The Phenomenon of the Megacities... or not? - What is a: Μεγάπολις (Megapolis)?
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Oct 06, 2013
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About This Presentation
The Phenomenon
of the
Megacities… or not?
What is a: Μεγάπολις (Megapolis)?
Slide Content
Megacity Environment Painting
Artist: Mark Weaver
Artist: Mark Weaver
GreekphilosopherPlatothoughttheidealPOLIShad5,000inhabitants.
Acitythatsizeisconsideredsmallinourtimes,butthat„capon‟populationhad
areason:
•itallowedforparticipation;thatis,thateverycitizencouldhaveameasurable
contributiontothePOLIS.
Acitythatsizeisconsideredsmallinourtimes,butthat„capon‟populationhad
areason:
•itallowedforparticipation;thatis,thateverycitizencouldhaveameasurable
contributiontothePOLIS.
Thephenomenonof„TheMegacity‟isnotanewone.
MEGALOPOLISinAncientGreecehadapopulationof40,000in370-371BC.
(ChandlerandFox,1974:80)
ATHENShadapopulationof300,000in432BC.
Intermsofpopulation,Athensof432BCwas1/30
th
thesizeofGreaterLondonin
the1980‟sand1/38
th
thesizeofNewYorkCityinthe1980‟s.
(Chamoux,1965;Ehrenberg,1969;GrantandHuxley,1964;Hammond,1967;Kitto,1951)
UnderEmperorTrajan,98AD-117AD,thepopulationofROMEwasatitslargest1.6
millionpeople;afigurethatisnotreachedagainforanother1850yearslater.
ANTIOCHcapitalofSyria(SyriawasaRoman(Byzantine)provincefrom64BCto
636AD)wasoneofthelargestcitiesintheancientworld,withatotalestimated
populationof500,000.
PATALIPUTRA(AncientPatna,inIndia)around300BChadapopulationof400,000.
THEBES,Egyptaround1,050BChad50,000peoplepopulation.
Thesecitieswerebackedupbycomplexsystemsofadministration,foodsupplies,
traffic,waterandawastedisposalsystem.
„Populations‟settledwithCONSTANTINOPLE intheMiddleAgesandPEKING
(Beijing)intheearlymodernperiod.LONDONjoinedafterthe1800‟s,settingthe
precedentofrapidurbandevelopment,followedbycitiesinNorthAmericaand
AustralasiaintheC19
th
andthoseinthedevelopingworldintheC20
th
.
MEGALOPOLISinAncientGreecehadapopulationof40,000in370-371BC.
(ChandlerandFox,1974:80)
ATHENShadapopulationof300,000in432BC.
Intermsofpopulation,Athensof432BCwas1/30
th
thesizeofGreaterLondonin
the1980‟sand1/38
th
thesizeofNewYorkCityinthe1980‟s.
(Chamoux,1965;Ehrenberg,1969;GrantandHuxley,1964;Hammond,1967;Kitto,1951)
UnderEmperorTrajan,98AD-117AD,thepopulationofROMEwasatitslargest1.6
millionpeople;afigurethatisnotreachedagainforanother1850yearslater.
ANTIOCHcapitalofSyria(SyriawasaRoman(Byzantine)provincefrom64BCto
636AD)wasoneofthelargestcitiesintheancientworld,withatotalestimated
populationof500,000.
PATALIPUTRA(AncientPatna,inIndia)around300BChadapopulationof400,000.
THEBES,Egyptaround1,050BChad50,000peoplepopulation.
Thesecitieswerebackedupbycomplexsystemsofadministration,foodsupplies,
traffic,waterandawastedisposalsystem.
„Populations‟settledwithCONSTANTINOPLE intheMiddleAgesandPEKING
(Beijing)intheearlymodernperiod.LONDONjoinedafterthe1800‟s,settingthe
precedentofrapidurbandevelopment,followedbycitiesinNorthAmericaand
AustralasiaintheC19
th
andthoseinthedevelopingworldintheC20
th
.
Year City Country
Population
(est.)
1050BC Thebes Egypt 50,000
500BC Babylon Iraq 150,000
432BC Athens Greece 300,000
370BC Megalopolis Greece 40,000
300BC Pataliputra(Patna)India 400,000
64BC-636ADAntioch
Syria
(Roman Empire)
500,000
98AD-117ADRome
Italy
(Roman Empire)
1,600,000
500AD Constantinople
Turkey
(Byzantine Empire)
450,000
1800 Peking(Beijing) China 1,100,000
1900 London United Kingdom 6,480,000
Population
(est.)
1050BC Thebes Egypt 50,000
500BC Babylon Iraq 150,000
432BC Athens Greece 300,000
370BC Megalopolis Greece 40,000
300BC Pataliputra(Patna)India 400,000
64BC-636ADAntioch
Syria
(Roman Empire)
500,000
98AD-117ADRome
Italy
(Roman Empire)
1,600,000
500AD Constantinople
Turkey
(Byzantine Empire)
450,000
1800 Peking(Beijing) China 1,100,000
1900 London United Kingdom 6,480,000
Megalopolis,locatedinthesouth-westernpartofArcadia,southernGreece,was
clearlyregardedbytheGreeksas„averybigplace‟,atleastpotentiallyasit
neverbecameanybiggerthanabout40,000people.
MEGALOPOLIS(Μεγαλόπολις)means„greatcity‟(bigcity)inAncientGreek.When
itwasfounded370-371BCbyEpaminondasofThebes,itwasthefirstlarge
urbanizationinArcadia.Ithadawallreachingabout9kilometresroundand
Epaminondashelpeditsprogressbyforciblymovingintoittheinhabitantsof
somefortylocalvillages.Itstheatrehadacapacityof20,000visitors.
clearlyregardedbytheGreeksas„averybigplace‟,atleastpotentiallyasit
neverbecameanybiggerthanabout40,000people.
MEGALOPOLIS(Μεγαλόπολις)means„greatcity‟(bigcity)inAncientGreek.When
itwasfounded370-371BCbyEpaminondasofThebes,itwasthefirstlarge
urbanizationinArcadia.Ithadawallreachingabout9kilometresroundand
Epaminondashelpeditsprogressbyforciblymovingintoittheinhabitantsof
somefortylocalvillages.Itstheatrehadacapacityof20,000visitors.
EvenAthens,whichweknowseemeddangerouslylargetothepeopleofthe
ancientworld,waspreposterouslysmallbyourstandards.In432B.C.,atthe
beginningofthePeloponnesianwar,whenitspopulationprobablyreachedits
maximum,theentireAthenianpolis-cityandsurroundingcountryside-had
between215,000and300,000people.ItwasthemostpopulousGreekstate,yet
inpopulationitwasone-thirtieththesizeofGreaterLondonorone-thirty-eighth
ofNewYorkCityinthe1980s.
(Kitto1951,95,Chamoux1965,304;Grant1964,195;Hammond1967,329-30;JointAssociationof
ClassicalTeachers1984,73,157;Ehrenberg1969,31-2).
ancientworld,waspreposterouslysmallbyourstandards.In432B.C.,atthe
beginningofthePeloponnesianwar,whenitspopulationprobablyreachedits
maximum,theentireAthenianpolis-cityandsurroundingcountryside-had
between215,000and300,000people.ItwasthemostpopulousGreekstate,yet
inpopulationitwasone-thirtieththesizeofGreaterLondonorone-thirty-eighth
ofNewYorkCityinthe1980s.
(Kitto1951,95,Chamoux1965,304;Grant1964,195;Hammond1967,329-30;JointAssociationof
ClassicalTeachers1984,73,157;Ehrenberg1969,31-2).
Romeofcoursewasmuchmoreserious:akindofrehearsalortrailerforwhat
citieswouldlaterbecome.Itwas,simply,thefirstgiantcityinworldhistory.
