ (work) on this project all morning. She __________ (read) a book since yesterday. We __________ (wait) for the bus since 3 PM. He __________ (study) Spanish for six months. The children __________ (swim) in the pool for a while. How long __________ (you practice) the piano today? My dad __________ (fix) the car for the past two days. They __________ (dance) at the party since 8 PM. Mary __________ (clean) her room all afternoon.

17. Tenses in english Part 2

18. Understanding Grammar Part 2  Simple Past Tense  Past Continuous Tense  Past Perfect Tense  Past Perfect Continuous Tense

19. Simple Past Tense: Usage: Simple Past Tense is used to describe completed actions that happened at a specific point in the past. Form: Regular verbs add '-ed' to the base form (e.g., play → played). Irregular verbs have unique past tense forms (e.g., go → went). Example: He visited Paris last summer. Explanation: In this sentence, the action of visiting occurred and completed in the past. Simple Past Tense is commonly used for actions that are no longer happening and have a definite ending in the past.

20. Circle the correct answers. 1. My parents  bought  /  were   buying  a house just after they got married. 2.  John  had   not   engaged  /  was   getting   engaged  before he left university. 3. Liam inherited a lot of money and  was   emigrating  /  emigrated  to Australia. 4. Did   Pam   phone  /  Had   Pam   phoned  while you  watched  /  were   watching  television? 5.  I opened the door and  stepped  /  had   stepped  outside. It  rained  /  was   raining . 6. I didn’t know where you were because you weren’t  phoning  /  didn’t   phone . 7. I  had  /  ‘d had  this watch for two years when the battery ran out.

21. Complete the text with the correct past tense form of the verbs in brackets. Fauja Singh used to take part in amateur races when he was younger, but he  1 …………………………… (not start) running marathons until he was in his eighties. He  2 …………………………… (not run) a race since 1947 when he joined his local running club at the age of 84. The coach nearly  3 …………………………… (send) him home on the first day because he  4 …………………………… (wear) a suit. Mr Singh’s first race was the London Marathon, which he  5 …………………………… (complete) in six hours and 54 minutes, a new record for the over-nineties. The previous record holder  6 …………………………… (set) a time of seven hours and 52 minutes. Today, at the age of 103, Mr Singh is still running marathons.

22. Listening Comprehension Please write what you hear from the audio, and practice it with your partner!

23. Conversation 1 Man : How was the movie? Woman : It was really good. Man : Was it scary? Woman : Yes, it was really scary. Man : Nice. Was it crowded? Woman : No, it wasn’t. There weren’t many people there, surprisingly. Conversation 2 Man : Where were you last night? Woman : I was at work. Man : Really? I was at your shop. You weren’t there. Woman : No, I was in the back working. Man : You were? Woman : Really! I was there. Conversation 3 Man : How was the test? Woman : It was really hard. Man : How long was it? Woman : There were about 20 problems. Man : Yeah? What was your score? Woman : Let’s just say, it wasn’t great, but it wasn’t bad either. Conversation 4 Man : Do you know who was at the party? Woman : Jason was there. So was Sue. Man : Oh, were Tom and Katie there? Woman : No, they weren’t there, but their son was. Man : Oh, I see. So, was it fun? Woman : Yeah, it was a fun evening.

24. 2. Past Continuous Tense: Usage: Past Continuous Tense is used to describe actions that were ongoing or in progress at a specific moment in the past. Form: Use the past tense of the verb 'to be' (was/were) + the base form of the main verb + '- ing ' (e.g., I was playing). Example: They were watching TV when the power went out. Explanation: In this sentence, the action of watching TV was happening when the power went out. Past Continuous Tense emphasizes the duration and continuity of an action in the past.

25. 3. Past Perfect Tense: Usage: Past Perfect Tense is used to indicate an action that was completed before another action in the past. Form: Use 'had' + the past participle of the main verb (e.g., I had finished). Example: By the time I arrived, they had already eaten dinner. Explanation: In this sentence, the action of eating dinner was completed before the arrival (another past action) occurred. Past Perfect Tense is used to show the priority or sequence of two past actions.

