THE FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC

Ppt file regarding first republic

1. MMPA PSG GROUP 1 The First Philippine Republic

2. PCPT. MILET TILOS 01 PCPT. ULDRICK TILOS 02 ALWIN MALIMBAN 03 MARVIE REYES 04 GROUP MEMBERS

3. AGUINALDO ERA

4. 1897 BIAK-NA-BATO REPUBLIC 1899 THE MALOLOS CONGRESS 1898 THE AMERICAN INTERVENTION 1898 THE RETURN OF AGUINALDO 1898 THE TREATY OF PARIS 1902 END OF FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR

5. The Republic of Biak-na-Bato is officially referred to in its constitution as the Republic of the Philippines was the first republic ever declared in the Philippines by revolutionary leader Emilio Aguinaldo and his fellow revolutionaries. Despite its successes, including the establishment of the Philippines' first ever constitution , the republic lasted just over a month. It was disestablished by a peace treaty signed by Aguinaldo and the Spanish Governor-General , Fernando Primo de Rivera which included provision for exile of Aguinaldo and key associates to Hong Kong . BIAK-NA-BATO REPUBLIC

6. The Republic of Biak-na-Bato was one of a number of unrecognized insurgent polities which existed during the time in which the Philippines was under Spanish colonial government as the Spanish East Indies . It was preceded and succeeded by two similarly unrecognized polities, the Tejeros government and the Central Executive Committee . The constitution of the Republic of Biak-na-Bato was written by Felix Ferrer and Isabelo Artacho, who copied the Cuban Constitution of Jimaguayú nearly word-for-word. It provided for the creation of a Supreme Council , which was created on November 2, 1897, with the following as officers having been elected : BIAK-NA-BATO REPUBLIC

7. Elected Officers Name Position Emilio Aguinaldo President Mariano Trias Vice President Antonio Montenegro Secretary of Foreign Affairs Emiliano Reigo de Dios Secretary of War Isabelo Artacho Secretary of Interior Baldomero Aguinaldo Secretary of Treasury

8. After its defeat in the Spanish-American War of 1898 , Spain ceded its longstanding colony of the Philippines to the United States in the Treaty of Paris. On February 4, 1899, just two days before the U.S. Senate ratified the treaty, fighting broke out between American forces and Filipino nationalists led by Emilio Aguinaldo who sought independence rather than a change in colonial rulers. The ensuing Philippine-American War lasted three years and resulted in the death of over 4,200 American and over 20,000 Filipino combatants. As many as 200,000 Filipino civilians died from violence, famine, and disease. THE AMERICAN INTERVENTION

9. The decision by U.S. policymakers to annex the Philippines was not without domestic controversy. Americans who advocated annexation evinced a variety of motivations: desire for commercial opportunities in Asia, concern that the Filipinos were incapable of self-rule, and fear that if the United States did not take control of the islands, another power (such as Germany or Japan) might do so. Meanwhile, American opposition to U.S. colonial rule of the Philippines came in many forms, ranging from those who thought it morally wrong for the United States to be engaged in colonialism, to those who feared that annexation might eventually permit the non-white Filipinos to have a role in American national government. THE AMERICAN INTERVENTION

10. After the Spanish-American War , while the American public and politicians debated the annexation question, Filipino revolutionaries under Aguinaldo seized control of most of the Philippines’ main island of Luzon and proclaimed the establishment of the independent Philippine Republic. When it became clear that U.S. forces were intent on imposing American colonial control over the islands, the early clashes between the two sides in 1899 swelled into an all-out war. Americans tended to refer to the ensuing conflict as an “insurrection” rather than acknowledge the Filipinos’ contention that they were fighting to ward off a foreign invader. THE AMERICAN INTERVENTION

11. In April 1898, the Spanish-American War broke out over Spain’s brutal suppression of a rebellion in Cuba. The first in a series of decisive U.S. victories occurred on May 1, 1898, when the U.S. Asiatic Squadron under Commodore George Dewey annihilated the Spanish Pacific fleet at the Battle of Manila Bay in the Philippines. From his exile, Aguinaldo made arrangements with U.S. authorities to return to the Philippines and assist the United States in the war against Spain. He landed on May 19, rallied his revolutionaries, and began liberating towns south of Manila. On June 12, he proclaimed Philippine independence and established a provincial government, of which he subsequently became head. THE RETURN OF AGUINALDO AND THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