Preciselyhowbigisamatterforconjecture:theestimatesvarywildly,from
250,000to1,487,560[plusslaves],butthegreatmajority,forvariousdatesfrom
thelateRepublicanagetothefourthcenturyAD,comeintherangefromthree
quartersofamilliontoaroundoneandaquartermillion,mostofthemcloseto
onemillion.
Youcantakeyourpick:thefactisthatRomewasverybig,biggerbyfarthanany
citybefore,twoorthreetimestherecordsetbyPatnathreehundredyears
earlier,orbyBabylononehundredandfiftyyearsbeforethat,andprobably
biggerthananythatwouldfollowitforthenextsevenhundredyears.
(Carcopino1941,18,20;Korn1953,32;Packer1967,82-3,86-7;ChandlerandFox1974,300-323;
Stambaugh1988,89;Drinkwater1990,371;Robinson1992,8).
3D Reconstruction of Classical Rome
citieswouldlaterbecome.Itwas,simply,thefirstgiantcityinworldhistory.
Preciselyhowbigisamatterforconjecture:theestimatesvarywildly,from
250,000to1,487,560[plusslaves],butthegreatmajority,forvariousdatesfrom
thelateRepublicanagetothefourthcenturyAD,comeintherangefromthree
quartersofamilliontoaroundoneandaquartermillion,mostofthemcloseto
onemillion.
Youcantakeyourpick:thefactisthatRomewasverybig,biggerbyfarthanany
citybefore,twoorthreetimestherecordsetbyPatnathreehundredyears
earlier,orbyBabylononehundredandfiftyyearsbeforethat,andprobably
biggerthananythatwouldfollowitforthenextsevenhundredyears.
(Carcopino1941,18,20;Korn1953,32;Packer1967,82-3,86-7;ChandlerandFox1974,300-323;
Stambaugh1988,89;Drinkwater1990,371;Robinson1992,8).
3D Reconstruction of Classical Rome
Itshugesizepositivelyforceditsadministratorstodevisecomplexsystemsof
internationalfoodsupplies,tograpplesuccessfullywithlong-distancedeliveryof
waterandwithcomplexsystemsofwastedisposal,eventoformulaterulesof
urbantrafficmanagement.
Afterthat,thingssettleddownforabit.Ittookanotherseventeencenturies
beforeanotherwesterncitycametorivalandthenovertakeClassicalRome.
ConstantinoplemayhaveequalledancientRomeinthemiddleages,Peking
(Beijing)intheearlymodernperiod;but,sometimejustafter1800,London
becameindisputablythegreatestcitythathadeverexistedintheworld.
3D Reconstruction of Classical Rome
internationalfoodsupplies,tograpplesuccessfullywithlong-distancedeliveryof
waterandwithcomplexsystemsofwastedisposal,eventoformulaterulesof
urbantrafficmanagement.
Afterthat,thingssettleddownforabit.Ittookanotherseventeencenturies
beforeanotherwesterncitycametorivalandthenovertakeClassicalRome.
ConstantinoplemayhaveequalledancientRomeinthemiddleages,Peking
(Beijing)intheearlymodernperiod;but,sometimejustafter1800,London
becameindisputablythegreatestcitythathadeverexistedintheworld.
3D Reconstruction of Classical Rome
Around1800LONDONbecameindisputablythegreatestcitythathadeverexisted
intheworld.
Thepopulationofthearea,thatlaterbecametheMETROPOLITANBOARDOF
WORKSandthentheLONDONCOUNTYCOUNCIL,rosefrom:
•959,000in1801toreach2,363,000in1851–morethandoublingit;andthen
•doubledagainin1901to4,536,000.
ButbythestartoftheC20
th
,theLCCareawasalreadyinadequateasa
descriptionoftherealLondon:therealLondonwasGREATERLONDON.
Evenby1801,GreaterLondonhadmorethan12%ofthepopulationofEngland
andWales;bytheendofthecentury,over20%.By1885itspopulationwas
largerthanthatofParis,threetimesthatofNewYorkorBerlin.
(ChandlerandFox1974,368;MitchellandDeane1962,19-23;YoungandGarside1982,14).
intheworld.
Thepopulationofthearea,thatlaterbecametheMETROPOLITANBOARDOF
WORKSandthentheLONDONCOUNTYCOUNCIL,rosefrom:
•959,000in1801toreach2,363,000in1851–morethandoublingit;andthen
•doubledagainin1901to4,536,000.
ButbythestartoftheC20
th
,theLCCareawasalreadyinadequateasa
descriptionoftherealLondon:therealLondonwasGREATERLONDON.
Evenby1801,GreaterLondonhadmorethan12%ofthepopulationofEngland
andWales;bytheendofthecentury,over20%.By1885itspopulationwas
largerthanthatofParis,threetimesthatofNewYorkorBerlin.
(ChandlerandFox1974,368;MitchellandDeane1962,19-23;YoungandGarside1982,14).
NEWYORKsoontookoverfromGREATERLONDON.
Between1870and1900thepopulationoftheoldcityofNewYork–just
ManhattanislandandtheBronx–doubled;whereasthatoftheouterthree
countiesincreasedbymorethantwoandhalftimes.
TheextensionoftheNewYorkCityboundaryin1898,toincludethoseouter
counties–whichbecametheboroughsofQueens,BrooklynandRichmond–
increasedthecity‟sareatenfoldandmorethandoubledthepopulationfrom1.5
millionto3.4million.
Intheshortforty-yearperiodto1940,thepopulationmorethandoubledagainto
7,.45million.
NewYorkwasthe3
rd
largestcityoftheworldinpopulationtermsin1875;2
nd
in
1900,1
st
by1925.
(Rischin1962,10;Condit1980,105;Jackson1984,321;Hammack1982,186,200,227-8).
Skyline of New York: 1898
Between1870and1900thepopulationoftheoldcityofNewYork–just
ManhattanislandandtheBronx–doubled;whereasthatoftheouterthree
countiesincreasedbymorethantwoandhalftimes.
TheextensionoftheNewYorkCityboundaryin1898,toincludethoseouter
counties–whichbecametheboroughsofQueens,BrooklynandRichmond–
increasedthecity‟sareatenfoldandmorethandoubledthepopulationfrom1.5
millionto3.4million.
Intheshortforty-yearperiodto1940,thepopulationmorethandoubledagainto
7,.45million.
NewYorkwasthe3
rd
largestcityoftheworldinpopulationtermsin1875;2
nd
in
1900,1
st
by1925.
(Rischin1962,10;Condit1980,105;Jackson1984,321;Hammack1982,186,200,227-8).
Skyline of New York: 1898
ToseetheaboveINFOGRAPHIClargerpleaseselectthelinkbelow:
How Rapidly Cities Are Growing[INFOGRAPHIC]
Themassmovementofpopulationacrosstheworld
meansthatcitiesparticularlyinAsia,sub-Saharan
AfricaandSouthAmerica,aregrowinginsizebythe
hour.In2011,themajorityoftheplanet‟spopulation
of6.9billionpeopleliveincitiesratherthanthe
countryside.
2%
of the earth‟s surface is
occupied by cities
53%
of the world‟s population
lives in cities
(2011)
World Map showing projected population growth per
hour of world cities in 2011. What about 2013?
i.e. every hour:
•40 people migrate to Lagos to live.
•43 people migrate to Karachi to live.
•49 people migrate to Delhi to live.
•9 people migrate to New York to live
•3 people migrate to Sydney to live.
•10 people migrate to Mexico City to live.
How Rapidly Cities Are Growing[INFOGRAPHIC]
Themassmovementofpopulationacrosstheworld
meansthatcitiesparticularlyinAsia,sub-Saharan
AfricaandSouthAmerica,aregrowinginsizebythe
hour.In2011,themajorityoftheplanet‟spopulation
of6.9billionpeopleliveincitiesratherthanthe
countryside.
