The Ghadar party ppt by dr. rao

The Ghadar party

1. The Hindustan Ghadar ‘We were not Sikhs or Punjabis. Our religion was patriotism.’- Sohan Singh Bhakna Prepared by Dr. Rao , Faculty of History Email. [email protected] Ph.No . 91+9491046782

2. Note:- Professional history person explanation is required for Why Lala Har Dayal’s referred Mexican revolutionaries as ‘Mexican Ghadarites .’ The formulation of ‘The Pacific Coast Hindustan  Association as Ghadar Party  How Ghadarites accumulated weapons The concept of -Indians are out of discrimination if they achieve independence What type of Govt. by Ghadraties after overthrowing the British form India The Ghadraties network in India Why it was failed even though 75% of Ghadarites are from ex-army etc…

3. Introduction The British Empire outlet in the South East Asian, and East African colonies By the end of the 19th century, famines and rural debt had impoverished the peasantry and rendered the artisans out of gainful employment The Punjabi immigrants at the West Coast of North America had steadily increasing from 1904 The discriminatory policies of the host countries soon resulted in a flurry of political activity among Indian nationalists As early as 1907, Ramnath Purl , a political exile on the West Coast, issued a Circular-e- Azadi (Circular of Liberty) in which he pledged support to the Swadeshi Movement

4. The pressure resulted in an restriction on Indian immigration into Canada in 1908 By the end of 1912, the number of Indian immigrants on the Pacific Coast had reached 20,000, in that about 98 percent among them were the Punjabis and out of them 75 per cent were ex-soldiers Tarak Nath Das in Vancouver started the Free Hindustan and adopted a very militant nationalist tone G.D. Kumar set up a Swadesh Sevak Home in Vancouver on the lines of the India House in London and also began to bring out a Gurmukhi paper called Swadesh Sevak which advocated social reform and also asked Indian troops to rise in revolt against the British

5. In 1910, Tarak Nath Das and G.D. Kumar forced out of Vancouver & they Set up the United India House at Seattle (Name of the Place) in the USA United India House group , consisting mainly of radical nationalist students, and the Khalsa Diwan Society (The  Khalsa Diwan Society was founded on July 22, 1906 at Vancouver,  is a Sikh society based at a  Gurdwara  in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. ) Decided to send a deputation to meet the Colonial Secretary in London and the Viceroy and other officials in India Succeed in meeting the Viceroy and the Lieutenant Governor of the Punjab But not the Colonial Secretary in London

6. A series of public meetings at Lahore, Ludhiana, Ambala , Ferozepore , Jullundur, Amritsar Lyallpur, Gujranwala, Sialkot and Simla and they received enthusiastic support from the Press and the general public The result of this sustained agitation, both in Canada and the United States The first revolutionary movement moves are stated from Vancouver by Bhagwan Singh (Sikh priest who had worked in Hong Kong and the Malay States) He openly preached the gospel of violent overthrow of British rule and urged the people to adopt Bande Mataram as a revolutionary salute.

7. The centre of revolutionary activity soon shifted to the USA Yugantar Ashram became the home and headquarters and refuge of these political workers Lala Har Dayal arrived in California in April 1911. He Published Yugantar Circular i.e praising the bomb attack on the India Viceroy Lord Hardinge in Delhi on 23 December, 1912 In 1912, at Portland The Hindustani Association of the Pacific Coast was formed with Baba Sohan Singh Bhakna as its president and GD Kumar as the general secretary , later Kumar fell ill and his place was taken by Lala Hardyal

8. It became popularly known as the Gadar Party after it launched its journal “ Gadar ” Ghadar  is an Urdu word derived from Arabic which means “revolt” or “rebellion” The party was multi-ethnic, although mostly Punjabi and Bengali had Sikh and Hindu members, and even some Muslim members Headquarter was Yugantar Ashram- SanFransisco The main aim of the party was “To free India from the British Rule”

9. Hindustan Gadar Party Emblem The emblem contain colours like red, saffron and green. Red colour in India symbolizing happiness and good fortune. Saffron stands for seasoning and colouring agent. Green for it’s the Islamic colour of representing the vegetation and scenery.

