The muscles of the thoracic limb (2)

Dr. Waqas Nawaz
PMAS arid agriculture university rawalpindi

1. The Muscles Of The Thoracic Limb/Fore Limb

2. The Muscles Of The Shoulder Girdle
This group consists of those muscles which connect the thoracic limb with the head,neck,and trunk.It consists of two divisions------Dorsal
& Ventral.
A.Dorsal Division
This division consists of two layers.
First Layer
Sr.NoName Of Muscle Horse Ox Dog Origin Insertion
1. Trapezius
Flat,Triangular,Divid
ed into two parts by
an aponeurotic
portion
Thick,Wide
& Undivided
Thin,Divided
into cervical
& thoracic
portions by
aponeurosis
Ox
Mid-dorsal raphe &
supraspinous
ligament
Dog
Mid-dorsal raphe &
supraspinous
ligament
Ox
Scapular Spine
Dog
Scapular Spine
(a)
Trapezius Cervacalis
Horse
Funicular part of
nuchal ligament
Horse
Scapular Spine &
fascia of
shoulder & arm
(b)
Trapezius Thoracalis
Arises by a
narrow,thin
aponeurosis
Horse
Supraspinous
ligament
Horse
Tuber spine of
scapula
Second Layer
Sr.NoName Of Muscle Horse Ox Dog Origin Insertion

3. 2.. Rhomboideus
This consists of
two parts
Has one
part
Rhomboide
us
Cervicalis
This consists of
three parts
Ox
Nuchal ligament
Dog
Nuchal ligament,
4th – 6th thoracic
spine
Ox
Dorsal border
& adjacent
scapula
Dog
Same to Ox
(a)
Rhomboideus
Cervicalis
(a)
Rhomboideus
Cervicalis
Horse
Funicular part of
nuchal ligament
Dog
Nuchal ligament as
far forward as C2 or
C3
Horse
Medial surface
of cartilage of
scapula
Dog
Medial surface
of cervical
angle of
scapula
(b)
Rhomboideus
Thoracalis
Cervical part is
narrow,pointed at
its anterior
extremity
(b)
Rhomboideus
Thoracalis
Small
Horse
Spinous process of
2
nd
to 7
th
thoracic
vertebra by means
of dorso-scapular
ligament
Dog
4
th
- 6
th
or 7
th
thoracic spine
Horse
Medial surface
of cartilage of
scapula
Dog
Medial surface
of dorsal angle
of scapula
(c)
Rhomboideus
Capitis
It is a narrow band Nuchal crest

4. 3. Latissimus DorsiWide,Right
angled triangular
Broadest
muscle of
the back
Extensive,Broades
t muscle of the
back
Horse
Lumbo-dorsal fascia
Ox
Thoraco-lumbar
fascia
Dog
Thoraco-lumbar
fascia
Horse
Teres
tuberosity of
humerus,in
common with
teres major
Ox
Teres
tuberosity of
humerus
Dog
Teres
tuberosity of
humerus
B.Ventral Division
Sr.NoName Of Muscle Horse Ox Dog Origin Insertion

5. 4. Brachiocephalicus
Extends along the
side of neck from
head to
arm,Incompletely
divisible into two
portions
Separated into two
parts by clavicle
Separated
into two parts
by clavicle
Horse
(1)Mastoid
process of
temporal bone
& nuchal crest
(2) Wing of
atlas &
transverse
process of
C2,C3,C4
Ox
Occipital
bone, nuchal
ligament,
mastoid
process
Dog
Clavicle
Horse
Deltoid
tuberosity &
crest of
humerus,&
the fascia of
shoulder &
arm
Ox
Deltoid
tuberosity
and fascia of
limb
Dog
Median
raphe of
neck &
occipital
bone. The
ventral part
attaches to
mastoid
process
(a)
Cleido-mastoideus
Attached to mastoid
process & occipital
bone by a broad
tendon
(a)
Cleido-occipitalis
Arises on occipital
bone & nuchal
ligament
(a)
Cleido-cervic
alis
Wider &
attached to
median raphe
of neck & to
occipital bone
(b)
Cleido-transversarius
Attached to
transverse processes
by four fleshy
digitations
(b)
Cleido-mastoideus
Smaller & arises
by round tendon
on mastoid
process & rectus
capitis ventralis
major,& by thin
tendon on
mandible
(b)
Cleido-mastoi
deus
Narrow &
attached to
mastoid
process
Thinner than inUndivided
Ox
Cranial
sternum
Dog
Cranial
sternum
Ox
Cranial(des
cending):
crest of
humerus
distal to
deltoid
tuberosity
Caudal(tran

