The Integumentary System Presentation Group 4.pptx

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1. The Integumentary System Presented By: Tameika Anthony Ocia Ahlam Raynette Craig Merissa James Lisa Mc Donald Marcia Ramkisson Luwanna Daniels

2. OBJECTIVES Describe the integumentary system and the role it plays in homeostasis Describe the layers of the skin and the functions of each layer Describe the accessory structures of the skin and the functions of each Describe the changes that occur in the integumentary system during the aging process Discuss several common diseases, disorders, and injuries that affect the integumentary system Explain treatments for some common diseases, disorders, and injuries of the integumentary system

3. What is the Integumentary System? The Integumentary S ystem is the outermost layer of the body, this includes the Skin, Nails, H air and G lands.

4.   What does the Integumentary System do?   It helps maintain a constant body temperature Protects the body and provides sensory information around the surrounding environment

5. THE SKIN Fun Facts: It is one of the most exposed organs. It is easily exposed to infections , diseases and injury . It is most vulnerable to damage from trauma, sunlight, microbes and pollutants . It reflects our emotions such as frowning and blushing . It can change its colour which would indicate homeostatic imbalance . Is the largest organ on the body .

6. Structure of the Skin The superficial thin layer of the skin is called the Epidermis The deep thick layer is called the Dermis The bottom or fatty layer of the skin is called the Hypodermis also known as the Subcutaneous Tissue .

7. Diagram Showing the Structure of the Skin

8. Functions of the Skin Regulates body temperature . Stores blood . Protects the body from external environment . Detects cutaneous touch(pain ,itch) . Excretes and absorbs substances . Synthesizes vitamin D(when exposed to sunlight) .

9. Types of cells found in the epidermis. What are two types of cells found in the epidermis? (a slide with this question only) There are four types of cells found in the epidermis, namely: Keratinocytes cell Melanocytes cell Tactile epithelial cell Intraepidermal macrophage cell Epidermis What is the epidermis ? The epidermis is the superficial layer of t he skin it protects the body from harm keeps the body hydrated and produces melanin which gives the skin its colour.

10. Functions of the Four E pidermal C ells Keratinocytes Cells 90% of the epidermis are made up of keratinocytes. Which are arranged into four or five layers and produces keratin and lamellar granules. Melanocytes Cells 8% of the epidermis are made up of melanocytes. These cells develop from the ectoderm of a developing embryo. Melanocytes produces the pigment melanin.

11. Intraepidermal Macrophages Cells Intraepidermal macrophage/ Langerhans cells arise from the red bone marrow and migrates to the epidermis. They participate in immune responses . Tactile Epithelial Tactile epithelial cells and their associated tactile disc detect touch sensation They are located in the deepest layer of the skin, where they contact flattened process of a nerve cell with a structure called tactile disc /Merkel disc.

12. QUESTIONS: Why are certain parts of the body covered in thick skin and certain parts covered in thin skin? 2 . Which one of the four cells when layered forms the epidermis?

13. Layers of the Epidermis Several layers of keratinocytes form the epidermis. The different layers of the epidermis comprises/ contains different stages of the keratinocytes. Most areas of the body are covered in four layers, (with the exception of the stratum lucidum), these regions are called thin skin. In areas such as the palm, fingertip and sole of the feet where there is great exposure to frequent friction the epidermis has five layers of keratinocyte. These regions are said to have thick skin.