12. The Philippine Declaration of Independence was proclaimed on 12 June 1898 in Cavite II el Viejo (present-day Kawit, Cavite ), Philippines . With the public reading of the Act of the Proclamation of Independence of the Filipino People Filipino revolutionary forces under General Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed the sovereignty and independence of the Philippine Islands from the colonial rule of Spain. THE RETURN OF AGUINALDO AND THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

13. The Philippine Declaration of Independence was proclaimed on 12 June 1898 in Cavite II el Viejo (present-day Kawit, Cavite ), Philippines . With the public reading of the Act of the Proclamation of Independence of the Filipino People Filipino revolutionary forces under General Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed the sovereignty and independence of the Philippine Islands from the colonial rule of Spain. THE RETURN OF AGUINALDO AND THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

14. The Political Constitution of 1899 informally known as the Malolos Constitution, was the constitution of the First Philippine Republic . It was written by Felipe Calderón y Roca and Felipe Buencamino as an alternative to a pair of proposals to the Malolos Congress by Apolinario Mabini and Pedro Paterno . After a lengthy debate in the latter part of 1898, it was promulgated on 21 January 1899. THE MALOLOS CONGRESS

15. The constitution placed limitations on unsupervised freedom of action by the chief executive which would have hampered rapid decision making. As it was created during the fight for Philippine independence from Spain, however, its Article 99 allowed unhampered executive freedom of action during wartime. Unsupervised executive governance continued throughout the Philippine–American War which erupted soon after proclamation. After the Malolos Congress was convened on 15 September 1898, a committee was selected to draft a constitution for the republic. [5] The committee was composed of Hipólito Magsalin, Basilio Teodoro, José Albert, Joaquín González , Gregorio Araneta , Pablo Ocampo, Aguedo Velarde, Higinio Benitez, Tomás del Rosario , José Alejandrino , Alberto Barretto, José Ma. de la Viña, José Luna, Antonio Luna , Mariano Abella, Juan Manday, Felipe Calderón , Arsenio Cruz and Felipe Buencamino. They were all wealthy and well educated. THE MALOLOS CONGRESS

16. The Treaty of Paris of 1898 ( Filipino : Kasunduan sa Paris ng 1898; Spanish : Tratado de París de 1898) was a treaty signed by Spain and the United States on December 10, 1898, that ended the Spanish–American War . Under it, Spain relinquished all claim of sovereignty over and title to Cuba and also ceded Puerto Rico , Guam , and the Philippines to the United States. The cession of the Philippines involved a compensation of $20 million from the United States to Spain. The treaty came into effect on April 11, 1899, when the documents of ratification were exchanged. [2] It was the first treaty negotiated between the two governments since the 1819 Adams-Onís Treaty . THE TREATY OF PARIS AND FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR

17. The Treaty of Paris marked the end of the Spanish Empire , apart from some small holdings in Northern Africa and several islands and territories around the Gulf of Guinea , also in Africa . It marked the beginning of the United States as a world power . Many supporters of the war opposed the treaty, which became one of the major issues in the election of 1900 when it was opposed by Democrat William Jennings Bryan , who opposed imperialism. Republican President William McKinley supported the treaty and was easily reelected. THE TREATY OF PARIS AND FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR

18. The Philippine–American War, also referred to as the Filipino–American War, the Philippine War, the Philippine Insurrection or the Tagalog Insurgency ( Filipino : Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano; Spanish : Guerra filipino–estadounidense), was an armed conflict between the First Philippine Republic and the United States that lasted from February 4, 1899, to July 2, 1902. While Filipino nationalists viewed the conflict as a continuation of the struggle for independence that began in 1896 with the Philippine Revolution , the U.S. government regarded it as an insurrection . The conflict arose when the First Philippine Republic objected to the terms of the Treaty of Paris under which the United States took possession of the Philippines from Spain, ending the Spanish–American War . THE TREATY OF PARIS AND FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR

19. Fighting erupted between forces of the United States and those of the Philippine Republic on February 4, 1899, in what became known as the 1899 Battle of Manila . On June 2, 1899, the First Philippine Republic officially declared war against the United States. The war officially ended on July 2, 1902, with a victory for the United States. However, some Philippine groups—led by veterans of the Katipunan , a Philippine revolutionary society—continued to battle the American forces for several more years. Among those leaders was General Macario Sakay , a veteran Katipunan member who assumed the presidency of the proclaimed Tagalog Republic , formed in 1902 after the capture of President Emilio Aguinaldo . Other groups, including the Moro , Bicol and Pulahan peoples, continued hostilities in remote areas and islands , until their final defeat at the Battle of Bud Bagsak on June 15, 1913. THE TREATY OF PARIS AND FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR

20. The war resulted in the deaths of at least 200,000 Filipino civilians, mostly due to famine and disease. Some estimates for total civilian dead reach up to a million. The war and especially the following occupation by the U.S., changed the culture of the islands, leading to the rise of Protestantism and disestablishment of the Catholic Church in the Philippines and the introduction of English to the islands as the primary language of government, education, business, industry and, in future decades, among upper-class families and educated individuals. END OF FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR

21. In 1902, the United States Congress passed the Philippine Organic Act , which provided for the creation of the Philippine Assembly , with members to be elected by Filipino males (women did not have the vote until after the 1937 suffrage plebiscite ).This act was superseded by the 1916 Jones Act (Philippine Autonomy Act), which contained the first formal and official declaration of the United States government's commitment to eventually grant independence to the Philippines. The 1934 Tydings–McDuffie Act (Philippine Independence Act) created the Commonwealth of the Philippines the following year, increasing self-governance in advance of independence, and established a process towards full Philippine independence (originally scheduled for 1944, but interrupted and delayed by World War II ). The United States granted independence in 1946, following World War II and the Japanese occupation of the Philippines , through the Treaty of Manila . END OF FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR

22. AMERICAN CIVIL GOVERNMENT

23. 1898 FORM OF GOVERNMENT 1901 PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT 1902 PHILIPPINE ASSEMBLY 1937 SUFFRAGE AND QUALIFICATIONS 1901 MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT 1902 PREVAILING POLITICAL CULTURE

24. The United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands was a military government in the Philippines established by the United States on August 14, 1898, a day after the capture of Manila, with General Wesley Merritt acting as military governor. During military rule (1898–1902), the U.S. military commander governed the Philippines under the authority of the U.S. president as Commander-in-Chief of the United States Armed Forces . After the appointment of a civil Governor-General , the procedure developed that as parts of the country were pacified and placed firmly under American control, responsibility for the area would be passed to the civilian. FORM OF GOVERNMENT

25. General Merritt was succeeded by General Otis as military governor, who in turn was succeeded by General MacArthur . Major General Adna Chaffee was the final military governor. The position of military governor was abolished in July 1902, after which the civil Governor-General became the sole executive authority in the Philippines. Under the military government, an American-style school system was introduced, initially with soldiers as teachers; civil and criminal courts were re-established, including a supreme court; and local governments were established in towns and provinces. The first local election was conducted by General Harold W. Lawton on May 7, 1899, in Baliuag, Bulacan . FORM OF GOVERNMENT

26. The Philippine Assembly (sometimes called the Philippine National Assembly) was the lower house of the Philippines from 1907 to 1916, when it was renamed the House of Representatives of the Philippines . The Philippine Assembly was the first national legislative body fully chosen by elections. The Assembly was created by the 1902 Philippine Organic Act of the United States Congress , which established the Insular Government of the Philippines . Along with an upper house (the appointed Philippine Commission ), it formed the bicameral Philippine Legislature during the American colonial period . In 1916, the Jones Act replaced the Philippine Organic Act and the Assembly became the current House of Representatives of the Philippines. PHILIPPINE ASSEMBLY

27. The first Philippine Assembly elections were held on July 30, 1907. [ These were the first nationwide elections ever held in the Philippines. The Assembly was inaugurated on October 16, 1907 with Sergio Osmeña as Speaker of the Assembly, Manuel L. Quezon as majority leader , and Vicente Singson as minority leader . The inauguration of the assembly marked a "turning point in the country’s history, for its creation marked the commencement of Filipino participation in self-governance and a big leap towards self-determination." PHILIPPINE ASSEMBLY