6. 5.
Superficial
Pectoral Muscle
This is of two typeshorse & its two
parts are not so
clearly separable
&
Small
sverse):
covers elbow
joint to insert
on medial
fascia of
forearm
Dog
Same to OX
(a)
Anterior Superficial
Pectoral Muscle
Short,Thick,Somewh
at
rounded,Superficially
it is convex & deeply
it is flattened
Horse
Cariniform
cartilage of
sternum
Horse
(1)Deltoid
tuberosity &
crest of
humerus
(2)Fascia of
arm
(b)
Posterior Superficial
Pectoral Muscle
Wide,Thin &
Pale,Mixed with a
good deal of fibrous
tissue
Horse
(1)Ventral
edge of
sternum as far
back as 6
th
cartilage
(2)Fibrous
raphe
common to the
two muscles
Horse
(1)Fascia on
proximal 3
rd
of forearm
(2)Curved
line of
humerus with
preceding
muscle
More thicker &
extensive than
superficial
Undivided,Homolo
gue of subclavius
muscle of man
Has no
scapular part
Ox
Ventral
sternum and
adjacent
cartilage
Dog
Ventral
sternum and
Ox
Anterior(su
bclavius):su
praspinatus
m.
Posterior(pe
ctoralis
ascendens):

7. 6. Deep Pectoral
Muscle
muscle,consists of
two parts
adjacent
cartilage
lesser
tubercle of
humerus
Dog
Same to Ox
(a)
Anterior Deep
Pectoral Muscle
Prismatic (like
prism),entirely fleshy
Horse
Anterior half of
lateral surface
of sternum &
cartilages of
1
st
four ribs
Horse
Aponeurosis
which covers
supraspinatu
s at its
dorsal end,&
scapular
spine
(b)
Posterior Deep
Pectoral Muscle
Largest of pectoral
group,triangular or
fan shaped,entirely
fleshy
Horse
(1)Abdominal
tunic
(2)Xiphoid
cartilage&
ventral aspect
of sternum
(3)Carttilages
of 4
th
-9
th
ribs
Horse
(1)Anterior
part of
medial
tuberosity of
humerus
(2)Anterior
part of lateral
tuberosity of
humerus
(3)Tendons
of origin of
coraco-brach
ialis
Large,Fan
shaped,Consists of
two parts
Clearly divided
into cervical &
thoracic parts
No clear
division into
cervical &
thoracic parts
Dog
Last five
cervical
vertebrae &
first eight ribs
Dog
Upper part of
costal
surface of
scapula
(a)
Serratus Cervicis
(a)
Serratus Cervicis
Horse
Transverse
processes of
Horse
Cranial
triangular

8. 7. Serratus Ventralis
Large last four or
five cervical
vertebrae
Ox
C4-5
TH
rib
area on
costal
surface of
scapula &
adjacent part
of cartilage
Ox
Triangular
area on
antero-super
ior part of
costal
surface of
scapula
(b)
Serratus Thoracis
In domesticated
animals there is no
clear division of
muscle as is found in
man & apes
(b)
Serratus Thoracis
Relatively thin &
covered by very
strong
aponeurosis
Horse
Lateral
surfaces of 1
st
eight or nine
ribs
Ox
4
th
-9
th
ribs
Horse
Caudal
triangular
area on
costal
surface of
scapula &
adjacent part
of cartilage
Ox
Middle &
posterior
parts of
subscapulari
s
8.
Omo-transversariu
s Present & unites with
Cleido mastoideus
Present Present
Ox
Wing of atlas
&
inconstantly,tr
ansverse
process of
Ox
Scapular
spine &
fascia
Dog
Wing of atlas