2%
of the earth‟s surface is
occupied by cities
53%
of the world‟s population
lives in cities
(2011)
World Map showing projected population growth per
hour of world cities in 2011. What about 2013?
i.e. every hour:
•40 people migrate to Lagos to live.
•43 people migrate to Karachi to live.
•49 people migrate to Delhi to live.
•9 people migrate to New York to live
•3 people migrate to Sydney to live.
•10 people migrate to Mexico City to live.
Year City Country Population (est)
98AD-117ADRome
Italy
(Roman Empire)
1,600,000
775 Bagdad Iraq 1,000,000
1800 Peking(Beijing) China 1,100,000
1825 London United Kingdom 1,350,000
1850 London United Kingdom 2,320,000
1875 London United Kingdom 4,241,000
1900 London United Kingdom 6,480,000
1925 New York USA 7,774,000
1950 New York USA 12,463,000
2012 NewYork –Urban USA 20,464,000
1965 Tokyo-Yokohama Japan 20,000,000
1985 Tokyo-Yokohama Japan 30,273,000
2012 Tokyo-Yokohama Japan 37,200,000
98AD-117ADRome
Italy
(Roman Empire)
1,600,000
775 Bagdad Iraq 1,000,000
1800 Peking(Beijing) China 1,100,000
1825 London United Kingdom 1,350,000
1850 London United Kingdom 2,320,000
1875 London United Kingdom 4,241,000
1900 London United Kingdom 6,480,000
1925 New York USA 7,774,000
1950 New York USA 12,463,000
2012 NewYork –Urban USA 20,464,000
1965 Tokyo-Yokohama Japan 20,000,000
1985 Tokyo-Yokohama Japan 30,273,000
2012 Tokyo-Yokohama Japan 37,200,000
Thereareseveralapproachesthatattempttodefinewhatacity(polis)consistsof.Ekistics
wasintroducedasthescienceofhumansettlements(Doxiades,1968).
Ekisticsstudieshowhumansettlementswereinhabitedbyhumansandprovidesa
conceptualframeworkforabetterunderstandingofhumansettlements.Thefoundationof
theconceptisinnature,whichcontainsecologicalsystems,withinwhichhumansform
socialnetworkandsocietiesandbuildthe„shells‟whicharethephysicalstructures
providingcomfortablelivingconditions.
Thebasicelementsofhumansettlementsintheekisticsstudiesaredescribedbelow
(Doxiades,1968,p.12):
1.“Nature,providingthefoundationuponwhichthesettlementsarecreatedandthe
framewithinwhichtheycanfunction”
2.“Human”
3.“Society”
4.“Shells,orthestructureswithinwhichahumanlivesandcarryouthisdifferent
functions”
5.“Networks,orthenaturalandhuman-madesystemswhichfacilitatethefunctioningof
thesettlements,asforexampleroads,cyclingcorridorsandinfrastructureingeneral.”
Resource efficiency in an urban context: Defining the framework of eco-municipalities
wasintroducedasthescienceofhumansettlements(Doxiades,1968).
Ekisticsstudieshowhumansettlementswereinhabitedbyhumansandprovidesa
conceptualframeworkforabetterunderstandingofhumansettlements.Thefoundationof
theconceptisinnature,whichcontainsecologicalsystems,withinwhichhumansform
socialnetworkandsocietiesandbuildthe„shells‟whicharethephysicalstructures
providingcomfortablelivingconditions.
Thebasicelementsofhumansettlementsintheekisticsstudiesaredescribedbelow
(Doxiades,1968,p.12):
1.“Nature,providingthefoundationuponwhichthesettlementsarecreatedandthe
framewithinwhichtheycanfunction”
2.“Human”
3.“Society”
4.“Shells,orthestructureswithinwhichahumanlivesandcarryouthisdifferent
functions”
5.“Networks,orthenaturalandhuman-madesystemswhichfacilitatethefunctioningof
thesettlements,asforexampleroads,cyclingcorridorsandinfrastructureingeneral.”
Resource efficiency in an urban context: Defining the framework of eco-municipalities
Community Scale
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ekistic
units
Anthropos
Room House
House Group
(hamlet)
Small
Neighbourhood
(village)
Neighbourhood
Small Polis
(town)
Polis (city)
Small Metropolis
Metropolis
Small Megalopolis
Megalopolis
Small
Eperopolis
Eperopolis
Ecumenopolis
(Global City)
E k i s t i c
E l e m e n t s
Nature
Anthropos
Society
Shells
Networks
Synthesis:
Human Settlements
EKISTIC
POPULATION:
T = Thousand
M = Million
1 2 5
40
250 1.5 T 10 T 75 T 500 T
4 M
25 M
150 M 750M
7,500 M
50,000 M
EKISTIC ELEMENTS
The 5 elements, which
compose the
human settlements:
Nature, Anthropos(Man),
Society, Shells and
Networks.
Aclassificationofsettlementsaccordingtotheirsize,presentedonthebasisof
alogarithmicscale,runningfromAnthropos(ekisticunit1),asthesmallestunit
ofmeasurement,tothewholeearth(ekisticunit15).Theekisticlogarithmic
scalecanbepresentedgraphically,showingareaornumberofpeople
correspondingtoeachunit,etc.,sothatitcanbeusedasabasisforthe
measurementandclassificationofmanydimensionsinhumansettlements.
EKISTIC POPULATION
The maximum number of people for each of the Ekisticunits.
ie
House Group: 40 people max.
(from: 6-40 is a „House Group‟)
EKISTIC UNITS
Aclassificationofpartsofwholehumansettlements,startingfrom
unit1correspondingtoAnthropos,andendingwithunit
15,correspondingtoEcumenopolis.Fromunit4,whichcorresponds
tocommunityclassI,tounit15,whichcorrespondstocommunity
classXII.
EkisticUnits
Select, with your mouse, each EKISTIC UNIT to see the definition
according to the „EkisticLogarithmic Scale and C.A. Doxiades.
When you have read the definition click the definition with your
mouse to clear it and then select another EKISTIC UNIT.
(press the right arrow to clear these instructions but before you do that…
when you have read Unit 15 return here, and press the right arrow to continue with
the powerpoint)
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ekistic
units
Anthropos
Room House
House Group
(hamlet)
Small
Neighbourhood
(village)
Neighbourhood
Small Polis
(town)
Polis (city)
Small Metropolis
Metropolis
Small Megalopolis
Megalopolis
Small
Eperopolis
Eperopolis
Ecumenopolis
(Global City)
E k i s t i c
E l e m e n t s
Nature
Anthropos
Society
Shells
Networks
Synthesis:
Human Settlements
EKISTIC
POPULATION:
T = Thousand
M = Million
1 2 5
40
250 1.5 T 10 T 75 T 500 T
4 M
25 M
150 M 750M
7,500 M
50,000 M
EKISTIC ELEMENTS
The 5 elements, which
compose the
human settlements:
Nature, Anthropos(Man),
Society, Shells and
Networks.
Aclassificationofsettlementsaccordingtotheirsize,presentedonthebasisof
alogarithmicscale,runningfromAnthropos(ekisticunit1),asthesmallestunit
ofmeasurement,tothewholeearth(ekisticunit15).Theekisticlogarithmic
scalecanbepresentedgraphically,showingareaornumberofpeople
correspondingtoeachunit,etc.,sothatitcanbeusedasabasisforthe
measurementandclassificationofmanydimensionsinhumansettlements.
EKISTIC POPULATION
The maximum number of people for each of the Ekisticunits.
ie
House Group: 40 people max.
(from: 6-40 is a „House Group‟)
EKISTIC UNITS
Aclassificationofpartsofwholehumansettlements,startingfrom
unit1correspondingtoAnthropos,andendingwithunit
15,correspondingtoEcumenopolis.Fromunit4,whichcorresponds
tocommunityclassI,tounit15,whichcorrespondstocommunity
classXII.