14. Functions and structure of the Epidermal L ayers Stratum Basale The Stratum Basale also known as S tratum G ermativum is the deepest layer of the epidermis. It is made up of a single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes with scattered melanocytes and tactile epithelial cells . the stratum Basale functions include the regeneration of cells through cell division, production of melanin and keratin protein and structural support

15. Fun fact! Cells in the more superficial layers becomes flattened than that of the deep layers . Why do cells get flattened in the more superficial layers? Stratum Granulosum The medial layer of the epidermis (third layer) is the stratum granulosum which consists of three to five layers of keratinocytes that are undergoing apoptosis. The cells in this layer are degenerating. This layer contains the granules of keratohyalin and lamellar granules. The stratum granulosum marks the transition between the deeper layers which carries out vital metabolic functions and dead cells of the superficial strata. Stratum Spinosum   Superficial to the Basale layer is the stratum spinosum which consists of eight to ten layers of keratinocytes which were produced from the stem cells of the Basale layer. Within these layers intraepidermal macrophages and melanocytes cells are found. The keratinocytes in this layer have the same organelles as that of the Basale layer and has also retain the ability of cell division. Produces courser bundles of keratin than that of the Basale layer    

16. Stratum Corneum The stratum corneum is the superficial layer of the epidermis. This layer consists of approximately 20-30 layers of flattened dead keratinocytes. There are no cell organelles in the keratinocytes of this layer, so the cells are completely flattened, and the plasma membrane encloses keratin. The stratum corneum strata of the epidermis cells continuously shed and are being replaced by the cells of deeper strata. Multiple layers of dead cells of the stratum corneum helps to protect deeper layers from microbe’s invasion and injury.

17. What is the Dermis ? Inner layer that remains firmly attached to the epidermis. The dermis is made up of bundles of protein fibre (collagen)and of elastic fibres. The dermis is the middle layer of skin that provides support and structure. It's made of connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and glands.

18.   Function of the Dermis ❖ Support- The dermis supports the epidermis and deeper layer of the skin. ❖ Protection- the dermis protects the body from the outside world. ❖ Sensation-the dermis contains nerve endings that help you feel pain, temperature, itchiness, and softness. ❖ Thermoregulation- the dermis helps regulate body temperature by producing sweat. ❖ Skin health- the dermis contains oil glands that keep skin smooth and soft and prevent it from absorbing too much water.

19. STRUCTURE OF THE DERMIS The dermis is made up of two layers: Papillary Dermis - The papillary layer is the top layer of your dermis. It’s much thinner than the reticular dermis. It consists of collagen fibre, fibroblast cells, fat cells, blood vessels (capillary loops), Reticular Dermis - The reticular layer is the bottom layer of your dermis. It's thick, and it contains blood vessels, glands, hair follicles, lymphatics, nerves and fat cells. A net-like structure of elastin fibre structure of the elastin fibres and collagen fibre surrounds the reticular dermis. These fibres support your skin’s overall structure, as well as allow it to move and stretch.

20. HOW DOES THE DERMIS HELP WITH OTHER ORGANS Together with your layers of skin, your dermis protects your skeletal system, organs, muscles and tissues from harm. WHAT IS THE DERMIS MADE OF ? Dermis contains tissue with a lot of blood vessels that also include: . Collagen. Elastin. A clear gel-like fluid that fills the space between your cells and your fibres . Various glands, including sweat glands and sebaceous glands. . Hair follicles

21. Integumentary Development The I ntegumentary D evelopment refers to the formation and maturation of the integumentary system, which includes the skin, hair, nails, and associated glands, playing a crucial role in protection and sensory functions. This system originates primarily from the ectoderm and mesoderm layers during  embryonic development , undergoing complex processes of differentiation and growth that continue to evolve postnatally.

22. Stages of Integumentary System Development Embryonic Development of the Integumentary System: The embryonic stage is the starting point for integumentary system development. During this period, the ectoderm, a primary germ layer, begins to differentiate into various structures that eventually form the skin and its appendages. Week 3: The ectoderm thickens to form the neural plate, which later contributes to forming the epidermis. Week 4-5: The epidermis starts forming distinct layers. preparing for further specialization. Week 8: Hair follicles begin appearing, and the sebaceous glands start to develop. These processes highlight the journey from a simple cell layer to the complex tissue structures that form the integumentary system.