10. Founding members Sohan Singh Bhakna (President) Lala Hardayal - General Secretary Kesar Singh (Vice-President) Kartar Singh Sarabha (Editor, Punjabi Gadar ) Baba Jawala Singh (Vice-President) Sant Baba Wasakha Singh Dadehar Bhagwan Singh Gyanee Balwant Singh ( Ghadarite ) Pt. Kanshi Ram(Treasurer)

11. Leaders of the Ghadar Party at different places Name of the Leaders Place Tarak Nath Das America Lala Har Dayal America Baba Jwala singh America P andit Kanshi Ram America Sant Baba Wasakha Singh Dadehar America Gobind Behari Lal America Kartar Singh Sarabha Berkely ( San Francisco) Shaymji Krishna Varma London Balwant Singh Canada

12. Name of the Leaders Place Shaymji Krishna Varma London Rash Bihari Bose Bengal Darisi Chenchiah and Champak Raman Pillai South India Vishnu Ganesh Pingle and Sadashiv Pandurang Khankhoje West India Jatinder Lahari and Taraknath Das East India Maulavi Barkatulla and Pandit Permanand Jhansi from Central India

13. In the words of Lala Har Dayal ‘Do not fight the Americans, but use the freedom that is available in the US to fight the British; you will never be treated as equals by the Americans until you are free in your own land, the root cause of Indian poverty and degradation is British rule and it must be overthrown, not by petitions but by aimed revolt; carry this message to the masses and to the soldiers in the Indian Anny; go to India in large numbers and enlist their support.’

14. Hindustan Gadar weekly   Lala Hardayal , Kartar Singh Sarabha and Raghubar Dayal Gupta were three key members of the press On 1 Nov. 1913, the first issue of Ghadar the Grumukhi edition, in Urdu was published on 9 Dec. And was stated for free circulation and set up at Yugantar Ashram ( The name Yugantar was adopted to identify with the early revolutionary movement in Bengal) in San Francisco as headquarters Front page of each issue was a feature titled Angrezi Raj Ka Kacha Chittha or ‘An Expose of British Rule.’ Angrezi Raj ka Dushman ’ or ‘An Enemy of British Rule.’

15. Emphasised on (1) The Indian population numbers seven crores in the Indian States and 24 crores in British India, while there are only 79,614 officers and soldiers and 38,948 volunteers who are Englishmen ( 2) Fifty-six years have lapsed since the Revolt of 1857; now there is urgent need for a second one Propagated the Savarkar’s The Indian War of independence — 1857 Paper was published in four languages i.e Hindi, Urdu, Gurumukhi and English Ghadarite socialist literature was banned in India in 1913

16. The Ghadar weekly and 14 points This Ghadar consisted of fourteen points was summarized and published every week Enumerating the harmful effects of British rule Looting of Indian wealth The low per capita income of Indians The high land tax The contrast between the low expenditure on health and the high expenditure on the military The destruction of Indian arts and industries

17. 8 . The use of Indian tax payers’ money for wars in Afghanistan, Burma, Egypt, Persia and China 9. Policy of promoting discord in the Indian States to extend their own influence 10. The discriminatory lenient treatment given to Englishmen who were guilty of killing Indians or dishonouring 11. Indian women 12. The policy of helping Christian missionaries with money raised from Hindus and Muslims 13. The effort to foment discord between Hindus and Muslims 14. The critique of British rule

18. Ghadar di Goonj Poems “ Hindus, Sikhs, Pathans and Muslims, Pay attention ye all people in the army. Our country has been plundered by the British, We have to wage a war against them. We do not need pandits and quazis , We do not want to get our ship sunk. The time of worship is over now, It is time to take up the sword.”

19. The Ghadár poem on Singhs race “Why do you disgrace the name of Singhs ? How come! you have forgotten the majesty of ‘Lions’ Had the like of Dip Singh been alive today How could the Singhs have been taunted? People say that the Singhs are no good Why did you turn the tides during the Delhi mutiny? Cry aloud. ‘Let us kill the Whites’ Why do you sit quiet, shamelessly Let the earth give way so we may drown To what good were these thirty crores born.

20. Komagata Maru and Ghadar Visit the below link for more details on Komagata Maru https://www.slideshare.net/SSrinivasaRao5/history-of-komagata-maru-incident-dr-rao-232680936 In Nov. 1913, the Canadian Supreme Court allowed entry to thirty-five Indians who had not made a continuous journey (Panama Maru ) Canada had for some rears imposed very strict restrictions on Indian immigration in after Nov. 1913 Encouraged by this judgment, Gurdit Singh , an Indian contractor living in Singapore, decided to charter a ship and carry to Vancouver

21. Carrying a total of 376 Indian passengers, the ship began its journey to Vancouver Passengers- 337   Sikhs , 27   Muslims  and 12   Hindus When  Komagata Maru  arrived in Canadian, waters  immigration officer in Vancouver “Fred Cyclone Taylor” not allowed to dock The Press in Punjab warned of serious consequences if the Indians were not allowed entry into Canada. The Press in Canada took a different view and some newspapers in Vancouver alerted the people to the ‘Mounting Oriental Invasion.’ Ghadar activists visited the ship at Yokohama (Japan) in Japan, gave lectures and distributed literature