EkisticUnits
Select, with your mouse, each EKISTIC UNIT to see the definition
according to the „EkisticLogarithmic Scale and C.A. Doxiades.
When you have read the definition click the definition with your
mouse to clear it and then select another EKISTIC UNIT.
(press the right arrow to clear these instructions but before you do that…
when you have read Unit 15 return here, and press the right arrow to continue with
the powerpoint)
Μεγάπολις
mega- polis
Precise scientific language:
“one million”
egmegawatt, megaton
coined: 1894
“ancient Greek city-state”:
From the Greek: Polis (Πόλις)
“city, one‟s city; the state,
citizens”
coined/origin: 1965-1970
Megacity (Mega-city -1968 (C.A. Dioxiades))
“A city having a population of one million or more.”
Online Etymology Dictionary
+
1
st
interpretation
mega- polis
Precise scientific language:
“one million”
egmegawatt, megaton
coined: 1894
“ancient Greek city-state”:
From the Greek: Polis (Πόλις)
“city, one‟s city; the state,
citizens”
coined/origin: 1965-1970
Megacity (Mega-city -1968 (C.A. Dioxiades))
“A city having a population of one million or more.”
Online Etymology Dictionary
+
1
st
interpretation
Μεγάπολις
mega- polis
From the Greek:
Megas(Μέγας)
“great, large, vast, big, high,
tall, mighty, important”
coined: 1894
“ancient Greek city-state”:
From the Greek: Polis (Πόλις)
“city, one‟s city; the state,
citizens”
Definition:1970+
Megacity (Mega-city -1968 (C.A. Dioxiades))
“A Great City”, “A Big City”
“A city over 10,000,000 inhabitants and under 20,000,000.”
Online Etymology Dictionary
+
2
nd
interpretation
mega- polis
From the Greek:
Megas(Μέγας)
“great, large, vast, big, high,
tall, mighty, important”
coined: 1894
“ancient Greek city-state”:
From the Greek: Polis (Πόλις)
“city, one‟s city; the state,
citizens”
Definition:1970+
Megacity (Mega-city -1968 (C.A. Dioxiades))
“A Great City”, “A Big City”
“A city over 10,000,000 inhabitants and under 20,000,000.”
Online Etymology Dictionary
+
2
nd
interpretation
“TheconceptofMEGA-CITYisaverysimpleone.DevelopedbyUNinstitutionstodescribe
ever-largerurbanAGGLOMERATIONS,theyaredefinedascitieswithpopulationsaboveagiven
highthreshold.Thelatterhasincreasedascitysizeshavegrownandcurrentlythethresholdis
10million.”
Mega-cities in Theoretical Perspective-P.J. Taylor
AMEGACITYisgenerallydefinedasaMETROPOLITANAREAwithatotalpopulationinexcessof
10millionpeoplebutunder20million;over20millionthetermgenerallyusedisMETACITYor
HYPERCITY.
SomedefinitionsalsosetaminimumlevelofPOPULATIONDENSITY(atleast2,000personsper
sq.km.).MegacitiesalthoughwronglycalledGLOBALCITIES,(alsoWORLDCITIES*,ALPHA,
BETAANDGAMMACITIES),canbedistinguishedfromglobalcitiesbytheir:
•Rapidgrowth;
•NewformsofSPATIALDENSITYofpopulation;
•Formalandinformaleconomics,aswellas,
•Poverty,
•Crime,
•Highlevelsofsocialfragmentation.
Worldcitiesarethosethatexertadominantinfluenceovercontinentalandglobaleconomiesand
processes.ThisisINDEPENDENTofpopulationsize,asworldcitiesdonothavetohavehugepopulations(but
usuallydo)toexertsuchahugeinfluence.Indeed,aworldcity(alsocalledglobalcityorworldcentre)isa
citygenerallyconsideredtobeanimportantnode(FOCALPOINT)intheglobaleconomicsystemsuchas
London,NewYorkandTokyo.
ever-largerurbanAGGLOMERATIONS,theyaredefinedascitieswithpopulationsaboveagiven
highthreshold.Thelatterhasincreasedascitysizeshavegrownandcurrentlythethresholdis
10million.”
Mega-cities in Theoretical Perspective-P.J. Taylor
AMEGACITYisgenerallydefinedasaMETROPOLITANAREAwithatotalpopulationinexcessof
10millionpeoplebutunder20million;over20millionthetermgenerallyusedisMETACITYor
HYPERCITY.
SomedefinitionsalsosetaminimumlevelofPOPULATIONDENSITY(atleast2,000personsper
sq.km.).MegacitiesalthoughwronglycalledGLOBALCITIES,(alsoWORLDCITIES*,ALPHA,
BETAANDGAMMACITIES),canbedistinguishedfromglobalcitiesbytheir:
•Rapidgrowth;
•NewformsofSPATIALDENSITYofpopulation;
•Formalandinformaleconomics,aswellas,
•Poverty,
•Crime,
•Highlevelsofsocialfragmentation.
Worldcitiesarethosethatexertadominantinfluenceovercontinentalandglobaleconomiesand
processes.ThisisINDEPENDENTofpopulationsize,asworldcitiesdonothavetohavehugepopulations(but
usuallydo)toexertsuchahugeinfluence.Indeed,aworldcity(alsocalledglobalcityorworldcentre)isa
citygenerallyconsideredtobeanimportantnode(FOCALPOINT)intheglobaleconomicsystemsuchas
London,NewYorkandTokyo.
AMegacitycanbeasinglemetropolitanareaortwoormoremetropolitanareasthatconvergeuponone
another.
Theterms:CONURBATIONandMETROPLEXarealsoappliedto‘metropolitanarea’.
Theterms:MEGAPOLISandMEGALOPOLISaresometimesusedsynonymouslywith‘Megacity’.
“EvensousingthetermMEGACITYhasbeenaproblematicone.
Therearetwomajorproblemsassociatedwiththecommonuseoftheterm„Megacity‟.
Firstly:
„Megacity‟isstrictly„QUANTATIVEdefined‟–accordingtoUN(2008),megacitieshaveatleast
10millioninhabitants.
TheWUP(WorldUrbanizationProspects)doesnotprovidearationalefordeterminingthe
thresholdnordoesanyoneelse(although:C.A.DoxiadesattemptswithhisEkistics)–
suggestingthatsaying-fiveoreightmillioninhabitantsalsomakea„Megacity‟,wouldnotbe
wrong–(Davis2006).
Ponder:
•HasanythingchangedinIstanbulinrecentyearsduetothecrossingofthe10million-
line?
•DoanydisparitiesbetweenthemegacityLagosandthe„non-megacity'Chicagostem
fromthedifferenceinpopulationsize?
•DoLosAngelesandRiodeJaneirohave,exceptforthesizeoftheirrespective
population,enoughincommontobequalifiedinthesamecategoryofcities?
another.
Theterms:CONURBATIONandMETROPLEXarealsoappliedto‘metropolitanarea’.
Theterms:MEGAPOLISandMEGALOPOLISaresometimesusedsynonymouslywith‘Megacity’.
“EvensousingthetermMEGACITYhasbeenaproblematicone.
Therearetwomajorproblemsassociatedwiththecommonuseoftheterm„Megacity‟.
Firstly:
„Megacity‟isstrictly„QUANTATIVEdefined‟–accordingtoUN(2008),megacitieshaveatleast
10millioninhabitants.
TheWUP(WorldUrbanizationProspects)doesnotprovidearationalefordeterminingthe
thresholdnordoesanyoneelse(although:C.A.DoxiadesattemptswithhisEkistics)–
suggestingthatsaying-fiveoreightmillioninhabitantsalsomakea„Megacity‟,wouldnotbe
wrong–(Davis2006).