9. muscle axis
Dog
Lower part of
scapular spine

10. The Muscles Of The Shoulder
The muscles of this group arise on the scapula & end on the arm.They may be divided into two groups---- Lateral Group(covering the
lateral) & Medial Group(Covering the costal) surface of scapula.
A.Lateral Group
Sr.NoName Of Muscle Horse Ox Dog Origin Insertion
1. Deltoideus Undivided,Ori
gin is partly
fleshy,Widest
about its
middle
Clearly
divided into
acromial &
scapular
parts
Clearly
divided into
scapular &
acromial parts
Horse
(1)Upper part of
posterior border
scapula
(2)Scapular spine
Horse
Deltoid tuberosity &
brachial fascia
(a)
Pars
Acromialis
(a)
Pars
Acromialis
Ox
Acromion
Dog
Length of scapular
Ox
Deltoid tuberosity on
humerus
Dog

11. Short,thick &
fusiform
spine Fascia of lateral arm
(b)
Pars
Scapularis
(b)
Pars
Scapularis
Triangular
Ox
Caudal border of
scapula,Scapular
spine
Dog
Lower edge of
acromion
Ox
Deltoid tuberosity on
humerus
Dog
Same to Ox
2. Supraspinatus
Thin at its
neck but
becomes
thicker
distally,Branch
ed
Same to
Horse
Large
Horse
Supraspinous
fossa,Spine,Lower
part of scapular
cartilage
Ox
Same to Horse
Dog
Same to Horse
Horse
Anterior parts of
proximal tuberosities
of humerus
Ox
Same to Horse
Dog
Same to Horse
3. InfraspinatusTerminates at
2 tendon
Terminates at
1 tendon
Terminates at
1
tendon,Bipenn
ate,
Round
Horse
Infraspinous fossa
& Scapular
cartilage
Ox
Same to Horse
Dog
Same to Horse
Horse
(1)Lateral tuberosity
of humerus
(2)Posterior
eminence of lateral
tuberosity
Ox
Same to Horse
Dog
Same to Horse
Horse
(1)Rough lines on
distal & posterior
part of infraspinous
fossa
Horse
Deltoid tuberosity &
a small area just
above it
Ox

12. 4. Teres Minor
Flat,Triangular
,Much smaller
than foregoing
muscles
Same to
Horse
Short &
Fusiform
(2)Caudal border of
scapula
(3)Tubercle near
the rim of glenoid
cavity
Ox
Same to Horse
Dog
Tubercle on caudal
border of scapula
Same to Horse
Dog
Tubercle on upper
part of deltoid ridge
B.Medial Group
Sr.No Name Of
Muscle
Horse Ox Dog Origin Insertion
5. Subscapularis
Divided,Flat &
Triangular,Base is
thin
Divided into
3 branches
Undivided,
Wide,
Multipennate
,
Intersected
by fibrous
septa
Horse
Subscapular fossa
Ox
Deep surface of
scapula
Dog
Same to Ox
Horse
Posterior
eminence of
medial tuberosity
of humerus
Ox
Medial tubercle of
humerus
Dog
Same to Ox
6. Teres Major Flat,Widest at its
middle,Most part is
Same to
Horse
More Thick
Horse
Caudal angle &
adjacent caudal
border of scapula
Ox
Same to Horse
Dog
Dorsal part of the
Horse
Teres tuberosity
of humerus in
common with
latissimus dorsi
Ox
Same to Horse
Dog

13. fleshy caudal scapula Teres tuberosity
midway down
humerus
7.Coraco-brachiali
s
Belly spreads out &
divided into two
parts
Same to
Horse
Short &
Undivided
belly
Horse
Coracoid process
of scapula
Ox
Same to Horse
Dog
Same to Horse
Horse
Proximal shaft of
humerus
Ox
Same to Horse
Dog
Same to Horse
8. Capsularis
Very
small,Fleshy,One
half inch wide
Absent Absent
Horse
Just above the
caudal part of rim
of glenoid cavity
Horse
Caudal surface of
shaft of
humerus,a short
distance below
head

15. The Muscles Of The Arm
This group consists of 5 muscles which are grouped around the humerus.They arise from the scapula & humerus,& inserted into the
forearm.They act on the elbow joint & the fascia of the forearm.
Sr.NoName Of
Muscle
Horse Ox Dog Origin Insertion
1. Biceps
Brachii
Strong,Fusiform,
Inclosed in a
double sheath of
fascia,Distally
divide in two
parts,Tendon of
origin is molded
Smaller,Less
tendinous,Situat
ed more medially
than Horse
Long,Fusiform,
Tendon of origin
is round,Tendon
of insertion is
bifid
Horse
Tuber scapulae
Ox
Supraglenoid
tubercle of scapula
Dog
Same to Ox
Horse
(1)Radial
tuberosity
(2)Medial ligament
of elbow joint
(3)Fascia of
forearm & tendon
of extensor carpi
radialis
Ox
Medial tuberosity
of proximal radius
& adjacent ulna
Dog
Same to Ox
2. BrachialisEntirely fleshy Very little
curved
Horse
Caudoproximal
side of humerus
Ox
Proximocaudal
humerus
Dog
Same to Ox
Horse
Craniomedial side
of proximal radius
Ox
Spirals to insert
next to biceps
Dog
Spirals to insert
just proximal to
biceps
Horse Horse

16. 3.
Tenser
Fasciae
Antibrachii
Thin Slender Thin & Narrow
(1)Tendon of
insertion of
latissimus dorsi
(2)Caudal border
of scapula
Ox
Tendon and lateral
surface of the
latissimus dorsi
Dog
Same to Ox
(1)Deep fascia of
forearm
(2)Olecranon
Ox
(1)Fascia of
forearm
(2)Olecranon
Dog
Same to Ox
4. Triceps
Brachii
Clearly divided
into three heads
Divided into
three heads
Divided into four
heads
(a)
Long Head
Largest of three
heads,Powerul,
Thick,Triangular
(a)
Long Head
(a)
Long Head
Horse
Caudal border of
scapula
Ox
Caudal margin of
scapula
Dog
Caudal margin of
scapula
Horse
Lateral & caudal
side of the
olecranon
Ox
Olecranon
Dog
Same to Ox
(b)
Lateral Head
Strong,Quadrilate
ral,Thick belly
(b)
Lateral Head
(b)
Lateral Head
Horse
Humerus
Ox
Shaft of humerus
Dog
Same to Ox
Horse
Lateral surface of
olecranon
Ox
Olecranon
Dog
Same to Ox
(c)
Medial Head
Smallest of
three,Fleshy
(c)
Medial Head
More developed
than Horse &
(c)
Medial Head
Very long
Horse
Medial side of
humerus
Ox
Shaft of humerus
Horse
Medial and cranial
side of olecranon.
Ox
Olecranon

17. except at its
insertion
extends upto
neck of humerus
Dog
Same to Ox
Dog
Same to Ox
(d)
Accessory Head
Dog
Shaft of humerus
Dog
Olecranon
5. Anconeus Small,Entirely
fleshy
Present Absent
Horse
Distal 3
rd
of caudal
surface of
humerus
Horse
Lateral surface of
olecranon
The Muscles Of The Forearm & Manus

18. A.Extensor Division
Sr.NoName Of
Muscle
Horse Ox Dog Origin Insertion
1.
Extensor
Carpi
Radialis
Largest muscle of
extensor
division,Rounded
belly
Like that of HorseLike that of
Horse
Horse
(1)Lateral
condyloid crest of
humerus
(2)Coronoid fossa
Ox
Lateral condyloid
crest of humerus
Dog
Lateral condyloid
crest of humerus
Horse
Metacarpal
tuberosity
Ox
2
nd
or 3
rd
metacarpal bone
Dog
2
nd
or 3
rd
metacarpal bone
2.
Common
Digital
Extensor
Less
Bulky,Compound,
Fusiform belly
At fetlock joint it
divides into two
branches
Has four bellies
Horse
(1)Distal
extremity of
humerus
(2)Proximal
extremity of
radius
(3)Lateral surface
of shaft of ulna
Ox
(1)Lateral
epicondyle of
humerus
(2)Ulna
Dog
Lateral
epicondyle of
humerus
Horse
(1)Extensor
process of 3
rd
phalanx
(2)Dorsal face of
proximal
extremities of 1
st
& 2
nd
phalanges
Ox
Extensor process
of distal phalanx
of each digit
Dog
Extensor process
of the distal
phalanx of each
digit

19. 3.
Medial
Digital
Extensor
Has two
branches
More superficial
part
Ox
Lateral
epicondyle
Dog
Lateral condyloid
crest
Ox
Dorsal proximal
phalanges
Dog
2
nd
metacarpal
bone
4.
Lateral
Digital
Extensor
Pennate,Thin &
fusiform belly
Stronger than
Horse
Not rarely fused
Horse
(1)Lateral
tuberosity of
radius
(2)Shaft of ulna
(3)Lateral
ligament of elbow
joint
Ox
(2)Lateral
ligament of elbow
joint
(2)Lateral
tuberosity of
radius & ulna
Dog
Lateral
epicondyle of
humerus
Horse
An eminence on
front of proximal
extremity of 1
st
phalanx
Ox
2
nd
& 3
rd
phalanges of
medial digit
Dog
Dorsal proximal
phalanges of 3rd
to 5th digit
5.
Extensor
Carpi
Obliquus
Small,Pennate,Flat
belly,
Same to Horse Abducts the 1
st
digit
Horse
Lateral border of
radius
Ox
Cranial radius
Dog
Cranial radius
Horse
Head of 2
nd
metacarpal
Ox
Most medial
metacarpal bone
Dog
1
st
metacarpal
bone

24. B.Flexor Division
1.Flexor Carpi
Radialis
Short tendon of
origin,Flat & fusiform
belly
Same to HorseHas bifid tendons
Horse
Medial
epicondyle of
humerus
Ox
Same to Horse
Dog
Medial
epicondyle of
humerus
Horse
Proximal end of
2
nd
metacarpal
bone
Ox
Same to Horse
Dog
2
nd
& 3
rd
metacarpal bone
2.Flexor Carpi
Ulnaris
Has two heads
Humeral Head:
Larger,Flat,Curved,Tap
er at both ends
Ulnar Head:
Smaller,Very thin
Same to Horse
Has two heads
Humeral Head:
Larger
Ulnar Head:
Smaller
Horse
Medial
epicondyle of
humerus
Ox
Same to Horse
Dog
Medial
epicondyle for
humeral head
Posterior
border for
ulnar head
Horse
Proximal edge
of accessory
carpal bone
Ox
Same to Horse
Dog
Accessory
carpal bone
Horse
Lateral
epicondyle of
hunerus
Ox
Horse
Accessory
carpal bone &
proximal side of
lateral splint

25. 3. Ulnaris
Lateralis
Flat belly intersected by
tendinous tissue
Same to HorseLarge,Flat,Abducto
r of paw
Same to Horse
Dog
Lateral
epicondyle of
hunerus
bone
Ox
Same to Horse
Dog
Accessory
carpal bone &
5th metacarpal
4.Superficial
Digital
Flexor
Multipennate belly
fuses with deep
flexor,Humeral head is
fleshy,Radial head is
strong fibrous
Blended at its
origin with
middle flexor of
carpus,
Divides into two
bellies(superfici
al & deep)
Divides distally
into four branches
Horse
(1)Medial
epicondyle of
humerus
(2)Caudal side
of radius
Ox
Digital annular
ligament
Dog
Medial
epicondyle of
humerus
Horse
(1)Eminence on
proximal
extremity of 2
nd
phalanx
(2)Distal
extremity of 1
st
phalanx
Ox
Palmar surface
of middle
phalanges
Dog
Middle
phalanges of all
digits
5. Deep
Digital
Flexor
Largest muscle of flexor
group,
Has three heads.
One originates from
humerus, one on
proximal side of radius,
one on proximal side of
Same heads as
in Horse
Divides into two
branches near
distal end of
metacarpus
Same heads as in
Horse
Passes through
carpal canal before
branching & Then
Gives off a branch
to 1
st
digit & divides
Horse
(1)Medial
epicondyle of
humerus
(2)Medial
surface of
olecranon
Ox
Medial
epicondyle of
humerus
Dog
Horse
Semilunar crest
& adjacent
surface of
cartilage of 3
rd
phalanx
Ox
Volar surfaces
of 3
rd
phalanges
Dog
3rd phalanges
of 2
nd
to 5
th