23. Integumentary System Development in Fetus The fetal stage of development involves further differentiation and refinement of integumentary features. Several notable changes occur that enhance functionality and prepare the skin for postnatal life: Stratum corneum  formation: Occurs to increase protective capabilities by layering keratinized cells. (These keratinized cells are actually  dead cells that shred periodically . ) Dermal papillae: Develop in the dermis, improving the strength and flexibility of the skin. Lanugo hair: Soft, fine hair covers the fetus to regulate temperature and protect delicate skin. These developments help in transitioning from an aquatic fetal environment to the air-exposed conditions after birth. The  stratum corneum   is the outermost layer of the epidermis, comprised mostly of dead, flattened keratinocytes. Its main function is to provide a barrier to environmental damage, thus playing a critical role in protective skin functions.

24. The Accessory Structures of the Skin The accessory structures of the skin include hair, nails, and sebaceous glands. These structures originate from the epidermis and can extend in to the dermis and hypodermis. Hair Hair is made up of dead keratinized cells. It gets its colour from melanin pigments and protects the body from sunlight and foreign particles Nails Made of dead keratinized cells , Protects the end of fingers and toes from mechanical damage , Provides sensory input when an object is touched , Sebaceous Glands Produce sebum ,which acts as a natural moisturizer and keeps the dead flaky outer keratin healthy How these structure functions These structures work together to maintain homeostasis and protect the body.

25. Diagrams showing the structure of the nail and hair.

26. Glands What are Glands ? Glands are epithelial cells that secrete a substance . Types of G lands Sebaceous glands ( oil gland) Sudoriferous glands(sweat glands) Ceruminous glands(ear glands) Mammary glands(milk glands) Sebaceous Glands( Oil Gland) What are sebaceous glands? These are simple ,branches acinar(round) gland that are connected to hair follicles. This gland lies in the dermis(deeper layer) and usually opens the neck of a hair follicle. The oil gland keeps the skin lubricated and protected from drying out. This gland is found all over the body except the palms of the hand and sole of the feet.

27. Functions Of Glands Lubricates skin to protect against friction Prevents drying of tissues Involve in the wound healing process

28. Sudoriferous Glands (Sweat Gland) What is the sudoriferous gland? These are cells that release sweat or perspiration into hair follicles or onto the skin surface through pores. There are about three million to four million of sweat glands. Sweat glands are divided into two main types Apocrine and Eccrine.   Eccrine Glands They secrete outwards and are simple coiled tubular glands . How do they work? These glands are distributed throughout the skin of the forehead, psalms and soles of the feet. When the body temperature rises ,eccrine glands release sweat onto the skin surface, the sweat then evaporates cooling the skin and body temperature . Function of the Eccrine Glands They respond to emotional or thermal stimuli and can produce at least 500ml to 750ml of sweat daily . The main function is to regulate body temperature through evaporation  

29.   Thermoregulatory Sweating What is it? Thermoregulatory Sweating is the regulation of body temperature .it starts from the forehead and scalp and then extends to the rest of the body forming last on the palms and sole. Types of Perspiration Insensible Perspiration When sweat evaporates from the skin before it is perceived as moisture is termed Insensible Perspiration Sensible Perspiration When sweat is excreted in larger amounts and is seen as moisture on the skin it is called Sensible Perspiration Apocrine Sweat Glands are also simple, coiled tubular glands but have larger ducts and lumens than eccrine glands Is found mainly in the skin of the axilla(armpit), groin and pigmented areas around the nipples of the breast and breaded regions of the face in adult male How does it work? They release their secretions in an apocrine manner by pinching of portions of the cell When it interacts with bacteria on the surface of the skin, the bacteria metabolize its components causing it to have a musky Odor which is called body Odor

30. Facts about the Apocrine and Eccrine Sweat Glands Both the apocrine and eccrine sweat glands are active during emotional sweating Apocrine sweat glands secret sweat during sexual activities Eccrine sweat glands starts to function soon after birth Apocrine sweat glands do not begin to function until puberty

31. Ceruminous Gland What are C eruminous G land? Modified sweat gland in the external ear produce a waxy lubricating secretion. This gland is found in the subcutaneous layer deep into the sebaceous gland . How does it work ? The excretory ducts open either directly onto the surface of the external auditory canal(ear) or into the sebaceous gland . The combined secretion of the ceruminous and sebaceous glands is yellowish material call cerumen or earwax . Fact about Ceruminous G land Cerumen water proofs the canal and prevents bacteria and fungi from entering cells . Impacted Cerumen What is impacted cerumen is an abnormally large amount of cerumen when accumulates until it becomes impacted (firmly wedge) and sound waves may prevented from reaching the eardrum .