Ponder:
•HasanythingchangedinIstanbulinrecentyearsduetothecrossingofthe10million-
line?
•DoanydisparitiesbetweenthemegacityLagosandthe„non-megacity'Chicagostem
fromthedifferenceinpopulationsize?
•DoLosAngelesandRiodeJaneirohave,exceptforthesizeoftheirrespective
population,enoughincommontobequalifiedinthesamecategoryofcities?
Despitetheclaimthat'massmatters'(IGUMegacityTaskforce),researcherswritingon
megacitiesdonotprovideanswerstotheseandsimilarquestions.
Thequestion,whethercrossingacertain„quantitativethreshold‟makesany„QUALITATIVE
difference‟inurbandevelopmentorcitylife,remainsunassessed.
Secondly:
Moreproblematicisthatmuchoftheliteratureon„Megacities‟deflectsfromthe„quantitative‟
definitionanduses„Megacity‟asasynonymforproblemsinbigcitiesinpoorercountries;a
popularaccountisDavis‟“PlanetofSlums”.
„Megacities‟areportrayedas„majorglobalriskareas‟(IGUMegacityTaskforce).
AccordingtoKraas(2008,583)
“[Megacitiesare]particularlypronetosupplycrisis,socialdisorganization,politicalunrest,
naturalandman-madedisastersduetotheirhighestconcentrationofpeopleandextreme
dynamicsofdevelopment.””
Megacities in the Geography of Global Economic Governance -C.Pamreiter
KEEPINMIND:
Thereareproblemswithdefiningpopulationsizeofcities,asitoftendependsuponwhereresearchers
drawtheboundaryofthecity.Dotheyjustcountwithinthecityboundaries,ordotheycountallof
thesuburbs,ordotheyalsocountallofthesurroundingsatellitetownsaswellasaconurbation?
megacitiesdonotprovideanswerstotheseandsimilarquestions.
Thequestion,whethercrossingacertain„quantitativethreshold‟makesany„QUALITATIVE
difference‟inurbandevelopmentorcitylife,remainsunassessed.
Secondly:
Moreproblematicisthatmuchoftheliteratureon„Megacities‟deflectsfromthe„quantitative‟
definitionanduses„Megacity‟asasynonymforproblemsinbigcitiesinpoorercountries;a
popularaccountisDavis‟“PlanetofSlums”.
„Megacities‟areportrayedas„majorglobalriskareas‟(IGUMegacityTaskforce).
AccordingtoKraas(2008,583)
“[Megacitiesare]particularlypronetosupplycrisis,socialdisorganization,politicalunrest,
naturalandman-madedisastersduetotheirhighestconcentrationofpeopleandextreme
dynamicsofdevelopment.””
Megacities in the Geography of Global Economic Governance -C.Pamreiter
KEEPINMIND:
Thereareproblemswithdefiningpopulationsizeofcities,asitoftendependsuponwhereresearchers
drawtheboundaryofthecity.Dotheyjustcountwithinthecityboundaries,ordotheycountallof
thesuburbs,ordotheyalsocountallofthesurroundingsatellitetownsaswellasaconurbation?
MIGRATION, CITIES AND THE MODERN-WORLD SYSTEM
Mega-cities in Theoretical Perspective-P.J. Taylor
“Historically,citieshavebeengreatDEMOGRAPHICsinks:theylessenedlifeexpectancies.Thus
citiesonlygrewthroughMIGRATION.InotherwordsRURAL-URBANmigrationhas
been,literally,thelifelineofcities.
Andbeforethemoderneratherehavebeenverylargecities:threeinparticularcanlayclaim
tobethefirst„millionairecity‟:
•ImperialRome[55BC-476AD],
•CaliphateBaghdad[CaliphsofBagdad:750-1258],and
•Ch‟ingPeking[Ch’ingDynasty:1644-1912].
Andtheseexamplesclearlyindicatetheforcesbehindgrowthofthelargestcities.Thesegreat
citiesarereflectionsofthepoliticalpowerwieldedbylargeworld-empires;the
centralizationofpowerisaccompaniedbytheconcentrationofwealthrequiringin-migration
toservicebothstatefunctionneedsandsatisfymarketconsumptionwants.
Inthesesocietiestherewerenon-politicalcitiesofreasonablesizewithmainlyeconomic
functions–largelycoastalandriverports–buttheyneverchallengedimperialcapitalsfor
sheersize.
Mega-cities in Theoretical Perspective-P.J. Taylor
“Historically,citieshavebeengreatDEMOGRAPHICsinks:theylessenedlifeexpectancies.Thus
citiesonlygrewthroughMIGRATION.InotherwordsRURAL-URBANmigrationhas
been,literally,thelifelineofcities.
Andbeforethemoderneratherehavebeenverylargecities:threeinparticularcanlayclaim
tobethefirst„millionairecity‟:
•ImperialRome[55BC-476AD],
•CaliphateBaghdad[CaliphsofBagdad:750-1258],and
•Ch‟ingPeking[Ch’ingDynasty:1644-1912].
Andtheseexamplesclearlyindicatetheforcesbehindgrowthofthelargestcities.Thesegreat
citiesarereflectionsofthepoliticalpowerwieldedbylargeworld-empires;the
centralizationofpowerisaccompaniedbytheconcentrationofwealthrequiringin-migration
toservicebothstatefunctionneedsandsatisfymarketconsumptionwants.
Inthesesocietiestherewerenon-politicalcitiesofreasonablesizewithmainlyeconomic
functions–largelycoastalandriverports–buttheyneverchallengedimperialcapitalsfor
sheersize.
Continued:MIGRATION, CITIES AND THE MODERN-WORLD SYSTEM
Mega-cities in Theoretical Perspective-P.J. Taylor
However,thisdominanceofpoliticalcitieswaschallengedwiththetransitiontothemodern
world-systeminEuropeinthelongsixteenthcentury(c.1450-1650)*.
AlthoughEuropedidnothaveadominantworld-empirebefore1450,anditsurbantrajectory
wasledbythecommercialcitiesofnorthernItaly,neverthelessEurope‟slargestcityatthe
peakofthe„commercialrevolution‟in1300wasnotVenice,withanestimated110,000,buta
politicalcity,Paris,capitalofthelargestkingdom,whichwasmorethantwicethissizewith
some228,000residents(Chandler1987,17).
Howeverinthetransitionthereisthebeginningofanewpatternwitheconomiccitieswithin
theHEGEMONICSTATEdominatingurbangrowth(Tayloretal2010).
Inthiscase,citiesinHolland,ledbyAmsterdam,whichwasnotthenacapitalcity,showvery
fastgrowthratesrelativetotherestofEurope(Israel).Thisisthefirstmodernexampleof
economicforcesrivallingpoliticalforcesasamakerofcities.
*TheRenaissancewasaperiodoftimefromthe14thtothe17thcenturyinEurope.Thisera
bridgedthetimebetweentheMiddleAgesandmoderntimes.
Theword"Renaissance"means"rebirth".
Mega-cities in Theoretical Perspective-P.J. Taylor
However,thisdominanceofpoliticalcitieswaschallengedwiththetransitiontothemodern
world-systeminEuropeinthelongsixteenthcentury(c.1450-1650)*.
AlthoughEuropedidnothaveadominantworld-empirebefore1450,anditsurbantrajectory
wasledbythecommercialcitiesofnorthernItaly,neverthelessEurope‟slargestcityatthe
peakofthe„commercialrevolution‟in1300wasnotVenice,withanestimated110,000,buta
politicalcity,Paris,capitalofthelargestkingdom,whichwasmorethantwicethissizewith
some228,000residents(Chandler1987,17).
Howeverinthetransitionthereisthebeginningofanewpatternwitheconomiccitieswithin
theHEGEMONICSTATEdominatingurbangrowth(Tayloretal2010).
