The Medieval Town

Medieval communes in the European Middle Ages had sworn allegiances of mutual defense (both physical defense and of traditional freedoms) among the citizens of a town or city. These took many forms and varied widely in organization and makeup.

Communes were first recorded in the late 11th and early 12th centuries, thereafter becoming a widespread phenomenon. They had greater development in central-northern Italy, where they became city-states based on partial democracy. At the same time in Germany they became free cities, independent from local nobility.

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1. The Medieval Town

2. Content Introduction LOCATION The Return Of Urban Life Medieval towns Characteristics SIGNIFICANCE: Political Background Urban Activities City Government and Culture Technological Achievement and Its Reflection in Planning Culture and it impact on Architecture and City Planning Crisis in the Lower Middle Ages Architectural Character of the Cities Crisis in the Lower Middle Ages Town planning: Carcassonne 2

3. Introduction: After Crist and Roman Empire had crumbled under the weight of luxury, pomp and ceremony. Medieval Town played an important role in the history of cities. Western civilization declined, trade disintegrated, and the urban population return to rural life. In the 12th and 13th centuries, a period of economic growth led to the rebirth of cities. Cities became important centers of artisan activity and trade. 3

4. LOCATION: Europe is a small continent, but it is very diverse. Many different landforms, water features, and climates can be found there. Although we call Europe a continent, it is part of Eurasia , the large landmass that includes both Europe and Asia. Geographers consider the Ural Mountains to be the boundary between the two continents 4

5. The Return Of Urban Life: At the end of 11th century, in Western Europe, agricultural production increased, and population grew. This situation was produced by different causes: The number of wars and invasions decreased sharply. New technical innovations in agriculture, such as triennial rotation, which increased production. New farming tools, such as fertilizer, ploughs and mills. mills T riennial rotation Moldboard Plough Windmill 5

6. Medieval Towns Characteristics: Burghs Protection Square Health and education Religious buildings 6

7. SIGNIFICANCE: POPULATION GROWTH CHURCH RIVERS MEDIEVAL FAIRS CASTLES 7

8. Political Background: Feudalism can be described as a type of government in which political power is exercised locally by private individuals rather than through the bureaucracy of a centralized state. 8

9. Urban Activities: Artisan workshops and trade Guilds Fairs Money, banking and trade routes 9

10. City Government and Culture : Kings. Magistrates Bourgeoisie and the nobles 10

11. Building technology Shipbuilding Agricultural innovation Mechanical innovation Technological Achievement and Its Reflection in Planning: 11

12. Culture and it impact on Architecture and City Planning: 12

13. During the medieval period, basically two types of buildings Religious medieval buildings Military medieval buildings Beginning in the 13th century, a new style of art called Gothic art, was born. In cities, many Gothic buildings began to be constructed, especially cathedrals. Taller and lighter buildings became popular. Pointed arch Groin vault Big stained-glass windows Flying buttresses to reinforce the walls High towers Rose windows The floor plan was in the shape of a Latin cross Architectural Character of the Cities: 13

14. Crisis in the Lower Middle Ages : The Lower Middle Ages was the final period of the Middle Ages and it lasted during the 14th and 15th centuries. It was conformed by a deep crisis: Several wars The agricultural crisis Plagues Revolts in cities and the countryside 14

15. Different type of town planning The Unplanned town The Planned Town The Multifocal town The Walled town The Bridge town The Unplanned town The Planned Town The Multifocal town The Walled town The Bridge town Architectural Character of the Cities: 15

16. Location map of Carcassonne Carcassonne is in the Aude plain between two great axis of circulation linking the Atlantic to the Mediterranean sea and the Massif Central to the Pyrenees. Its strategic importance was quickly recognized by the Romans who occupied its hilltop until the demise of their western empire and was later taken over by the Visigoths in the fifth century who founded the city. Fortified medieval walled city Irregular pattern Double row of fortified walls Protection by defensive wall Narrow streets Irregular pattern of streets Roughly rectangular in shape Double enclosure wall Towers and barbicans Town planning: Carcassonne 16

17. Thank You! 17