32. Aging and the Integumentary System Facts About Aging and the Integumentary System Most age-related changes begin at the age of 40 and occur in the proteins in the dermis . Thinning: the skin dermis and epidermis thin, and the underlying fat layer can be lost. Wrinkles: the skin loses elasticity and sag. Dryness: the skin’s barrier function is impaired, and it produces less sebum. And is more susceptible to infection. . Roughness: The skin can become rough and more likely to injure. Sun damage: long term exposure to the sun’s ultraviolet radiation can cause wrinkles, age spots and cancer. . Production of sweat decrease which probably contributes to the increase incidence of heat stroke in elderly. There is a decrease in the number of functioning melanocytes, resulting in gray hair and atypical skin pigmentation. Hair loss occurs between the age of 60. Both male and female develop pattern baldness. With the onset of old age, skin heals poorly and becomes more susceptible to pathological conditions such as cancer and bed soreness or pressure sore. Rosacea is a skin condition that affects mostly light skinned adults between age 30-60. It is characterized by redness, tiny pimples and noticeable blood vessels, usually in the centre area of the face. . The nails also become more brittle with age, often due to dehydration or repeated use of cuticle remover or nail polish.

33. Diagrams showing Aging of the Skin

34. Homeostasis And the Integumentary System and It’s Imbalances The Integumentary System contributes to homeostasis by regulating body temperature through sweating, acting as a barrier to protect against external threats like pathogens and harmful substances, preventing excessive water loss, and providing sensory information about the environment through nerve endings in the skin , all while maintaining a stable internal environment within the body  Key points about the Integumentary System and Homeostasis Temperature regulation- when the body is too hot, sweat glands release sweat which evaporates and cools the body down when the body is too cold , blood vessels constrict in the skin to conserve the heat. Barrier function- the skin’s outer layer acts as a physical barrier against harmful substances, bacteria and pathogens entering the body Water balance- the skin helps prevent excessive water loss through its barrier function, maintaining proper hydration levels. Sensory perception- nerve endings in the skin detect touch, pressure temperature , and pain , providing important sensory information to the body. Homeostasis Imbalances in the integumentary System Homeostatic imbalances in the integumentary system can occur due to a number of factors, including genetics, environmental factors, lifestyle, and toxins.  Homeostatic imbalance conditions in the integumentary system Skin cancer: A disruption of homeostasis that occurs when cells divide uncontrollably  Acne: A condition that can occur when the skin's homeostasis is disrupted  Dermatitis : A condition that's caused by disturbances in tissue homeostasis  Burns : A condition that occurs when the skin is damaged by intense heat, radiation, electricity, or chemical  

35. Diseases/Disorder and Injuries to the Integumentary System Burns and Cancers Skin cancers are cancers that arise from the skin They are due to the development of abnormal cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body. When these cells grow uncontrollably, they form malignant tumours. Types of skin cancers includes Basal cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Melanoma

36. https://youtu.be/kIL2wGCqPzg?si=UkL2Wpk8HvqsHRXy Discussions:     List some signs of skin cancer ?

37. Burns   Burns can be caused by heat, electricity, chemicals, radiation, or flames . Knowing how to recognize and treat burns is important. And knowing when to get expert medical care for them can be life savings .   https://youtu.be/Dsvtzwp4nG8?si=XNgV0R3SiaqOZQTL   Question: Why should the burnt body part be elevated higher than your heart?  

38. THE END THANK YOU