Inthiscase,citiesinHolland,ledbyAmsterdam,whichwasnotthenacapitalcity,showvery
fastgrowthratesrelativetotherestofEurope(Israel).Thisisthefirstmodernexampleof
economicforcesrivallingpoliticalforcesasamakerofcities.
*TheRenaissancewasaperiodoftimefromthe14thtothe17thcenturyinEurope.Thisera
bridgedthetimebetweentheMiddleAgesandmoderntimes.
Theword"Renaissance"means"rebirth".
Continued:MIGRATION, CITIES AND THE MODERN-WORLD SYSTEM
Mega-cities in Theoretical Perspective-P.J. Taylor
ThisisexemplifiedbytheBritishindustrialrevolutionwhere
•Birmingham,
•Glasgow,
•Liverpool,and
•Manchester
arethefastestgrowingcitiesoftheeighteenthcentury(Tayloretal2010).
By1900sevenofthe16„millionairecities‟previouslyreferredtodonothavestatecapital
functions:Birmingham,Boston,Chicago,Glasgow,Manchester,NewYork,andPhiladelphia.
Allthelattercitiesgrewbyattractingmigrantsfortheeconomicopportunitiesthatwere
perceivedasbeingavailable.Theremainingmillionairecitiesatthistimeareallcapitalcities
butonesthatwerethemselvesrapidlyindustrializingsuchasBerlin,London,ParisandVienna.
Thisisthefirstmoderneffectonurbanizationthatisunprecedentedinhistory:thecreation
ofgreatindustrialcitiesasdescribedbyWeber(1899).
“Thelargeurbanagglomerateswecallmegacitiesareincreasinglyadevelopingworldphenomenonthatwill
affectthefutureprosperityandstabilityoftheentireworld.”
George Bugliarello-Megacities and the Developing World
Mega-cities in Theoretical Perspective-P.J. Taylor
ThisisexemplifiedbytheBritishindustrialrevolutionwhere
•Birmingham,
•Glasgow,
•Liverpool,and
•Manchester
arethefastestgrowingcitiesoftheeighteenthcentury(Tayloretal2010).
By1900sevenofthe16„millionairecities‟previouslyreferredtodonothavestatecapital
functions:Birmingham,Boston,Chicago,Glasgow,Manchester,NewYork,andPhiladelphia.
Allthelattercitiesgrewbyattractingmigrantsfortheeconomicopportunitiesthatwere
perceivedasbeingavailable.Theremainingmillionairecitiesatthistimeareallcapitalcities
butonesthatwerethemselvesrapidlyindustrializingsuchasBerlin,London,ParisandVienna.
Thisisthefirstmoderneffectonurbanizationthatisunprecedentedinhistory:thecreation
ofgreatindustrialcitiesasdescribedbyWeber(1899).
“Thelargeurbanagglomerateswecallmegacitiesareincreasinglyadevelopingworldphenomenonthatwill
affectthefutureprosperityandstabilityoftheentireworld.”
George Bugliarello-Megacities and the Developing World
Continued:MIGRATION, CITIES AND THE MODERN-WORLD SYSTEM
Mega-cities in Theoretical Perspective-P.J. Taylor
Thesecondmoderneffectonurbanizationunprecedentedinhistoryistheriseofmega-cities
inthetwentiethcentury.
Whereastherural-urbanmigrationforbothpoliticalandeconomiccitieswaslargelybasedon
thepullofthecities,urbanopportunitiesseeminglyoutweighingtheattractionsofstaying
rural,withmega-citiesthesituationismuchmorecomplex.
Certainlypushfactorsrelatingtoreorganizationsofruralworldsseemtobejustasimportant
ascitypullfactors.Thisisespeciallythecasewherethemega-cityinpoorercountriesis
unabletoprovideanywhereneartheformaljobstomatchin-migration.Theresulthasbeen
theproductionofwhatDavis(2006)calls„MEGA-SLUMS‟includingmany„millionaireslums‟:
first,secondandthirdgenerationurbanslumdwellersarebecomingamajorglobal
demographic(Brugmann2009).”
Push and Pull Factors:
Push factors are reasons why people leave an area/country.
Pull factors are reasons why people move to a particular area/country.
Push factors include: lack of services, high crime, war, poverty
Pull factors include: higher employment, safer, political stability, more wealth.
Mega-cities in Theoretical Perspective-P.J. Taylor
Thesecondmoderneffectonurbanizationunprecedentedinhistoryistheriseofmega-cities
inthetwentiethcentury.
Whereastherural-urbanmigrationforbothpoliticalandeconomiccitieswaslargelybasedon
thepullofthecities,urbanopportunitiesseeminglyoutweighingtheattractionsofstaying
rural,withmega-citiesthesituationismuchmorecomplex.
Certainlypushfactorsrelatingtoreorganizationsofruralworldsseemtobejustasimportant
ascitypullfactors.Thisisespeciallythecasewherethemega-cityinpoorercountriesis
unabletoprovideanywhereneartheformaljobstomatchin-migration.Theresulthasbeen
theproductionofwhatDavis(2006)calls„MEGA-SLUMS‟includingmany„millionaireslums‟:
first,secondandthirdgenerationurbanslumdwellersarebecomingamajorglobal
demographic(Brugmann2009).”
Push and Pull Factors:
Push factors are reasons why people leave an area/country.
Pull factors are reasons why people move to a particular area/country.
Push factors include: lack of services, high crime, war, poverty
Pull factors include: higher employment, safer, political stability, more wealth.
WHAT MAKES A CITY A “MEGA-CITY” AND
WHAT ARE THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS?
Mega-cities Projectand Yale Centerfor Study of Globalization
“Demographersdefine“mega-cities”assprawling,crowdedurbancentreswithpopulations
topping10million.In1995,14citiesqualifiedasmega-cities;analystspredictthatby2015
therewillbe21.
Theworld‟sfirstmega-citieswereinLatinAmerica:
•MexicoCity,
•RiodeJaneiro,
•SãoPauloand
•BuenosAires.
ButinrecentyearsAsiancountries:
•Japan,
•SouthKorea,
•Chinaand
•India
havegrownthefastest.
WHAT ARE THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS?
Mega-cities Projectand Yale Centerfor Study of Globalization
“Demographersdefine“mega-cities”assprawling,crowdedurbancentreswithpopulations
topping10million.In1995,14citiesqualifiedasmega-cities;analystspredictthatby2015
therewillbe21.
Theworld‟sfirstmega-citieswereinLatinAmerica:
•MexicoCity,
•RiodeJaneiro,
•SãoPauloand
•BuenosAires.
ButinrecentyearsAsiancountries:
•Japan,
•SouthKorea,
•Chinaand
•India
havegrownthefastest.
continued: WHAT MAKES A CITY A “MEGA-CITY” AND
WHAT ARE THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS?
Mega-cities Projectand Yale Centerfor Study of Globalization
Todaythefivelargestcitiesare
•Tokyo,
•MexicoCity,
•SãoPaulo,
•Mumbai(Bombay)and
•NewYorkCity.
Therapidpopulationgrowthofthesecitiesisdueprimarilytointra-countrymigrationsasthe
ruralpoormovefromthecountrysidetourbanareasinsearchofbetterlives.Theresult,
unfortunately,isoften:
•theproliferationofurbanslums,
•increasedcrime,
•highratesofunemploymentand
•profoundenvironmentaldegradationaccompaniedbyserioushealth
challengesforthemajorityofresidents.
“By2050,two-thirdsoftheworld’spopulationwillliveinurbanareas,imposingevenmorepressureonthe
spaceinfrastructureandresourcesofcities,leadingtosocialdisintegrationandhorrificurbanpoverty,”
says Werner Fornos, president of the Washington-based Population Institute.
WHAT ARE THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS?
Mega-cities Projectand Yale Centerfor Study of Globalization
Todaythefivelargestcitiesare
•Tokyo,
•MexicoCity,
•SãoPaulo,
•Mumbai(Bombay)and
•NewYorkCity.
Therapidpopulationgrowthofthesecitiesisdueprimarilytointra-countrymigrationsasthe
ruralpoormovefromthecountrysidetourbanareasinsearchofbetterlives.Theresult,
unfortunately,isoften:
•theproliferationofurbanslums,
•increasedcrime,
•highratesofunemploymentand
•profoundenvironmentaldegradationaccompaniedbyserioushealth
challengesforthemajorityofresidents.
“By2050,two-thirdsoftheworld’spopulationwillliveinurbanareas,imposingevenmorepressureonthe
spaceinfrastructureandresourcesofcities,leadingtosocialdisintegrationandhorrificurbanpoverty,”
says Werner Fornos, president of the Washington-based Population Institute.
continued: WHAT MAKES A CITY A “MEGA-CITY” AND
WHAT ARE THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS?
Mega-cities Projectand Yale Centerfor Study of Globalization
AccordingtotheWorldResourcesInstitute,
“Millionsofchildrenlivingintheworld‟slargestcities…areexposedtolife-threateningair
pollutiontwotoeighttimesabovethemaximumtolerablelevel[asestablishedbyWorld
HealthOrganizationguidelines].
Indeed,morethan80%ofalldeathsindevelopingcountriesattributabletoairpollution-
inducedlunginfectionsareamongchildrenunderfive.”
Oneorganizationaddressingtheissueisthenon-profitMega-CitiesProject,basedatTrinity
CollegeinHartford,Connecticut.Theorganizationhasbroughttogetheradiverseinternational
groupofcommunity,governmentandbusinessleaderstoshareideasonwaystomakemega-
citiesmoreECOLOGICALLYSUSTAINABLEandeconomicallyvital.Indeed,thefateofmanyof
theworld‟spoorrestswithsucheffortstosmooththetransitiontoaplanetwhere60%ofall
peoplecrowdintoafewdozensprawlingmetropolises.
Theriseofmega-cities,posesformidablechallengesinhealthcareandtheenvironment…theurbanpoorin
developingcountriesliveinsqualorunlikeanythingtheyleftbehind…”
agreesTheWashington Post
WHAT ARE THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS?
Mega-cities Projectand Yale Centerfor Study of Globalization
AccordingtotheWorldResourcesInstitute,
“Millionsofchildrenlivingintheworld‟slargestcities…areexposedtolife-threateningair
pollutiontwotoeighttimesabovethemaximumtolerablelevel[asestablishedbyWorld
HealthOrganizationguidelines].
Indeed,morethan80%ofalldeathsindevelopingcountriesattributabletoairpollution-
inducedlunginfectionsareamongchildrenunderfive.”
Oneorganizationaddressingtheissueisthenon-profitMega-CitiesProject,basedatTrinity
CollegeinHartford,Connecticut.Theorganizationhasbroughttogetheradiverseinternational
groupofcommunity,governmentandbusinessleaderstoshareideasonwaystomakemega-
citiesmoreECOLOGICALLYSUSTAINABLEandeconomicallyvital.Indeed,thefateofmanyof
theworld‟spoorrestswithsucheffortstosmooththetransitiontoaplanetwhere60%ofall
peoplecrowdintoafewdozensprawlingmetropolises.
Theriseofmega-cities,posesformidablechallengesinhealthcareandtheenvironment…theurbanpoorin
developingcountriesliveinsqualorunlikeanythingtheyleftbehind…”
agreesTheWashington Post
continued: WHAT MAKES A CITY A “MEGA-CITY” AND
WHAT ARE THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS?
Mega-cities Projectand Yale Centerfor Study of Globalization
Worldwide,overabillionpeoplelivewithoutregularaccesstocleanwater.Mega-city
residents,crowdedintounsanitaryslums,alsofallvictimtoseriousdiseases.Lima,Peru(with
populationestimatedat9.4millionby2015)sufferedacholeraoutbreakintheearly1990s
partlybecause,asTheNewYorkTimesreported,
“RuralpeoplenewtoLima…liveinhouseswithoutrunningwaterandusetheouthouses
thatdotthehillsidesabove.”
Consumptionofunsafefoodandwatersubjectsthesepeopletoregularandlife-threatening
diarrhoeaanddehydration.
“Allthedemographicdatapointtothe21stcenturyemergingastheurbancentury,”says
DeaneNeubaueroftheYaleCentrefortheStudyofGlobalization.“Butevidencealso
indicatesthatavastportionofthenew„megacities‟…willbeinfestedby19th-century-style
poverty.”
Theriseofmega-cities,posesformidablechallengesinhealthcareandtheenvironment…theurbanpoorin
developingcountriesliveinsqualorunlikeanythingtheyleftbehind…”
agreesTheWashington Post
WHAT ARE THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS?
Mega-cities Projectand Yale Centerfor Study of Globalization
Worldwide,overabillionpeoplelivewithoutregularaccesstocleanwater.Mega-city
residents,crowdedintounsanitaryslums,alsofallvictimtoseriousdiseases.Lima,Peru(with
populationestimatedat9.4millionby2015)sufferedacholeraoutbreakintheearly1990s
partlybecause,asTheNewYorkTimesreported,
“RuralpeoplenewtoLima…liveinhouseswithoutrunningwaterandusetheouthouses
thatdotthehillsidesabove.”
Consumptionofunsafefoodandwatersubjectsthesepeopletoregularandlife-threatening
diarrhoeaanddehydration.
“Allthedemographicdatapointtothe21stcenturyemergingastheurbancentury,”says
DeaneNeubaueroftheYaleCentrefortheStudyofGlobalization.“Butevidencealso
indicatesthatavastportionofthenew„megacities‟…willbeinfestedby19th-century-style
poverty.”
Theriseofmega-cities,posesformidablechallengesinhealthcareandtheenvironment…theurbanpoorin
developingcountriesliveinsqualorunlikeanythingtheyleftbehind…”
agreesTheWashington Post
Agglomerations(seealso:UrbanAgglomeration)
Agglomerationsincludeacentralcityandneighbouringcommunitieslinkedtoit(e.g.)by
continuousbuilt-upareasorcommuters.Someagglomerationshavemorethanonecentral
city(e.g."TheRuhr").
AlphaCity
Analphacityisacitywhichplaysamajorroleintheinternationalcommunity.Alphacities
havetremendouseconomic,political,andsocialclout,andtheyareviewedasprimaryhubs
forglobalindustry,inadditiontocentresofculture.
BetaCities
Theseareimportantworldcitiesthatareinstrumentalinlinkingtheirregionorstateinto
theworldeconomy.
Caliph
ThechiefMuslimcivilandreligiousruler,regardedasthesuccessorofMuhammad.
Conurbation
Anextendedurbanarea,typicallyconsistingofseveraltownsmergingwiththesuburbsof
oneormorecities.
[Remember: as cities grow and merge, new urban configurations are
formed.]
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Agglomerationsincludeacentralcityandneighbouringcommunitieslinkedtoit(e.g.)by
continuousbuilt-upareasorcommuters.Someagglomerationshavemorethanonecentral
city(e.g."TheRuhr").
AlphaCity
Analphacityisacitywhichplaysamajorroleintheinternationalcommunity.Alphacities
havetremendouseconomic,political,andsocialclout,andtheyareviewedasprimaryhubs
forglobalindustry,inadditiontocentresofculture.
BetaCities
Theseareimportantworldcitiesthatareinstrumentalinlinkingtheirregionorstateinto
theworldeconomy.
Caliph
ThechiefMuslimcivilandreligiousruler,regardedasthesuccessorofMuhammad.