26. More Example "Before I arrived at the party, they had already eaten all the pizza." In this sentence, the Past Perfect tense is used to indicate that the action of eating the pizza (they had already eaten) occurred before the arrival at the party. "By the time she woke up, her friends had left for the airport." Here, the Past Perfect tense is used to show that her friends' departure (had left) happened prior to her waking up. "He had finished his homework before going out to play." This sentence indicates that the completion of homework (had finished) took place before the action of going out to play. "I realized I had forgotten my keys after I locked the door." The Past Perfect tense (had forgotten) emphasizes that the forgetting of keys happened before the door was locked. 27

27. Practice By the time Sarah arrived, John ________ (already finish) his dinner. He realized he ________ (leave) his wallet at home after he reached the restaurant. They ________ (complete) the project before the deadline. I ________ (never see) such a beautiful sunset before I went on vacation. By the time the movie started, most of the audience ________ (take) their seats. She ________ (read) all the books in the series before the new one was published. They ________ (not visit) that city before their recent trip. He ________ (buy) a new car before his old one broke down. By the time I got to the store, they ________ (run out of) my favorite ice cream flavor. She ________ (live) in New York for several years before moving to Chicago. 28

28. 4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense: Usage: Past Perfect Continuous Tense is used to emphasize the duration of an ongoing action that was happening before another action in the past. Form: Use 'had been' + the base form of the main verb + '- ing ' (e.g., I had been working). Example: She had been studying for hours before she took the exam. Explanation: In this sentence, the action of studying (an ongoing action) started before and continued up to the moment of taking the exam (another past action). Past Perfect Continuous Tense stresses both the duration and the completion of an action leading up to a specific point in the past.

29. Practice! He __________ (work) in the garden for hours before it started raining. She __________ (play) the piano for ten years before she gave her first concert. By the time I arrived, they __________ (wait) for me for over an hour. They __________ (talk) on the phone for two hours before they realized the time. She __________ (study) English for years before she moved to an English-speaking country. He __________ (swim) in the ocean for an hour before he noticed the storm approaching. When they __________ (arrive) at the party, everyone __________ (already / leave). I __________ (read) the book for weeks before I finally understood the plot. She __________ (wait) for the bus for ages before it finally came. They __________ (not / play) the game because they __________ (already / lose) interest.

30. Complete the sentences with the verbs below. Use the past simple, past continuous or past perfect. go out      leave      not listen      lose      shine      snow 1.  I couldn’t pay for the pizzas because I ……………………………….. my money at home. 2.   I put on my coat and ……………………………….. 3.   You didn’t understand the question because you ……………………………….. 4.   When we woke up, everything was white because it …………during the night. 5.    I borrowed my brother’s jacket because I ……………………………….. mine. 6.   It was a really cold day, but the sun ………………………………..

31. Tenses in english Part 3

32. Understanding Grammar Part III Simple Future Tense Future Continuous Tense Future Perfect Tense Future Perfect Continuous Tense

33. Simple Future Tense Simple Future Tense is used to express an action that will occur in the future. It is formed by using the modal verb "will" or "shall" (for first-person singular and plural pronouns) followed by the base form of the verb. For example: I will write a book. She will travel to Paris next month. They will complete their project by Friday.

34. Exercise (Writing) Choose a topic and create a writing text regarding the instruction below! Write 10 sentences about what you will do next weekend. Explain 10 reasons why people will travel to space in the next 10 years. Predict 10 technological advancements that will change our lives in the next decade. Imagine and describe a world where everyone will speak 10 languages in 10 years. Discuss 10 environmental changes that will occur due to climate change in the next 10 years. Create a story where a scientist will invent a groundbreaking invention in 10 days. List 10 goals you will achieve in the next 10 months. Share 10 things you will learn in the next year and how they will impact your life. Describe a future city where transportation will be entirely eco-friendly within 10 years. Predict how education will change in the next 10 years, listing 10 innovations that will be common.

35. Future Continuous Tense Future Continuous Tense is used to describe an ongoing action that will happen in the future and will continue for a specific duration. It is formed by using the modal verb "will be" + the present participle (verb + - ing ). For example: I will be studying all night. She will be waiting for you when you arrive. They will be playing football at 3 PM tomorrow.

