the Methods of Philosophizing in Philosophy

philosophy

1. Methods of Philosophizing

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3. Truth Truth in philosophy means that a statement or belief matches reality or facts. It's true if it accurately describes how things really are. Philosophers explore different ways to understand and define truth, asking questions like, "What makes something true?" and "How can we know if something is true?"

4. There are different theories of truth in philosophy: Correspondence Theory Coherence Theory Pragmatic Theory

5. 1. Correspondence Theory : A statement is true if it matches what is real. For example, saying "The sky is blue" is true if the sky is actually blue.

6. 2. Coherence Theory : A statement is true if it fits well with other beliefs or statements. For example, a scientific theory is true if it aligns with other accepted theories.

7. Pragmatic Theory : A statement is true if it works or is useful in practical situations. Statement : Washing hands reduces the spread of disease. Pragmatic Truth : This statement is true because it has been proven to work in practice, reducing the spread of infections and improving public health.

8. Propositions A proposition in philosophy is a statement that can be judged as true or false. It's a sentence that makes a claim about something. For example: "The Earth orbits the Sun." This can be evaluated as true or false based on evidence and scientific understanding. "Chocolate is the best ice cream flavor." This is subjective and reflects personal opinion rather than an objective fact. Propositions are fundamental in philosophical discussions about logic, truth, and meaning because they allow philosophers to analyze and debate the validity and significance of various claims.

9. Knowledge In philosophy, knowledge is generally understood as a justified true belief. This means that for someone to know something, the following conditions typically need to be met: Belief: The person must believe that something is true. Truth: The belief must actually be true. Justification: The person must have good reasons or evidence for believing it. For example: Knowledge: If you believe that "The Earth orbits the Sun," and this is a true fact supported by scientific evidence, then you have knowledge about this fact.

10. Facts In philosophy, facts are statements that are true and can be proven with evidence. Example: The Earth orbits the Sun. This statement is based on astronomical observations and scientific evidence, and it remains true regardless of personal beliefs or opinions. Water boils at 100°C at sea level." This can be tested and confirmed through scientific methods.

11. Claim In philosophy, a claim is a statement that says something is true or false. It shows a belief or opinion that can be debated or supported with reasons. For example: Claim: "Democracy is the best form of government." This is a claim because it asserts a particular view that can be debated and supported or refuted with arguments and evidence. Claims are important in philosophy because they are what people argue about. Philosophers look at these claims to see if they make sense and if the reasons behind them are strong.

12. Doubt In philosophy, doubt means being unsure about whether something is true or reliable. It involves questioning and not being fully convinced about a belief or idea. For example: Doubt: If you are unsure whether a particular scientific theory is correct, you might doubt its validity until further evidence is provided. Doubt is a key concept in philosophy because it drives critical thinking and inquiry. Philosophers often explore doubt to understand the limits of human knowledge and the nature of certainty and belief.

13. Belief In philosophy, belief is when someone thinks something is true, even if it might not be true. It shows what a person accepts or thinks is true. For example: Belief: You might believe that "exercise is good for health" because you trust the evidence and reasoning behind it. Beliefs are important in philosophy because they affect how we see the world and make decisions. Philosophers study beliefs to understand what they are, how they connect to knowledge and truth, and how we can justify or support them.

14. Conclusion In philosophy, a conclusion is the final decision or judgment you make after thinking through evidence and arguments. It’s what you end up with after analyzing and reasoning. For example: Conclusion: If you examine evidence about climate change and find that it consistently points to human impact on the environment, you might conclude that human activities contribute significantly to global warming. In philosophical discussions, conclusions are important because they represent the final stance on a particular issue or argument, summarizing the results of careful reasoning and analysis.

15. Arguments In philosophy, arguments are a way of trying to show that something is true by using reasons. An argument has: Reasons (Premises): These are statements that help support your main point. For example: "All cats are animals" and "Whiskers is a cat." Main Point (Conclusion): This is the idea you’re trying to prove using the reasons. For example: "Whiskers is an animal.“ In short, arguments use reasons to show why something should be believed or accepted as true.

