The Integumentary System

PowerPoint of the Integumentary System

1. The Integumentary System Charter College T.Miller – 7/2017

2. The skin is the largest organ of the human body Accessory structures include: – Hair, nails, sebaceous glands and sudoriferous Is composed of three layers: 1. – Epidermis ( Epi – above or outer) 2. – Dermis 3. – Subcutaneous layer ( Sub – below ) Impulses from the skin are interpreted in the parietal lobe of the brain - Parietal is referring to a layer away from the organ Introduction to the Integumentary System

3. Functions of Skin The five main functions of the integumentary system are:

4. Intact skin serves as a protective barrier to our internal structures . Prevents harmful agents like bacteria, viruses and pollution from entering the body and blood stream. Guards against the sun’s UV rays by producing a protective pigmentation called melanin. Vitamin D is produced by the skin. Protection Protection

5. The skin is a route by which substances can enter the body. Medications can be administered by transdermal absorption such as motion sickness medications and hormonal therapies. Medication lotions are applied to the skin for quick absorption and surface treatment. Transdermal patches and medication pastes have time-release properties that allow medications to be absorbed through the skin at a slower rate of process. Absorption Absorption

6. Body temperature is regulated with assistance by the skin. Blood vessels dilate when body temperature rises and requires cooling. Sweat glands release sweat to cool the body and are most numerous in the palms of our hands and soles of our feet. When cold, blood vessels will constrict to keep muscles warm. Integumentary and Nervous system work together to maintain homeostasis. Regulation Regulation

7. The skin contains millions of sudoriferous glands that produce sweat and sebaceous glands that produce oil for skin lubrication. Perspiration is a mixture of salt and water with other chemical compounds. Accumulated sweat produces body odor and bacteria. Sebaceous glands produce sebum, which protects the body from dehydration. Secretion Secretion

8. The skin has millions of microscopic nerve endings that act as sensory receptors. Sensory reactions include responses to pressure , traction , heat, cold, pain and other sensations. Nerve endings send information to the brain for the appropriate response to sensations. The integumentary and nervous systems work together for the function of sensation. Sensation Sensation

9. Layers and Membranes A membrane is a thin layer of tissue surrounding cells and organs and provides a lining around body cavities. Mucous membranes provide a lining in our body cavities that are open to the external environment (nose, eyes ). A serous membrane provides a double lining to cavities that are closed to the external environment. Our cutaneous membrane is hard and dry skin covering our body and offers protection. The visceral layer is the layer of the membrane closest to the organ.

10. EPIDERMIS The outermost layer of skin. The epidermis is divided into four layers of strata:

11. DERMIS The middle layer of skin. Often referred to as “true skin ”. Composed of connective tissue containing nerves and nerve endings . Contains blood vessels, sebaceous and sweat glands, hair follicles and lymph vessels. The dermis is the receptive site for the pigment of tattoos.

12. DERMIS

13. Subcutaneous The innermost layer of skin. Composed of loose connective tissue with small lobes of fat. Helps support, nourish, insulate and cushion skin. Contains larger blood vessels and nerves than those found in the dermis. MA’s often inject medications into the subcutaneous layer .

14. Accessory Structures of the Skin Includes:

15. HAIR Functions of hair : Warmth – less on humans than other mammals Sense light touch of the skin (Goosebumps) Protective barrier around eyes, ears and nose keeps particles out Loop of capillaries enclosed in connective tissue is the hair papilla The papilla is found at the base of each hair follicle

16. Three Layers of Hair Three Concentric Layers: 1. Medulla (core) 2. Cortex (surrounds medulla) 3. Cuticle (single layers, overlapping )

17. Nails Composed of hard keratin, nails are horny cell structures of the epidermis Consists of the body, the root and the matrix (nail bed) The lunula is the crescent - shaped white area at the base Average nail growth is about 1mm per week Nail growth can be affected by disease and hormonal deficiencies

18. Sebaceous (Oil) Glands Covers the entire body except palms and soles of feet Produces sebum (fat and debris of dead cells) Sebum protects and waterproofs hair and skin Glands typically found in hair-covered areas where contained in hair follicles

19. Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands Found over the entire skin surface except nipples and part of external genitalia Prevents overheating On average we sweat between 0.8 to 1.4 liters per day (approx. 27-47 oz.) Produced in response to stress as well as heat Coiled, ball-shaped structures that are located in the dermis or subcutaneous layers

20. Can be life threatening Catastrophic loss of body fluids Dehydration and fatal circulatory shock Infection Classes: First degree – epidermis: redness (sunburn) Second degree – epidermis and upper dermis: blister Third degree - full thickness Treatment: Cool water for small surface areas Skin graphs on large surface areas depending on the degree Analgesic creams and lotions to relieve pain Sterile dressings or sheets Disorders of the Integumentary System BURNS:

21. 1 st Degree Burn (epidermis – redness only) 2 nd Degree Burn (epidermis and dermis with blistering) 3 rd Degree Burn (full thickness, destroys Epidermis, dermis and Hypodermis) Types of Burns