26. ulna. into four branchesMedial
epicondyle of
humerus
digits
7.Lumbricales
Two very slender
fusiform muscles Absent Very delicate
Horse
Deep flexor
tendon
Dog
Volar surface
of tendons of
deep flexor
Horse
Fibrous tissue
under nodule of
horn at fetlock
Dog
1
st
phalanges of
3
rd
,4
th
,5
th
digits
8.Interossei
Three in
number,Present in
metacarpal groove
More muscular
than Horse
Divides into
three & then
into five
branches
Four in
number,Well
developed & fleshy
Horse
Proximal
extremity of
small
metacarpal
bone
Ox
Distal row of
carpus &
proximal ends
of metacarpals
Dog
Same to Ox
Horse
Fascia at fetlock
Ox
Sesamoid bones
& detach slips to
the extensor
tendons
Dog
Same to Ox
9. Pronator
Teres
Absent Present Fusiform
Ox
Metacarpal
bone
Dog
Medial
epicondyle of
Ox
2
nd
& 3
rd
phalanges
Dog
Dorsal surface &
medial border of

27. humerus radius
10.
Pronator
Quadratus Absent Absent
Consists of thin
layer of fibers
Dog
Palmar surface
of radius &
interosseous
ligament
Dog
Interosseous
border of ulna
11. Palmaris
Longus Absent Absent Small
Dog
Deep didital
flexor below
middle of
forearm
Dog
Superficial flexor
for 3
rd
& 4
th
digits
12.Supinator Absent Absent Short,Flat,Fusiform
Dog
Lateral
epicondyle of
humerus
Dog
Upper medial
radius
13. Palmaris
Brevis
Absent Absent Very small
Dog
Tendon of
superficial
didital flexor at
carpus
Dog
1
ST
phalanges of
3
rd
,4
th
,5
th
digits
14.
Abductor
Pollicis
Brevis
Absent Absent Very small,Pale
Dog
Fibrous band
connecting
superficial
flexor tendon
with medial
carpal
sesamoid
Dog
Distal end of 1
st
metacarpal bone
& 1
st
phalanx of
1
st
digit
15.
Flexor
Pollicis
Brevis
Absent Absent Present
Dog
Volar carpal
ligament over
2
nd
metacarpal
bone
Dog
Volar sesamoid
of 1
st
digit
16.
Adductor
Pollicis Absent Present
Largest of the
thumb muscles
Dog
Interossous
Dog
1
st
phalanx of 1
st

28. muscle digit
17.
Adductor
Digiti
Secundi
Absent Absent
Present b/w 2
nd
interossous muscle
& adductor digiti
quinti
Dog
Volar carpal
ligament
Dog
1
st
phalanx of
2
nd
digit
18.Adductor
Digiti Quinti
Absent Absent Present
Dog
Close to
preceeding
muscle
Dog
1
st
phalanx of 5
th
digit
19.Flexor Digiti
Quinti
Absent Absent Present
Dog
Ligament
connecting
accessory
carpal to 3
rd
&
4
th
metacarpal
bones
Dog
5
TH
digit with
next muscle
20.
Abductor
Digiti Quinti Absent Absent
Larger than two
preceeding
muscles
Dog
Accessory
carpal bone
Dog
Lateral
sesamoid of 5
th
digit & lateral
ligaments