36. Exercise At 8 PM tomorrow, she __________ (read) a novel at home. By the time you arrive, we __________ (have) dinner. This time next week, I __________ (attend) a conference in New York. At midnight, they __________ (dance) at the party. Tomorrow at this time, he __________ (work) on his project. By 9 AM, I __________ (drive) to the airport. Next month, she __________ (study) for her final exams. At 11 PM tonight, we __________ (watch) a movie. By the end of the day, he __________ (complete) the report. This time next month, they __________ (travel) to Paris.

37. Exercise (Speaking) Explain what you will be doing at 10 o'clock tomorrow morning. Describe a scene where you will be traveling by train for 10 hours straight. Imagine and speak about what the world will be experiencing during the next total solar eclipse. Discuss what you will be studying in 10 years to advance your career. Predict a scenario where robots will be doing 10 different household chores simultaneously. Describe a party where you will be dancing for 10 hours without a break. Explain what kind of job you will be working in 10 years and the skills required. Imagine a situation where you will be speaking 10 different languages fluently. Describe a peaceful day where the world will be living in harmony without conflicts. Predict what technology will be revolutionizing communication in the next 10 years.

38. Future Perfect Tense Future Perfect Tense is used to describe an action that will be completed before a specific point in the future. It is formed by using the modal verb "will have" + the past participle of the verb. For example: By the time you arrive, I will have finished my homework. He will have graduated by next year. They will have prepared the dinner before we get home.

39. Example: By this time next year , I will have completed 10 online courses. Before the end of the month , she will have visited 10 different countries. In 10 years , we will have achieved 10 major milestones in our business. By the age of 30 , he will have written 10 bestselling novels. Before the summer ends , they will have built 10 eco-friendly houses. By the time you arrive , I will have cooked dinner for 10 guests. In the next decade , scientists will have discovered 10 new species of animals. Before he retires , the astronaut will have traveled to space 10 times. By 2030 , renewable energy will have replaced traditional sources in 10 major cities. Before the technology expo begins , engineers will have developed 10 groundbreaking inventions.

40. Exercise By the time she gets back, I __________ (finish) reading this novel. Next year, they __________ (travel) to every continent in the world. I am sure she __________ (complete) the marathon by 10 AM. By the end of this month, he __________ (learn) French for two years. By the time the guests arrive, we __________ (prepare) a delicious dinner. I __________ (write) the report by tomorrow morning. By the age of 30, he __________ (visit) 10 different countries. They __________ (live) in that house for 20 years next year. By next summer, she __________ (finish) her Ph.D. thesis. I am confident he __________ (achieve) his goals by the end of the year.

41. Future Perfect Continuous Tense Future Perfect Continuous Tense is used to describe a continuous action that will be ongoing and will be completed before a specific point in the future. It is formed by using the modal verb "will have been" + the present participle (verb + - ing ). For example: By 6 PM, I will have been working for 8 hours. She will have been studying for two hours by the time you call her. They will have been waiting for us since morning. To summarize, these tenses allow us to convey different nuances of future actions, including simple actions, ongoing actions, completed actions, and continuous actions that will be completed at a specific time in the future.

42. Example By the end of this month , I will have been practicing yoga for 10 years. Before he arrives , she will have been waiting for him for 10 hours. In 10 years , I will have been working in this company for a decade. By the time you return , we will have been living in this house for 10 months. Before the deadline , they will have been working on this project for 10 weeks. In the next decade , she will have been studying medicine for 10 years. Before the concert starts , the musicians will have been practicing for 10 days. By the age of 40 , he will have been running his own business for 10 years. In the next decade , technology will have been shaping our lives for 10 years. Before the event , volunteers will have been preparing for it for 10 months.

43. Exercise By the time he arrives, I __________ (study) for six hours. Next month, she __________ (live) in Paris for five years. I am exhausted because I __________ (run) for an hour by 7 PM. By the end of this week, they __________ (work) on the project for ten days. By tomorrow morning, he __________ (wait) at the airport for eight hours. By this time next year, she __________ (teach) English for a decade. I will call you after 10 PM. By then, I __________ (read) the entire book. By the time the movie ends, he __________ (watch) it for three hours. By the end of the game, they __________ (play) for two hours. By next month, we __________ (wait) for the package for a month.

44. Feel free to give me questions