22. Most common of all cancers – affecting more than one million people each year Three major types of skin cancer: Basal cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Malignant melanoma Abnormal cells multiply and form masses called tumors Malignant (cancerous) tumors encroach on neighboring tissues like lymph and cancer begins Most common change is a dysplastic nevus, or an abnormal mole . Skin Cancer: Basal Cell Carcinoma Squamous Cell Carcinoma Malignant Melanoma

23. Common skin condition occurs when oil and dead cells clog pores Most commonly affects teens Caused by hormonal changes Skin becomes oilier during teen years Acne Vulgaris: Alopecia: Baldness or hair loss Affects 1 in 100 people Can be an inherited disorder or side effect of chemotherapy An acute, spreading bacterial infection below the surface of the skin Common in diabetic patients Is not contagious Cellulitis: Allergic reaction caused by irritating substances Poison ivy, poison oak, allergies to metals lotions or detergents Contact Dermatitis A disease that causes thickened rigid skin  Treatment can help, but there isn’t a cure Scleroderma:

24. Calluses and Corns: Excessive growth of the stratum corneum layer of the epidermis Often occurs on the hands and feet Can be caused by physical bone deformities or unprotected hands during manual labor Decubitus Ulcers: Pressure sore or bedsore Occurs when constant pressure is maintained in a specific area Constant pressure decreases the blood supply to the area, causing death of the tissue Common locations are the coccyx, hips, sacrum, heels, ankles, shoulders , back and back of the head

25. Atopic dermatitis is a chronic skin condition caused by an allergic-type reaction on the skin Typically hereditary The most common foods causing eczema include: e ggs Milk peanuts s eafood wheat Eczema:

26. Herpes Simplex Primarily affects the mouth or genital area. Two strains : 1. Herpes Simplex Virus Type I – affects the face, including lips and mouth and is the most common type of herpes 2. Herpes Simplex Virus Type II - sexually transmitted - some have no symptoms Herpes Simplex Type I Herpes Simplex Type II

27. Commonly known as shingles Caused by the varicella zoster virus ( chickenpox) If you have not had chickenpox, and you are exposed to the sores from shingles, you could get chicken pox Virus lays dormant for many years and can reappear as blisters Herpes Zoster

28. HHV1: Also known as Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV -1) and it causes oral herpes also known as cold sores. HHV2: Also known as Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV – 2) and it causes genital herpes. HHV3: Also known as Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) and it causes chickenpox when people are infected with it for the first time. The symptoms can recur as shingles later on in life. HHV4: Also known as Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) and it causes mononucleosis in humans. In popular jargon this disease is also known as mono. HHV5: Also known as Cytomegolo Virus (CMV) and it effect 5 out of every 1000 live births. Children infected with this virus initially show symptoms that are very similar to rubella. HHV6: Also known as Roseola virus because it causes Roseola Infantum, which is essentially a high fever accompanied by a rash. HHV7: This is very similar to HHV6, however the infections caused by this virus is usually not as severe as that caused by HHV6. HHV8: Also known as Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV), which is a form of cancer that people suffering from HIV/AIDS are especially susceptible to. The Truth About Herpes – Did you Know There are 8 Different Types?

29. Common in children, it is a bacterial infection. It can begin in intact skin or from pre-existing condition or trauma. Round, crusted, oozing spots grow larger each day Treatment includes topical antibiotics and mild cleansing Impetigo:

30. Can develop at any age, most commonly between 30 and 50 years old. Not contagious . Scaly, red patches on the skin are indicators Joint pain can accompany the dry skin as well Extreme cases can lead to severe dehydration Treatment can be as easy as topical medications or as severe as intravenous fluids. Psoriasis:

31. Typically flaring up on facial skin. I t can come and go in stages with period of remission. Most people don’t even know they have it . Signs include redness on the cheeks, nose, chin and forehead. Cortisone is a commonly used topical treatment for rosacea. Rosacea:

32. C aused by viruses in the HPV family (human papillomavirus ). Can grow anywhere on the body, even inside body cavities . Signs raised grainy, fleshy lesions on the skin Salicylic acid or tricloracedic acid is the most common topical treatment Cryotherapy – freezing the wart off is common also Warts: Plantar’s Wart Raised Warts

33. Skin Care Treatments The top layer of dead skin cells is removed to provide skin with a rejuvenated look Tiny crystals and suctions devices work together to produce healthier looking skin Non-invasive and non-chemical treatment is appealing to many who do not wish more aggressive treatments . Acid concentrations used to remove old damaged layers of skin Light – Reduces size of pores, making skin appear softer and more colorful Medium – To reduce wrinkles. Top layer and some underlying cells will be stripped . Deep – More aggressive. Aimed at reducing all signs aging . Pre-cancerous lesions can be removed by this level of peel Microdermabrasion: Chemical Peel:

34. Diluted toxin C lostridium botulinum is injected into wrinkle lines Causes wrinkles to relax and soften Must be repeated to keep looking younger Short, pulsated laser beams vaporize damaged areas of skin Results in the stimulation and production of new collagen and skin cells, skin looks younger and tighter Botox: Laser Resurfacing: