The Molecules of Life and Carbohydrates.ppt

The Hidden Connection Between Biomolecules and Your Favorite Foods
How Biomolecules Shape Our Emotions and Memories
Unlocking the Secrets: How Biomolecules Can Inspire Modern Art
Biomolecules at Work: The Unsung Heroes of Your Daily Health
A Deep Dive into Biomolecules Found in Nature’s Medicine Cabinet

1. The Molecules of LifeThe Molecules of Life

2. 5.1 Carbon5.1 Carbon

Other than water, most cell components are Other than water, most cell components are
carbon-basedcarbon-based

They are called BIOMOLECULESThey are called BIOMOLECULES

Made of a carbon backboneMade of a carbon backbone

Carbon can form 4 bondsCarbon can form 4 bonds

Important for attaching other atomsImportant for attaching other atoms

3. Carbon backbonesCarbon backbones
3 types of bonding:3 types of bonding:

4. Organic vs. InorganicOrganic vs. Inorganic

OrganicOrganic

Contain CARBONContain CARBON

One exception is CO, or One exception is CO, or
carbon monoxidecarbon monoxide

InorganicInorganic

Do NOT contain carbonDo NOT contain carbon

What are some inorganic What are some inorganic
molecules?molecules?

5. HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons

=contain only carbon and hydrogen=contain only carbon and hydrogen

Many are important fuelsMany are important fuels

MethaneMethane

ButaneButane

PropanePropane

Energy-storing fat moleculesEnergy-storing fat molecules
Two other atoms frequently found in organic molecules are Two other atoms frequently found in organic molecules are
__________ and __________.__________ and __________.

6. Functional GroupsFunctional Groups

=a group of atoms with in a molecule that =a group of atoms with in a molecule that
interacts in predictable ways with other interacts in predictable ways with other
moleculesmolecules

-OH groups are hydrophilic-OH groups are hydrophilic

What does that mean?What does that mean?

7. Monomers and PolymersMonomers and Polymers

MonomersMonomers

Small, similar molecular unitsSmall, similar molecular units

PolymersPolymers

Long chains of monomersLong chains of monomers

Can be a straight chain or branchedCan be a straight chain or branched

Every cell has thousands of different polymersEvery cell has thousands of different polymers

Vary from cell to cell within an organismVary from cell to cell within an organism

8. Life’s Large MoleculesLife’s Large Molecules
1.1.CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
2.2.LipidsLipids
3.3.ProteinsProteins
4.4.Nucleic acidsNucleic acids

9. Building PolymersBuilding Polymers

Every time a monomer is added to a chain, a Every time a monomer is added to a chain, a
WATER molecule is releaseWATER molecule is release

This is called a _______________ reactionThis is called a _______________ reaction

10. Building PolymersBuilding Polymers

Every time a monomer is added to a chain, a Every time a monomer is added to a chain, a
WATER molecule is releaseWATER molecule is release

This is called a DEHYDRATION reactionThis is called a DEHYDRATION reaction

12. Breaking PolymersBreaking Polymers

We also have to break down long chains in We also have to break down long chains in
order to make the monomers available to the order to make the monomers available to the
cellscells

This is done by adding water to break the bondsThis is done by adding water to break the bonds

This is called a _____________ reactionThis is called a _____________ reaction

13. Breaking PolymersBreaking Polymers

We also have to break down long chains in We also have to break down long chains in
order to make the monomers available to the order to make the monomers available to the
cellscells

This is done by adding water to break the bondsThis is done by adding water to break the bonds

This is called a HYDROLYSIS reactionThis is called a HYDROLYSIS reaction

15. What you should be able do after What you should be able do after
instruction on Section 5.1:instruction on Section 5.1:

Identify carbon skeletons and functional groups Identify carbon skeletons and functional groups
on organic moleculeson organic molecules

Relate monomers and polymersRelate monomers and polymers

Describe the process of building and breaking Describe the process of building and breaking
polymerspolymers
Use this information when studying for your test!Use this information when studying for your test!

16. 5.2 Carbohydrates5.2 Carbohydrates

=an organic cpd made up of sugar molecules=an organic cpd made up of sugar molecules

Used as an energy sourceUsed as an energy source

Can be stored for later useCan be stored for later use

Can be used within minutesCan be used within minutes

17. SugarsSugars

Contain C, H, and O in a specific ratioContain C, H, and O in a specific ratio

Ratio 1C:2H:1ORatio 1C:2H:1O
Formula (CHFormula (CH
22O)O)
nn

Most sugar molecules in nature Most sugar molecules in nature
have a ring shapehave a ring shape

18. MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides

=simple sugars containing just one sugar unit=simple sugars containing just one sugar unit

ExamplesExamples

GlucoseGlucose

FructoseFructose

GalactoseGalactose

Names of sugars end in ________Names of sugars end in ________

19. MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides

=simple sugars containing just one sugar unit=simple sugars containing just one sugar unit

ExamplesExamples

GlucoseGlucose

FructoseFructose

GalactoseGalactose

Names of sugars end in Names of sugars end in -ose-ose

21. GlucoseGlucose

Exists in both straight-Exists in both straight-
chain and ring-shaped chain and ring-shaped
structuresstructures
C
C
CH
2OH
H OHC
OHHC
HHO
H OH
CO
H
D-Glucose
o
CH
2OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
o
CH2OH
OH
OH
OH
OH

22. Sugar MoleculesSugar Molecules

Are the main fuel supply for cellular workAre the main fuel supply for cellular work

esp glucose!esp glucose!

Cells break down sugar molecules and extract the Cells break down sugar molecules and extract the
stored Estored E

Cells use the carbon skeletons of monosaccharides Cells use the carbon skeletons of monosaccharides
as raw materials for other organic moleculesas raw materials for other organic molecules

23. What if sugars aren’t used right What if sugars aren’t used right
away?away?

Incorporated into larger carbohydratesIncorporated into larger carbohydrates
OROR

Used to make fat moleculesUsed to make fat molecules

24. DisaccharidesDisaccharides

Using a dehydration reaction, cells put together Using a dehydration reaction, cells put together
2 monosaccharides to make one disaccharide2 monosaccharides to make one disaccharide

Most common is sucroseMost common is sucrose

Other examples:Other examples:

LactoseLactose

maltosemaltose

25. SucroseSucrose

Glucose + FructoseGlucose + Fructose

Major carb in plant sap, so…Major carb in plant sap, so…

Nourishes plantNourishes plant

Table sugar is extracted from stems of sugar Table sugar is extracted from stems of sugar
cane or roots of sugar beetscane or roots of sugar beets

Can be broken down and used as soon as Can be broken down and used as soon as
consumedconsumed

Or can store glucoseOr can store glucose

27. PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides

=long polymer chains made up of simple sugar =long polymer chains made up of simple sugar
monomersmonomers

Examples:Examples:

StarchStarch

GlycogenGlycogen

CelluloseCellulose

28. StarchStarch

Found in plant cellsFound in plant cells

Composed of glucose monomersComposed of glucose monomers

BranchBranch

Humans can break down starch unto useful Humans can break down starch unto useful
energy energy

Examples of foods rich in starch:Examples of foods rich in starch:

PotatoesPotatoes

RiceRice

corncorn

29. GlycogenGlycogen

In animal cellsIn animal cells

More highly branched than starchMore highly branched than starch

In humansIn humans

Stored as granules in liver and muscle cellsStored as granules in liver and muscle cells

When body needs E, it breaks down glycogen, When body needs E, it breaks down glycogen,
releasing glucosereleasing glucose

30. CelluloseCellulose

Functions:Functions:
1.1.A building material in plantsA building material in plants
2.2.Protect cellsProtect cells
3.3.Stiffen plant so it doesn’t fall overStiffen plant so it doesn’t fall over

Made of glucose monomersMade of glucose monomers

Multiple cellulose chains form H bondsMultiple cellulose chains form H bonds

Makes a cable-like fiber in the cell wallsMakes a cable-like fiber in the cell walls

31. CelluloseCellulose

Most animals cannot digest celluloseMost animals cannot digest cellulose

Why?Why?

So… So…

Passes through body unchangedPasses through body unchanged

It is NOT a nutrientIt is NOT a nutrient

Cows and termites can digest cellulose…Cows and termites can digest cellulose…

How?How?

32. PropertiesProperties

ALMOST all carbs are hydrophilic because of –ALMOST all carbs are hydrophilic because of –
OH groupsOH groups

Mono- and disaccharides dissolve easily in waterMono- and disaccharides dissolve easily in water

Cellulose and some starches do not dissolve in water Cellulose and some starches do not dissolve in water
(even though they are hydrophilic)(even though they are hydrophilic)

Why?Why?

Why is this good for the textile industry?Why is this good for the textile industry?