22. Komagata Maru & Indian Shore Committee An organization set up by the local Indian community to assist the passengers with food, provisions and legal challenges Shore committee had been formed with  Husain Rahim  and  Sohan Lal Pathak held in Dominion Hall, Vancouver Funds were raised, protest meetings organized & Rebellion against the British in India was threatened. Protest meetings were held in Canada and the United States The shore committee raised $22,000 as an instalment for chartering the ship

23. lawsuit by  J. Edward Bird’s legal counsel on behalf of Munshi Singh , one of the passengers  On July 6, the full bench  delivered a unanimous judgement that under new orders-in-council it had no authority to interfere with the decisions of the Department of Immigration and Colonization On July 19, the angry passengers mounted an attack on Canadians In the United States, under the leadership of Bhagwan Singh, Baikatullah , Ram Chandra and Sohan Singh Bhakna , a powerful campaign was organized and the people were advised to prepare for rebellion Since the ship and Passengers had not sailed directly from India and had violated the exclusion laws

24. In the end, only twenty two passengers were admitted to Canada The ship was turned around and forced to depart for Asia on July 23. Before it reached Yokohama, World War I broke out British Government passed orders that no passenger be allowed to disembark anywhere on the way On landing at Budge Budge near Calcutta, the harassed and irate passengers, provoked by the hostile attitude of the authorities, resisted the police and this led to a clash in which 19 passengers were killed, and 202 arrested. A few of them escaped

25. February Revolt The Ghadar Party & the World War I Ras Bihari Bose on request from  Vishnu Ganesh Pingle , an American trained Ghadar , who met Bose at Benares and requested him to take up the leadership of the revolution in India He accepted as the leader of the abortive Ghadar revolt in India in 1915 The Ailan -e-Jung or Proclamation of War of the Ghadar Party was issued and circulated widely Mohammed Barkatullah , Ram Chandra and Bhagwan Singh organized and addressed a series of public meetings to exhort Indians to go back to India and organize an armed revolt

26. Prominent leaders were sent to persuade Indians living in Japan, the Philippines, China, Hong Kong, The Malay States, Singapore and Burma to return home and join the rebels Rash Behari Bose sent out men to contact army units from Bannu in the North-West Frontier to Faizabad and Lucknow in the U.P. and report back by 11 February 1915 The emissaries returned with optimistic reports The Ghadar made an attempt to find a leaders Bengali revolutionaries were contacted and through the efforts of Sachindranath Sanyal and Vishnu Ganesh Pingley , Rash Behari Bose , the Bengali revolutionary who had become famous by his daring attack on Hardinge , the Viceroy, finally arrived in Punjab in mid-January 1915 to assume leadership of the revolt

27. The date for the mutiny was set first for 21 and then for 19 February 1915. Ram Chandra sent a report to C.K. Chakravarty , Indian revolutionary and an agent of German plot in U.S.A, on the men dispatched by him from America. The figure included: Sent to India 3000 from Canada and 2000 from United States to Shanghai 60 to Singapore 70 to Burma 30 to Siam 50 to Berlin 07 But the army units which had promised to join the revolution kept quiet. However, some The joined units in india are 26 Punjabi, 7 Rajput , 12 Cavalry, 23 Cavalry, 128 Pioneers, Malaya State Guides,23 Mountain Battery, 24Jat Artillery, 15 Cancers, 22 Mountain Battery,130 Baluch and 21 Punjabi did come out in the open. About 700 men of 5 Light Infantry, located in Singapore, mutineed on 15 February and took possession of the fort.

28. The rebellion was subdued by the British troops; 126 men were tried by court martial which sentenced 37 to death, 41 to transportation for life, and the remying to varying terms of imprisonment Soldiers from other units were punished as under: Death Transportation 23 Cavalry 12 Cavalry 130 Baluch 128 Pioneers 1 for life Some Indian revolutionaries make attempts to organize a mutiny among Indian troops stationed abroad who were operating from Berlin , and who had links with the Ghadar leader Ram Chandra in America, continued, with German help Raja Mahendra Pratap and Barkatullah tried to enlist the help of the Amir of Afghanistan and even, hopefully , set up a Provisional Government in Kabul, but attempts failed

29. Emigrants & British India Govt. An estimated 8,000 emigrants who returned to India On arrival, the emigrants, were scrutinized by the British India police i.e 1. The ‘safe’ ones allowed to proceed home 2. The more ‘dangerous’ ones arrested and 3. The less dangerous’ ones ordered not to leave their home villages. Some of ‘the dangerous’ ones escaped detection and went to Punjab to foment rebellion.

