The History and Generation of Computers

Learn about the History and Generation of Computers

1. HISTORY AND GENERATION OF COMPUTERS Made By :- Shayan Amir Class :- 7B

2. Topics Introduction The Generations of Computer 1 st Generation 2 nd Generation 3 rd Generation 4 th Generation 5th Generation Website Name and URL

3. Introduction A  computer  is a device that can be instructed to carry out arbitrary sequences of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. The ability of computers to follow generalized sets of operations, called  programs , enables them to perform an extremely wide range of tasks. There are many generations of computers such as the first generation, second generation, third generation, etc. The 1 st computer ever made was the Z1 by a German Konrad Zuse between 1936 and 1938. Topics Home

4. The Generations of Computer A generation refers to the state of improvement in the development of a product. This term is also used in the different advancements of ICT. With each new generation, the circuitry has gone smaller and more advanced than the generation before it. As a result, the miniaturatization, speed, memory, and power of the computers have increased proportionally. There are 5 generations of computers :- First Generation, Second Generation, Third Generation, Fourth Generation and Fifth Generation. Topics Home

5. 1 st Generation The First Generation computers were developed by Lee DeForest during the period of 1940 to 1956. A vacuum tube is a device generally used to amplify a signal by controlling the movement of electrons in an evacuated space. The first generation computers used vacuum tubes for circuit and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very expensive to operate and produced a lot of heat often causing malfunctions. Topics Home

6. 1 st Generation (Continue) The characteristics of the 1 st Generation computers are the following:- The operating systems of the first generation computers were very slow. Machine language was used for programming. First generation computers were unreliable. They were difficult very to program and use. UNIVAC ,  EDVAC ,  EDSAC ,  and  ENIAC  computers are examples of first generation computing devices. Topics Home

7. Part of a Circuit using Vacuum Tubes Topics Home

8. 2 nd Generation Second Generation computers were invented in 1947 by 3 scientists  J. Bardeen , H.W. Brattain , and W. Shockley but weren’t widely used until the 50s. A Transistor is a small device made up of semiconductor materials like germanium and silicon. The Transistor made the second generation computers faster, smaller, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than the first-generation computers.  Although it generated huge amounts of heat which could damage the computer, it was still better than vacuum tubes. Topics Home

9. 2 nd Generation (Continue) Second generation computer used the low level language i.e. machine level language and assembly language which made the programmers easier to specify the instructions. In second generation computers, magnetic core was used as primary storage. Second generation computer had faster input /output devices which thus brought improvement in the computer. IBM 7000 , NCR 304 , IBM 650 , IBM 1401 , ATLAS , and Mark III are some examples of Second generation computers. Topics Home

10. A Transistor Topics Home

11. 3 rd Generation During the period of 1964 to 1971, the Third generation computers were developed by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce . The Third generation computers used Integrated Circuits. Integrated Circuits (IC), sometimes called a chip or microchip, is a semiconductor wafer on which thousands or millions of tiny resistors, capacitors, and transistors are fabricated. Transistors were miniaturized and were placed on silicon chips which increased the speed and efficiency of computers. Topics Home

12. 3 rd Generation (Continue) The Third generation computers were faster, more reliable, smaller, and cheaper compared to the Second generation computers. It was due to the invention of Integrated Circuits that high level language was developed. They were able to reduce computational time and had low maintenance cost.  Examples of third generation computers are PDP-8 , PDP-11 , ICL 2900 , IBM 360 and IBM 370 . Topics Home

13. An Integrated Circuit Topics Home

14. 4 th Generation The Fourth generation computers uses microprocessors which was 1 st introduced by Intel , invented by their employee Ted Hoff . A microprocessor is a computer processor which incorporates the functions of a computer's CPU on a single integrated circuit (IC), or at most a few integrated circuits. In microprocessors, thousands of integrated circuits are built onto a single silicon chip, which means more speed, accuracy, and reliability. Topics Home

15. 4 th Generation (Continue) The Fourth generation computers are the cheapest among all the computer generations. Many high-level languages were developed in the fourth generation such as COBOL, FORTRAN, BASIC, PASCAL and C language. The fourth generation computers emerged with development of the VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration). Some Examples of Fourth generation computers are IBM 4341 , DEC 10 , STAR 1000 , PUP 11 , and APPLE II . Topics Home

16. A Microprocessor Topics Home

17. 5 th Generation The Fifth Generation Computers have not still been developed as it is in its developmental stage . Artificial intelligence (AI, also machine intelligence, MI) is apparently intelligent behaviour by machines, rather than the natural intelligence (NI) of humans and other animals. The goal of the fifth generation is to develop the device which could respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization. Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will be used in this technology. Topics Home

18. 5 th Generation (Continue) It is said that t he fifth generation computers will use super large scale integrated chips. They will be able to recognize images and graphs. They will be able to use more than one CPU for faster speeding process. Artificial Intelligence are intended to work with a natural language. So we can say that artificial intelligence will have the power of human intelligence. Topics Home

19. An Artificial Intelligence Topics Home

20. Website Name and URL Linkedln Slideshare :- https:// www.slideshare.net/sowj8o8/generation-of-computers-25845330 Wikipedia:- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS / Technology:- http://latesttechnomanias.blogspot.com/2010/06/first-generation-computer.html Topics Home