28. The National Assembly in the Philippines announced the plebiscite in 1937, which would decide whether or not women should gain the right to vote. Multiple women's movement started during 1910 which led to the plebiscite in 1937 where women voted for or against for women's suffrage rights. Filipino women worked hard to mobilize and fight for women's suffrage in the early 1900s and gained victory after 447,725 out of 500,000 votes affirmed to having women's right to vote. Arguments against women gaining the right to vote in the Philippines were stated due to the fact that it would ruin family unity, giving less power to the husband or man of the house in the family. SUFFRAGE AND QUALIFICATIONS OF SUFFRAGE

29. Prior to the plebiscite, electors voted on the approval of the new Philippine constitution. Approximately 1,213,934 of the electors voted in favor of the new constitution while 42,690 electors voted against. The new constitution, which contains a provision for the mechanism of extending the right to vote to women, was also the shortest constitution that was ratified during modern times. This new constitution contained only a small number of 17 articles. Before women gained the right to vote, they had no legal rights during that time period. Even with the proper consent from their husbands, women still could not obtain any legal rights. SUFFRAGE AND QUALIFICATIONS OF SUFFRAGE

30. G overnor General Dwight F. Davis made it legal for women to have some legal rights when it came to disposition of property. This allowed for women to own personal items within their marriage. The issue concerning women's suffrage in the Philippines was settled in a special plebiscite held on 30 April 1937. Ninety percent of voters were in favor of the measure. SUFFRAGE AND QUALIFICATIONS OF SUFFRAGE

31. Beginning in 1901, the military government was replaced by a civilian government—the Insular Government of the Philippine Islands —with William Howard Taft serving as its first Governor-General . Also, a series of insurgent governments that lacked significant international and diplomatic recognition existed between 1898 and 1904. The Insular Government of the Philippine Islands was a territorial government of the United States that was established in 1901 and was dissolved in 1935. The Insular Government was preceded by the United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands and was followed by the Commonwealth of the Philippines . MUNICIPAL AND PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT

32. The Philippines were acquired by the United States in 1898 as a result of the Spanish–American War . In 1902, the United States Congress passed the Philippine Organic Act , which organized the government and served as its basic law. This act provided for a governor-general appointed by the president of the United States , as well as a bicameral Philippine Legislature with the appointed Philippine Commission as the upper house and a fully elected, fully Filipino elected lower house , the Philippine Assembly . MUNICIPAL AND PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT

33. The term "insular" refers to the fact that the government operated under the authority of the U.S. Bureau of Insular Affairs . Puerto Rico and Guam also had insular governments at this time. From 1901 to 1922, the U.S. Supreme Court wrestled with the constitutional status of these governments in the Insular Cases . In Dorr v. United States (1904), the court ruled that Filipinos did not have a constitutional right to trial by jury. In the Philippines itself, the term "insular" had limited usage. On banknotes, postage stamps, and the coat of arms, the government referred to itself simply as the "Philippine Islands." MUNICIPAL AND PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT

34. The 1902 Philippine Organic Act was replaced in 1916 by the Jones Law , which ended the Philippine Commission and provided for both houses of the Philippine Legislature to be elected. In 1935, the Insular Government was replaced by the Commonwealth. Commonwealth status was intended to last ten years, during which the country would be prepared for independence. MUNICIPAL AND PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT

35. The 1902 Philippine Organic Act was a constitution for the Insular Government, as the U.S. colonial administration was known. This was a form of territorial government that reported to the Bureau of Insular Affairs . The act provided for a Governor-General appointed by the U.S. president and an elected lower house, the Philippine Assembly . It also disestablished the Catholic Church as the state religion. The United States government, in an effort to resolve the status of the friars, negotiated with the Vatican. The church agreed to sell the friars' estates and promised gradual substitution of Filipino and other non-Spanish priests for the friars. It refused, however, to withdraw the religious orders from the islands immediately, partly to avoid offending Spain. In 1904 the administration bought for $7.2 million the major part of the friars' holdings, amounting to some 166,000 hectares (410,000 acres), of which one-half was in the vicinity of Manila. The land was eventually resold to Filipinos, some of them tenants but the majority of them estate owners. [91] n socio-economic terms, the Philippines made solid progress in this period. Foreign trade had amounted to 62 million pesos in 1895, 13% of which was with the United States. By 1920, it had increased to 601 million pesos, 66% of which was with the United States. [104] A health care system was established which, by 1930, reduced the mortality rate from all causes, including various tropical diseases , to a level similar to that of the United States itself. The practices of slavery , piracy and headhunting were suppressed but not entirely extinguished. Two years after completion and publication of a census, a general election was conducted for the choice of delegates to a popular assembly. An elected Philippine Assembly was convened in 1907 as the lower house of a bicameral legislature , with the Philippine Commission as the upper house. Every year from 1907 the Philippine Assembly and later the Philippine Legislature passed resolutions expressing the Filipino desire for independence. Philippine nationalists led by Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña enthusiastically endorsed the draft Jones Bill of 1912, which provided for Philippine independence after eight years, but later changed their views, opting for a bill which focused less on time than on the conditions of independence. The nationalists demanded complete and absolute independence to be guaranteed by the United States, since they feared that too-rapid independence from American rule without such guarantees might cause the Philippines to fall into Japanese hands. The Jones Bill was rewritten and passed Congress in 1916 with a later date of independence. [105] PREVAILING POLITICAL CULTURE

36. It refused, however, to withdraw the religious orders from the islands immediately, partly to avoid offending Spain. In 1904 the administration bought for $7.2 million the major part of the friars' holdings, amounting to some 166,000 hectares (410,000 acres), of which one-half was in the vicinity of Manila. The land was eventually resold to Filipinos, some of them tenants but the majority of them estate owners. In socio-economic terms, the Philippines made solid progress in this period. Foreign trade had amounted to 62 million pesos in 1895, 13% of which was with the United States. By 1920, it had increased to 601 million pesos, 66% of which was with the United States. PREVAILING POLITICAL CULTURE

37. A health care system was established which, by 1930, reduced the mortality rate from all causes, including various tropical diseases , to a level similar to that of the United States itself. The practices of slavery , piracy and headhunting were suppressed but not entirely extinguished. Two years after completion and publication of a census, a general election was conducted for the choice of delegates to a popular assembly. An elected Philippine Assembly was convened in 1907 as the lower house of a bicameral legislature , with the Philippine Commission as the upper house. PREVAILING POLITICAL CULTURE

38. Every year from 1907 the Philippine Assembly and later the Philippine Legislature passed resolutions expressing the Filipino desire for independence. Philippine nationalists led by Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña enthusiastically endorsed the draft Jones Bill of 1912, which provided for Philippine independence after eight years, but later changed their views, opting for a bill which focused less on time than on the conditions of independence. The nationalists demanded complete and absolute independence to be guaranteed by the United States, since they feared that too-rapid independence from American rule without such guarantees might cause the Philippines to fall into Japanese hands. The Jones Bill was rewritten and passed Congress in 1916 with a later date of independence. PREVAILING POLITICAL CULTURE

39. 1935 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

40. 1935 FORM OF GOVERNMENT 1935 BRANCHES OF THE GOVERNMENT 1935 OTHER PROVISIONS 1935 THE COMMONWEALTH

41. The 1935 Constitution provided the legal basis of the Commonwealth Government which was considered a transition government before the granting of the Philippine independence with American-inspired constitution; the Philippine government would eventually pattern its government system after American government The organization of constitutional Convention that would draw up the fundamental law of the land based on the American model was one of the salient provisions of the Tydings-McDuffie Act. Delegates to the convention were subsequently elected in 1934. In the first meeting held on July 30 at the session of the House of Representatives, Claro M. Recto was unanimously elected as its President. FORM OF GOVERNMENT

42. Salient features of the 1935 Constitution include the following: a bicameral legislature composed of a senate and House of Representatives. The President is to be elected to a four-year term together with the Vice-President without re-election; rights of suffrage by male citizens of the Philippines who are twenty-one years of age or over and are able to read and write; extension of the right of suffrage to women within two years after the adoption of the constitution. FORM OF GOVERNMENT