16. Explanations In philosophy, explanations help clarify why something is true or how it works. They provide reasons or details to make an idea or concept easier to understand. For example: If someone asks why a scientific theory is accepted, the explanation would include the evidence and reasons that support it, showing how it explains what we see. Explanation: Explanations are important in philosophy because they help make complex ideas clearer, justify conclusions, and improve our understanding. They involve breaking things down and analyzing them to give a clear picture.

17. Fallacies In simple terms, fallacies are mistakes in reasoning that make an argument weak or wrong. They are errors in how we argue or persuade. Example: You shouldn’t listen to her argument about climate change because she doesn’t even have a degree in science.

18. Bias Bias is when someone's personal likes or dislikes unfairly influence their opinions or decisions, rather than looking at things fairly or objectively. Scenario: A company is hiring a new marketing manager. If a committee member prefers candidates from their own university, they might unfairly favor those candidates, even if other applicants are just as qualified. This bias can lead to an unfair hiring process.

19. Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. 1. Which term refers to a statement that can be proven to be true or false? A) Opinion B) Fact C) Belief D) Bias

20. 2. What is a claim? A) A conclusion that is always true B) A statement that is supported by evidence C) An opinion with no evidence D) A statement that cannot be debated

21. 3. What is a conclusion in an argument? A) The introduction of the topic B) The initial statement made without evidence D) A random opinion D) The final decision or result based on reasoning

22. 4. What term describes an inherent prejudice that affects one's judgment? A) Bias B) Proposition C) Truth D) Doubt

23. 5. Which term is used to describe the process of drawing a conclusion based on evidence and reasoning? A) Explanation B) Proposition C) Belief D) Argument

24. 6. What distinguishes a fact from an opinion? A) Facts are based on personal feelings, while opinions are based on evidence. B) Facts are always uncertain, while opinions are always certain. C) Facts can be objectively verified, while opinions are subjective and based on personal perspectives. D) Facts and opinions are essentially the same thing.

25. 7. Which term refers to the certainty or lack of certainty about the truth of a statement or proposition? A) Knowledge B) Truth C) Doubt D) Explanation

26. 8. What is a proposition in philosophical terms? A) A claim that is intended to be proven or disproven B) A statement that expresses a judgment or opinion C) A question that seeks clarification D) An explanation that justifies a belief

27. 9. What is an opinion? A) A verified statement B) A statement that can be objectively measured C) A personal view or belief D) A factual assertion

28. 10. What does "doubt" refer to? A) Certainty about a statement B) A lack of belief or uncertainty about a statement C) A confirmed fact D) A detailed explanation

29. Group Activity: Give 10 examples of fact and 10 examples of opinion Group 1: Family Group 2: Education Group 3: Religion Group 4: Economics Group 5: Government

30. RUBRICS

31. Session 2

32. Session 3

33. Methods of Philosophy Lead to Wisdom and Truth The methods of philosophy will help to learn the process of doing philosophy in a systematic way. On the other hand, philosophizing is to think or express oneself in a philosophical manner. Although philosophy is an organized body of knowledge, the subject matter of philosophy is questions, which have three major characteristics; 1. Philosophical questions have answers but the answers remain in dispute. 2. Philosophical questions cannot be settled by science, common sense, or faith. 3. Philosophical questions are of perennial intellectual interest to human beings.

34. The methodology or method that philosophers use to address philosophical question is critical thinking. Critical Thinking is the careful, reflective, rational and systematic approach to questions of very general interest. Critical thinking means understanding if philosophy and refraining from merely giving claims but through careful thought, one reasons through to argumentation. The scientific method also leads to wisdom and truth because it uses an evidence- based approach to come up with its conclusion. In this method, all truths are supported by facts that can easily be tested or proven again through experiments, logical reasoning, or observation.