30. 1914 Aug 29 th the Gadar party sent 60 revolutionaries to India in S.S. Korea ship but they were detained at HongKong Bharat Mata Society – Ghadar movement group in Punjab The Criminal Investigation Department (CID) had succeeded in penetrating the organization In India failed to take off in February 1915, more than a hundred Gadar activists paid with their lives, 41 being shot in Singapore alone on 15 February, 1915. Most of the leaders were arrested- Rash Behari Bose escaped

31. Annie Larsen affair Annie Larsen affair also called as Hindu–German Conspiracy The  Annie Larsen  was a three- masted   schooner It is a gun-running plot in the United States during World War I involving   Ghadar Party, the  Irish Republican Brotherhood and the German Foreign office Established links between Indian and Irish residents in Germany , including  the  British Foreign Office diplomat Roger Casement (later became a humanitarian activist, poet and Easter Rising leader. Described as the father of twentieth-century human rights investigations) and the German Foreign office were used to tap into the Indo-Irish network in the United States

32. Max von Oppenheim (a German lawyer, diplomat, and archaeologist, he was considered a spy by the French and British) convinced  Har Dayal  of the feasibility of the project and established contact with the Ghadar party in the United States Naval lieutenant Wilhelm von Brincken (was a German diplomat and spy during  World War  I) establish contact through  Tarak Nath Das  and an intermediary named Charles Lattendorf (French general during the First World War) , with  Ram Chandra With the approval of San Francisco German Vice-consul E.H. Von Schack , arrangements for funds and armaments were secured

33. Ram Chandra was to receive a monthly payment of $1,000. At the same time $200,000 worth of small arms and ammunition was acquired by the German military attache Captain  Franz von Papen   ( German military attache in Mexico and the United States from 1913 to 1915 and also served as Chancellor of Germany in 1932 and as Vice-Chancellor under Adolf Hitler from 1933 to 1934.   ) through a  Krupp   ( Krupp is a 400-year-old German dynasty from Essen, is famous for their production of steel, artillery, ammunition and other armaments. ) agent by the name of Hans Tauscher Papen arranged Joseph McGarrity (Irish-American political activist ) to make the necessary arrangements for arms purchase & shipping by train from New York to San Diego , where they were to be shipped to India via Burma

34. The  Annie Larsen  would transfer its shipment at Socorro Island near Mexico to the  Maverick  which would then proceed towards South-East Asia However, this failed too and it was subsequently directed to  Anjer , Java At Anjer , a German operative named Theodore Helfrichs was instructed to dispose of the ship, But it was seized by Dutch authorities. Starr-Hunt and four of the Ghadarites attempted to flee in a ship, but were captured by the British cruiser  HMS  Newcastle . Taken to Singapore and Starr-Hunt confessed his role in the plot

35. Plans involving the Indian Berlin Committee   (an organisation formed in Germany in 1914 during World War I by Indian students and political activists residing in the country. The purpose of the Committee was to promote the cause of Indian Independence later 1915 , known as the Indian Independence Committee ) leaked out through Czech revolutionaries The American network of the Czech organisation passed the information to the American authorities they informed British intelligence. An Indian operative, codenamed “C” and described most likely to have been Chandra Kanta Chakraverty  

36. The Siam-Burma Scheme The Siam region was considered important by the Ghadarites as large number of Punjabis were working there. Ghadar was being sent to Siam to exhort the Indians to participate in the freedom struggle. With German help, a group of Ghadar party members at Chicago branch and Siam began planning an invasion of India from Burma with the help of Indian forces stationed there.

37. The object of this enterprise was to buy arms and ammunitions in a place called Pakho , north of the capital Bangkok and The Ghadar party made plan for the training of 10,000 Indians who lived in Siam with the help of German military experts. Indians were to receive training in Chandrai Jungle in Siam under three German-Americans 1. George Boehm 2. Albert Wehde and 3. Sterneck But it failed without achieving any target.

