The Earth Systems, The Systems of the Earth

education purposes

1. EARTH
SYSTEMS

2. MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY:
You will be able to (1) explain that the Earth consists of four
subsystems, across whose boundaries matter and energy flow.
At the end of the unit lesson, you will be able to:
•Define the concept of a system; and
•Recognize the earth as a system composed of subsystems.
LEARNING TARGETS:

3. •HYDROLOGICALCYCLE–isthesumtotalofallprocessesinwhichwatermovesfromthelandand
oceansurfacetotheatmosphereandbackinformofprecipitation.
•ELNIÑOPHENOMENON-isaclimatepatternthatdescribestheunusualwarmingof
surfacewatersintheeasterntropicalPacificOcean.
•LITHOSPHERE–alsoknownasgeosphere.
•PLANKTON-arethediversecollectionoforganismsthatliveinlargebodiesofwaterandare
unabletoswimagainstacurrent.
•CARBONCYCLE-theseriesofprocessesbywhichcarboncompoundsareinterconvertedinthe
environment,involvingtheincorporationofcarbondioxideintolivingtissuebyphotosynthesis
anditsreturntotheatmospherethroughrespiration,thedecayofdeadorganisms,andthe
burningoffossilfuels.
UNLOCKINGDIFFICULTIES
Thefollowingarethekeywordsandchallengingtermsusedinthistopic:

4. “A nation that destroys its soils destroys
itself. Forests are the lungs of our land,
purifying the air and giving fresh
strength to our people.”
—Franklin D. Roosevelt

6. EVAPORATION
Evaporation is the change of state in a substance from a liquid to a gas. In meteorology,
the substance we are concerned about the most is water.
For evaporation to take place, energy is required. The energy can come from any source:
the sun, the atmosphere, the earth, or objects on the earth such as humans.
TRANSPIRATION
Transpiration is the evaporation of water from plants through stomata. Stomata are
small openings found on the underside of leaves that are connected to vascular plant
tissues.

7. CONDENSATION
Condensation is the process whereby water vapor in the atmosphere is changed
into a liquid state. In the atmosphere condensation may appear as clouds or dew.
PRECIPITATION
Precipitation is the result when the tiny condensation particles grow too large, through
collision and coalescence, for the rising air to support, and thus fall to the earth.
Precipitation can be in the form of rain, hail, snow or sleet.
RUNOFF
Runoff occurs when there is excessive precipitation and the ground is
saturated.

8. El Niño is a climate pattern that describes the unusual warming of surface waters in the eastern Pacific Ocean.

9. SUBSYSTEMS of
the EARTH

10. EARTH SYSTEM is essentially a closed system.

11. Atmosphere

12. A. ATMOSPHERE
The atmosphere is the thin gaseous layer that envelopes the lithosphere.
The present atmosphere is composed of 78% nitrogen (N), 21% oxygen
(O2), 0.9% argon, and trace amount of other gases.
One of the most important processes by which the heat on the Earth's
surface is redistributed is through “Atmospheric Circulation”.
There is also a constant exchange of heat and moisture between the
atmosphere and the hydrosphere through the hydrologic cycle.

13. a. troposphere
b. stratosphere
c. mesosphere
d. thermosphere
e. exosphere
ATMOSPHERIC LAYER

14. THE TROPOSPHERE
This is the lowest part of the atmosphere -the part we live in. It
contains most of our weather -clouds, rain, snow. In this part of
the atmosphere the temperature gets colder as the distance above
the earth increases, by about 6.5°C per kilometer. The
actualchange of temperature with height varies from day to day,
depending on the weather.

15. THE STRATOSPHERE
This extends upwards from the tropopause to
about 50 km. It contains much of the ozone in
the atmosphere. The increase in temperature
with height occurs because of absorption of
ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun by this
ozone. Temperatures in the stratosphere are
highest over the summer pole, and lowest over
the winter pole.

16. THE MESOSPHERE
The region above the stratosphere is called the
mesosphere. Here the temperature again
decreases with height, reaching a minimum of
about -90°C at the "mesopause".

17. THE THERMOSPHERE AND IONOSPHERE
The thermosphere lies above the mesopause, and is a region in which
temperatures again increase with height. This temperature increase is caused by
the absorption of energetic ultraviolet and X-Ray radiation from the sun.
The region of the atmosphere above about 80 km is also caused the "ionosphere",
since the energetic solar radiation knocks electrons off molecules and atoms,
turning them into "ions" with a positive charge. The temperature of the
thermosphere varies between night and day and between the seasons, as do the
numbers of ions and electrons which are present.

18. THE EXOSPHERE
The region above about 500 km is called the exosphere. It
contains mainly oxygen and hydrogen atoms, but there are so
few of them that they rarely collide -they follow "ballistic"
trajectories under the influence of gravity, and some of them
escape right out into space.

19. Lithosphere

20. B. LITHOSPHERE
The lithosphere includes the
rocks of the crustand mantle,
the metallic liquid outer core,
and the solid metallic
inner core.

21. Biosphere

22. C. BIOSPHERE
The biosphereis the set of all life forms on Earth.
It covers all ecosystems—from the soil to the rainforest, from mangroves to
coral reefs, and from the plankton-richocean surface to the deep sea.
For the majority of life on Earth, the base of the food chain comprises
photosynthetic organisms. During photosynthesis, CO2is sequestered from
the atmosphere, while oxygen is released as a byproduct. The biosphere is a
CO2sink, and therefore, an important part of the carbon cycle.
Sunlight is not necessary for life.

24. Hydrosphere

25. D. HYDROSPHERE
About 70% of the Earth is covered with liquid water (hydrosphere) and
much of it is in the form of ocean water.
Only3% of Earth's water is fresh: two-thirdsare in the form of ice, and
the remaining one-thirdis present in streams, lakes, and groundwater.
The oceans are important sinks for CO2through direct exchange with the
atmosphere and indirectly through the weathering of rocks.
Heat is absorbed and redistributed on the surface of the Earth through
ocean circulation.

27. Most of the water on Earth is either salty or inaccessible to humans. Only 3% is
fresh, and of that only about 32% is unfrozen.

29. The impact of man to the
environment has become so
massive that scientists are
proposing the addition of man or
the ‘Anthroposphere’ to the Earth
system.

30. Write an essay not exceeding 200 words on how man has altered the atmosphere,
biosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and as a consequence, the Earth System as whole.

31. Psalm 24:1-2
“The earth is the LORD's
and all that is in it, the
world, and those who live in
it; for God has founded it on
the seas, and established it
on the rivers.”

32. Thanks!
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