The Particle Nature of Matter

All matter is particulate in nature. This simply means that matter is made up of tiny bit bits material known as particle.

1. A ll matter is particulate in nature. This simply means that matter is made up of tiny bit bits material known as particle. THE PARTICLE NATURE OF MATTER

2. Matter is composed of particle and was conceived by Democritus , a Greek Philosopher. Democritus named the particle atom from the Greek word atomos , meaning indivisible.

3. LOOP Activity

4. Activity 9.1 I. Objectives: describe the characteristics of a material Illustrate the particle making up the material II. Materials Aluminum foil Pencil Water microscope

5. State of Matter and Their Properties matter-anything that occupies space and has mass Mass is the fundamental property of matter .

6. State of Matter Solid Liquid and Gas Plasma Molecules, compared to atom is large particle formed by the combination of two or more atoms.

7. Arrangement of molecules of the 3 states of matter

8. The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter All matter, be it in solid, liquid, or gas stated, are made up of tiny particles known as atoms. Particles are in constant, random motion. Particles in motion have kinetic energy, and their motion increases as they gain energy.

9. There is a transfer of energy between particles (atoms molecules) as these particles collide with each other. Collisions between these particles are perfectly elastic. Molecular motion is greatest in gases, less in liquids, and least in solids.

10. Kinetic Molecular theory is very useful in explaining why the states of matter differ in movements and arrangement . Intramolecular forces -the attractive forces that hold particles together. Intra -means “within”

11. Intermolecular forces- forces of attraction, inter- means “between” and “ among”. Intermolecular forces can hold together identical particles such as water particles in a drop of water, or two different types of particles, such as carbon in graphite, and the cellulose particles in paper.

12. PROPERTIES OF SOLID 1. Density Density is the ratio of mass per unit volume. Solid have greater density than liquids and gases. 2.Crystalline solids The individual pieces of crystalline solids are called crystals. Crystalline solids is a solid whose atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in an orderly, geometric, 3 dimensional structure.

13. 3. Metallic solids Metallic solids consist of positive metal ions surrounded by a sea of mobile electrons. 4. Amorphous solids Not all solids contain crystals. An amorphous solid is one in which the particles are not arranged in a regular,repeating pattern. Amorphous means “without shape” Ex. Glass, rubber, and plastic

14. Properties of Liquids 1. Fluidity Fluidity is the ability to flow. Gases and liquids are classified as fluids because they can flow. 2. Viscosity Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a liquid to flow. The particles in liquid are close enough for attractive forces to slow the movement as they flow past one another. 3. Temperature When there is an increase in temperature, there is an increase in the kinetic energy.

15. 4. Surface tension Surface tension is the energy required to increase the surface area of a liquid by a given amount. It is a measure of the inward pull by particles in the interior. 5.Capillary Action There are two forces at work : cohesion and adhesion. Cohesion is the force of attraction between identical molecules. Adhesion is the force of attraction between different molecules.

16. The adhesive force between the molecules and the silicon dioxide in the glass is greater than the cohesive forces between the water molecules. If the narrow tube are used, then the action is called capillary action or capillary.

17. 6. Density Liquids have densities that vary. The density of a liquid with a constant volume varies according to the weight. The greater the weight, the higher the density.

18. Properties of Gases 1. Volume Gases do not have definite volume. This means that a gas will fill whatever volume is available. The space is where the molecules move freely. The volume of gas is measure using calibrated tube called burrette . 2. Pressure Gas molecules are in continuous motion and they frequently strike the walls of their container. The movement of the molecules exerts a force over the area known as pressure .

19. The SI unit pressure is pascal (Pa) and the instrument used to measure it is known as barometer. Other units used are atmosphere ( atm ) and torr . 3. Temperature An important property of gas is temperature. It is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in matter. An increase in temperature causes a gas to expand, thus increasing its volume.

20. PLASMA- The 4 th State of matter Plasma-It is a hot ionized gas that allows both positive charged ion and a negative charged electron to coexist. Plasma is strongly influenced by electric and magnetic fields. 98% of matter in the universe is in plasma state. -occurs in lightning volts, auroras, and fluorescent light.

21. Arrangement of molecules from solid to plasma

22. OTHER STATES OF MATTER BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE (BEC) represents the 5 th state of matter beyond solid. BEC was predicted by Albert Einstein and Satyendra Nath Bose, and the concept of BEC in gas was realized by Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman in 1995 Scientist refrigerated particles called bosons in a very low temperature.

23. Cold boson merge to form a single super particle that is more like a wave than an ordinary speck of matter. BEC are fragile , and light travels very slowly through them. BECs behave in a more orderly manner than solids. Atoms in solids are locked into roughly the same location with regards to other atoms.

24. SIXTH STATE OF Matter A new form of matter called fermionic condensate was discovered by NASA- supported researcher physicists, Deborah Jin – lead scientist who produced the first fermionic condensate in Dec. 2003. -by cooling a cloud of 500,00 potassium- 40 atoms to less than millionth of a degree above absolute zero. Fermionic condensate and BECs are related.

25. LESSON 2 PHASE CHANGES

26. Explain physical changes in terms of arrangement and motion of atoms and molecules. Use the particulate of matter to explain melting, freezing, evaporation, and condensation . FOCUS POINTS