38. Turkey and Ghadar Movement At the beginning of 1915, Mohammad Barkatullah , and Taraknath Das went to Istambul where they were received by Enver Pasha and were assured by the Turkish Government of help in task of formulating a plan of enlisting the Indian War prisoners into a revolutionary army

39. A revolutionary committee was set up in Iran with headquarter in Berlin Attempts were made to combine other Muslim states against the British and Obeidullah carried on negotiations for this purpose with various Arab States

40. In October 1915, Indo-German Mission was sent to Kabul by the German Government Make Kabul as a base for military training of Indians Mohammad Barkatullah procured a fatwa from Shiekh - ul -Islam asking the Muslims to join the Hindus against the British ‘A Provisional Government of India’ was set up in Kabul on December 1, 1915

41. The Ghadarites took advantage of the pro-Turkish and Pan-Islamic appeal among soldiers But this plan could not be successful on account of the communal spirit between the Hindu and the Muslim soldiers

42. First Lahore Conspiracy Case -1915 A series of trials held in Lahore  and in the United States, in the aftermath of the failed  Ghadar conspiracy in 1915 The trial was held by a Special tribunal constituted under the Defence of India Act 1915 The means to be adopted for the purpose were: (1) the seduction of Indian soldiers from their allegiance to their King causing them to mutine and join in the rebellion and to furnish them arms and ammunitions; (2) the procurement or purchase of arms, ammunitions and men; (3) the obtaining of money for the same by forcing and robbing government treasuries and by dacoities , which necessarily involved murders; (4) The murder of those police and other officials who interfered with the carrying out of the conspiracy, and of all civil Europeans at the commencement of rebellion; (5) the wrecking of trains and railway bridges; (6) sudden attack on and killing of His Majesty’s European troops; (7) the production and circulation of seditious literature, the delivery of seditious speeches and exhortations to rebels.

43. There were nine cases in total. Besides the first conspiracy case, FOUR Lahore supplementary conspiracy cases, TWO Mandi conspiracy cases, TWO Burma conspiracy circumstances, and ONE Lahore city conspiracy case. 291 Ghadarites sent up for trial 42 had been sentenced to death and hanged, 114 were transported for life, 93 were imprisoned to varying terms and 42 had been acquitted. And different court martial sentenced 18 men to death, of them 12 had been hanged of 23rd cavalry. Sohan Singh Trialed under  First Lahore Conspiracy in Ghadar Conspiracy  of 1915 and served sixteen years of life sentence

44. The Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial Commenced in the District Court in San Francisco on November 12, 1917 An Irish double agent by the name of Charles Lamb is said to have passed on the majority of the information that compromised the conspiracy and ultimately helped the construction of the prosecution   105 people, the former Consul-General and vice consul, members of the  Ghadar Party, and members of the German consulate in San Francisco were tried. which 29 party members were convicted

45. The trial was sensationally notable for the assassination of the chief conspirator Ram Chandra. He was assassinated on the last day of the trial in a packed courtroom by one of his fellow accused, Ram Singh. Ram Singh himself was also immediately shot dead by a U.S. Marshal  The trial lasted from November 20, 1917, to April 24, 1918.  Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial, described at the time as the longest and most expensive trial in American legal history

46. Split in the Ghadar party In January 1917, there was tussle among the leaders of Ghadar party over the funds received by Ram Chandra from the German Government Ram Chandra’s was suspend for six weeks on the ground that he had used funds subscribed by Indians in Panama for immoral purposes. As a result, the Ghadar party broke into two groups

47. The leadership of Bhagwan Singh and took the possession of the Ghadar press at 436 Hill Street, San Francisco On the other hand, Ram Chandra installed his new printing press at 1017, Valencia Street, San Francisco Finally Ram Chandra was successful in publishing the paper in the beginning of February 1917

48. Causes for the failure The major weakness of the leaders organizational, ideological, strategic, tactical, financial & sustained leadership The Chief Khalsa Diwan proclaiming its loyalty to the sovereign, declared them to be ‘fallen’ Sikhs and criminals, and helped the Government to track them down The party was formally dissolved in 1948

49. Main Achievements It Criticise colonial rule and India’s poverty, famine, epidemics etc. Secular in nature. Created a new class of enthusiastic revolutionaries. International in Nature. The Gadar Movement was the most advanced secular democratic movement of its time whose tradition was upheld and appropriated by Bhagat Singh later with further addition of the socialist ideology

50. Hindustan Gadar Party building in USA

51. References https://www.mentorstudypoint.in/downloads/(Bipan_Chandra.pdf https://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php/Gadar_Movement http://komagatamarujourney.ca/incident https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/229726/10/10_chapter%204.pdf https:// www.britannica.com/topic/Ghadr Visit the below link for more details on ‘ Komagata Maru ’ https://www.slideshare.net/SSrinivasaRao5/history-of-komagata-maru-incident-dr-rao-232680936

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