43. The draft of the constitution was approved by the convention on February 8, 1935 and ratified by Pres. Roosevelt in Washington D.C on March 25, 1935. Elections were held in September 1935, Manuel L. Quezon was elected as the president of the Commonwealth. The 1935 Constitution provided the legal basis of the Commonwealth Government which was considered a transition government before the granting of the Philippine independence with American-inspired constitution; the Philippine government would eventually pattern its government system after American government. It has been said that the 1935 Constitution was the best-written Philippine charter ever. FORM OF GOVERNMENT

44. Philippine independence was eventually achieved on July 4, 1946. The 1935 Constitution, which featured a political system virtually identical to the American one, became operative. The system called for a President to be elected at large for a 4-year term (subject to one re-election), a bicameral Congress , and an independent Judiciary. BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT

45. 1940 Amendments The amendments restored a two-chamber legislation. The appointments commission was also restructured as a joint Senate-House body composed of twelve Senators and twelve House Members with the Senate President as ex-officio Chairman. OTHER PROVISIONS

46. On March 11, 1947, the Filipino people ratified in a nationwide plebiscite the "parity amendment" to the 1935 Constitution. The plebiscite and the approval of three-quarters of the members of the House and Senate, were required to amend the 13th article of the 1935 constitution which reserved the exploitation of natural resources only for Filipinos. OTHER PROVISIONS

47. Earlier, there were fraud and violent campaign tactics during the April 1946 election which resulted in the denial of the seats of some members of the house and the senate. The definition of three-quarters became an issue because three-quarters of the sitting members, not the full House and Senate, had approved the amendment. The supreme court however, ruled in favor of the administration's interpretation, enabling then president Manuel Roxas to gain legislative approval on September 18, 1946 OTHER PROVISIONS

48. Thus, the amendment that granted United States citizens and corporations equal rights with the Filipinos in the utilization and exploitation of its natural resources and the operation of public utilities was approved. The Philippine Trade Act, commonly known as the Bell Trade Act, passed by the United States Congress in 1946, and approved by the Philippine legislature on July 2, two days before the Philippine independence, stipulated that free trade be continued until 1954, thereafter, tariffs would be increased 5 percent annually until 1974. Quotas were established for Philippine products both for free trade and tariff periods. At the same time, there would be no restrictions on the entry of United States products to the Philippines, nor would there be Philippine import duties. The Philippine peso was tied at a fixed rate to the United States dollar which was 2 to 1. OTHER PROVISIONS

49. T he draft of the constitution was approved by the convention on February 8, 1935 and ratified by Pres. Roosevelt in Washington D.C on March 25, 1935. Elections were held in September 1935, Manuel L. Quezon was elected as the president of the Commonwealth. The 1935 Constitution provided the legal basis of the Commonwealth Government which was considered a transition government before the granting of the Philippine independence with American-inspired constitution; the Philippine government would eventually pattern its government system after American government. It has been said that the 1935 Constitution was the best-written Philippine charter ever. THE COMMONWEALTH

50. The Commonwealth was the culmination of efforts to secure a definitive timetable for the withdrawal of American sovereignty over the Philippines. Early on, at the start of the American occupation, the United States had established local governments with local elected town and provincial officials. Afterward came a gradual expansion of national legislative representation, beginning with the Philippine Assembly (or Lower House) in 1907. It was not until the Jones Law of 1916 that the pledge of eventual independence—once Filipinos were ready for self-governance—was made. The Jones Law led to the creation of an all-Filipino legislature composed of the Philippine Senate and House of Representatives. THE COMMONWEALTH

51. However, the position of Chief Executive—the Governor-General—and what was considered the most important cabinet portfolio—Public Instruction (precursor to the Department of Education)—were reserved for American officials appointed by the President of the United States. Half of the Philippine Supreme Court was reserved for Americans as well. The Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Philippines provided for a presidential system of government with a unicameral legislature. It had the power to enact laws for the Philippines, known as Commonwealth Acts , through the National Assembly. THE COMMONWEALTH

52. END OF PRESENTATION THANK YOU