35. Evaluate Truth from Opinions in Different Situations Using the Methods of Philosophizing A method of philosophizing is a process of determining the truth or drawing conclusions from a statement using various philosophical methods, such as: Socratic, dialectic, scientific, and historical. When you evaluate information, it is very important to distinguish between fact and opinion. How do we know if something is true? Philosophers emphasize the importance of belief as a basis for determining truth. It is said that there are instances when we have to unlearn something so that we may learn anew. Philosophers questioned what they knew and even analyzed their methods of knowing in order to understand themselves and the world much better. The discussion on truth is part of philosophical studies on knowledge where philosophers explore the nature of knowledge and the ways of knowing.

36. Both the Socratic and dialectic method are based on a discussion between two or more people who may carry differing views but wish to pursue the truth by seeking an agreement with one another. Meanwhile, the scientific method is a process of determining truth or knowledge through experimentation, inductive and deductive reasoning, and hypothesis or theory testing. The scientific method, also called empirical method, is a process of determining truth or knowledge through experimentation, inductive and deductive reasoning, and hypothesis or theory testing. Logic is the truth based on reasoning and critical thinking. It includes analysis and construction of arguments. It serves as path to freedom from half-truths and deception.

37. Deductive Reasoning In this type of reasoning, conclusion comes first, followed by main points, and the last will be the supporting data, facts, examples, and evidences. General idea comes first before the specific or particular idea.

38. Inductive Reasoning In this type of reasoning, supporting data, facts, examples, and evidences come first followed by the main points and conclusion will be the last part. This is the vice versa of the deductive reasoning because particular idea comes first before the general idea.

39. Direction: Read the conversation below and answer the following question. Write your answer on the space provided. Lover’s Quarrel Shanon : Did you hear about what happened between Angel and her boyfriend? Vanvan : What happened? Shanon : They got a huge fight last night. Angel called me up. She was crying and she said that Mike hit her. Dean: Wait, what? That’s not right? Mike came by my place last night and he was pretty shaken up. He had scratch marks on his arms and a bite on his left hand. He said Angel just attacked her and was accusing him of seeing another girl. Shanon : No! Angel said it was Mike who started to hit her and she had to defend herself!

40. Question 1: As friend of Angel and Mike, how will you react to the statements given?

41. Direction. Fill in the blanks. Choose your answer from the box and write your answer on the space provided. Philosophy is concerned with determining the concept of _________________. Truth lies at the heart of any inquiry. In philosophy, systematic __________________ is employed to help determine the truth. This means that every statement, claim, evidence, and experience is scrutinized and analyzed. There are various philosophical views regarding truth. One perspective is that a belief is true if it can be justified or proven through the use of one’s_______________________, a belief or statement is true if it is based on facts. Another way of determining what is true is getting a _______________________or having people agree on a common belief. Philosophers also believe that claims and belief should also be subjected to tests to determine truth. Opinions are statements which not only give facts but also provide conclusions or perspective regarding certain situations. Arguments often take the form of statements that are either claims of facts and are phrased in such a way that they seem reasonable. Hence, some arguments may contain fallacies which means they are products of faulty reasoning. __________________ or the personal views of the person presenting it affect the way he or she sees reality. Doubt Truth Senses Consensus Bias Opinion

42. Group Activity Direction. Select one issue from the current issues in our society today. How do you apply methods of philosophizing in determining the truth. Write your answer on the space provided.

43. Review Direction. Identify the following statement. Choose your answer form the box. Write your answer on the space provided. _______________ 1. It is the clear awareness and understanding of something. _______________ 2. These are statements which are observed to be real or truthful. _______________ 3. These are comprised of statements that provide views on a certain matter. _______________ 4. These are arguments based on faulty reasoning. _______________ 5. It is most often used to mean being in .accord with fact or reality, or fidelity to an original or standard. _______________ 6. A fallacy which is attacking the person presenting the argument instead of the argument itself _______________ 7. A fallacy which the idea is acceptable because it has been true for a long time. _______________ 8. A kind of biases which is focusing on a certain aspect of a problem while ignoring other aspects. _______________ 9. A kind of biases which a person or group is connected to or has a vested interest in the issue being discussed. _______________ 10. Is by analyzing an event or issue based on one’s cultural stand. Facts Cultural of Bias Truth Framing Knowledge Appeal to Tradition Fallacies Opinion Ad Hominem Conflict of Interest