Conurbation
Anextendedurbanarea,typicallyconsistingofseveraltownsmergingwiththesuburbsof
oneormorecities.
[Remember: as cities grow and merge, new urban configurations are
formed.]
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Demographic
Thestudyofpopulationstatistics.Itmeasurestrendsandtracksbirths,deathsand
migration.
Demography
Demographyisthestudyofstatisticssuchasbirths,deaths,income,ortheincidenceof
disease,whichillustratethechangingstructureofhumanpopulations.
EcocityorEcopolis[alsocalled„SustainableCity‟]seealsoSustainableCity.
AnEcocityisahumansettlementmodelledontheself-sustainingresilientstructureand
functionofnaturalecosystems.Theecocityprovideshealthyabundancetoitsinhabitants
withoutconsumingmore(renewable)resourcesthanitproduces,withoutproducingmore
wastethanitcanassimilate,andwithoutbeingtoxictoitselforneighbouringecosystems.
Itsinhabitants‟ecologicalimpactreflectplanetarysupportivelifestyles;itssocialorder
reflectsfundamentalprinciplesoffairness,justiceandreasonableequity.
Ecology
Thebranchofbiologythatdealswiththerelationsoforganismstooneanotherandtotheir
physicalsurroundings.Thestudyoftheinteractionofpeoplewiththeirenvironment.
Ekistics
Ekisticsmeanthescienceofhumansettlements.Itconceivesofthehumansettlementasa
livingorganismhavingitsownlawsand,throughthestudyoftheevolutionofhuman
settlementsfromtheirmostprimitivephasetoMegalopolisandEcumenopolis,developsthe
interdisciplinaryapproachneededtosolveitsproblems.
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Thestudyofpopulationstatistics.Itmeasurestrendsandtracksbirths,deathsand
migration.
Demography
Demographyisthestudyofstatisticssuchasbirths,deaths,income,ortheincidenceof
disease,whichillustratethechangingstructureofhumanpopulations.
EcocityorEcopolis[alsocalled„SustainableCity‟]seealsoSustainableCity.
AnEcocityisahumansettlementmodelledontheself-sustainingresilientstructureand
functionofnaturalecosystems.Theecocityprovideshealthyabundancetoitsinhabitants
withoutconsumingmore(renewable)resourcesthanitproduces,withoutproducingmore
wastethanitcanassimilate,andwithoutbeingtoxictoitselforneighbouringecosystems.
Itsinhabitants‟ecologicalimpactreflectplanetarysupportivelifestyles;itssocialorder
reflectsfundamentalprinciplesoffairness,justiceandreasonableequity.
Ecology
Thebranchofbiologythatdealswiththerelationsoforganismstooneanotherandtotheir
physicalsurroundings.Thestudyoftheinteractionofpeoplewiththeirenvironment.
Ekistics
Ekisticsmeanthescienceofhumansettlements.Itconceivesofthehumansettlementasa
livingorganismhavingitsownlawsand,throughthestudyoftheevolutionofhuman
settlementsfromtheirmostprimitivephasetoMegalopolisandEcumenopolis,developsthe
interdisciplinaryapproachneededtosolveitsproblems.
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GammaCities
Thesecanbeworldcitieslinkingsmallerregionsorstatesintotheworldeconomy,or
importantworldcitieswhosemajorglobalcapacityisnotinadvancedproducerservices.
GlobalCity
See:WorldCity
Hegemony
Leadershipordominance,esp.byonecountryorsocialgroup.
In-migration
Tomoveintoadifferentregionofthesamecountryorterritory.
LEDC
LessEconomicallyDevelopedCountry–haslowlevelofdevelopmentbasedoneconomic
indicatorssuchasGDP(GrossDomesticProduct)iecountry’sincome.
MEDC
MoreEconomicallyDevelopedCountry-hashighlevelofdevelopmentbasedoneconomic
indicatorssuchasGDP(GrossDomesticProduct)iethecountry’sincome.
Megalopolis
Averylarge,heavilypopulatedcityorurbancomplex.
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Thesecanbeworldcitieslinkingsmallerregionsorstatesintotheworldeconomy,or
importantworldcitieswhosemajorglobalcapacityisnotinadvancedproducerservices.
GlobalCity
See:WorldCity
Hegemony
Leadershipordominance,esp.byonecountryorsocialgroup.
In-migration
Tomoveintoadifferentregionofthesamecountryorterritory.
LEDC
LessEconomicallyDevelopedCountry–haslowlevelofdevelopmentbasedoneconomic
indicatorssuchasGDP(GrossDomesticProduct)iecountry’sincome.
MEDC
MoreEconomicallyDevelopedCountry-hashighlevelofdevelopmentbasedoneconomic
indicatorssuchasGDP(GrossDomesticProduct)iethecountry’sincome.
Megalopolis
Averylarge,heavilypopulatedcityorurbancomplex.
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Metacity(Hypercity)
Acitywithapopulationofover20millionalsocalledahypercity.
Amajorconurbation–amegacityofmorethan20millionpeople.
Metroplex
Averylargemetropolitanarea,esp.anaggregationoftwoormorecities.
MetropolitanArea/Region
Aformallocalgovernmentareacomprisingtheurbanareaasawholeanditsprimary
commuterareas,typicallyformedaroundacitywithalargeconcentrationofpeople(ie.a
populationofatleast100,000).
Migration
Migration is the movement of people from one place to another. The reasons for migration
can be economic, social, political or environmental.
There are usuallypush factorsandpull factorsat work.
Migration impacts on both the place left behind, and on the place where migrants settle.
•Internal migrationis when people migrate within the same country or region.
•International migrationis when people migrate from one country to another.
•Emigration-when someone leaves a country.
•Immigration-when someone enters a country.
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Acitywithapopulationofover20millionalsocalledahypercity.
Amajorconurbation–amegacityofmorethan20millionpeople.
Metroplex
Averylargemetropolitanarea,esp.anaggregationoftwoormorecities.
MetropolitanArea/Region
Aformallocalgovernmentareacomprisingtheurbanareaasawholeanditsprimary
commuterareas,typicallyformedaroundacitywithalargeconcentrationofpeople(ie.a
populationofatleast100,000).
Migration
Migration is the movement of people from one place to another. The reasons for migration
can be economic, social, political or environmental.
There are usuallypush factorsandpull factorsat work.
Migration impacts on both the place left behind, and on the place where migrants settle.
•Internal migrationis when people migrate within the same country or region.
•International migrationis when people migrate from one country to another.
•Emigration-when someone leaves a country.
•Immigration-when someone enters a country.
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PopulationDensity
Population density is an often reported and commonly compared statistic for places around
the world. Population density is the measure of the number per unit area. It is commonly
represented as people per square mile (or square kilometre), which is derived simply by
dividing...
total area population / land area in square miles (or square kilometres)
For example, Canada's population of 33 million, divided by the land area of 3,559,294
square miles yields a density of 9.27 people per square mile.
Qualitative
Relatingto,measuring,ormeasuredbythequalityofsomethingratherthanitsquantity.
Quantitative
Relatingto,measuring,ormeasuredbythequantityofsomething.
Rural
Relating to the country and the people who live there instead of the city (urban area).
RuralMigration
A shift of population to urban areas.
Slums
Run-down area of a city characterized by substandard housing and squalor.
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Population density is an often reported and commonly compared statistic for places around
the world. Population density is the measure of the number per unit area. It is commonly
represented as people per square mile (or square kilometre), which is derived simply by
dividing...
total area population / land area in square miles (or square kilometres)
For example, Canada's population of 33 million, divided by the land area of 3,559,294
square miles yields a density of 9.27 people per square mile.
Qualitative
Relatingto,measuring,ormeasuredbythequalityofsomethingratherthanitsquantity.
Quantitative
Relatingto,measuring,ormeasuredbythequantityofsomething.
Rural
Relating to the country and the people who live there instead of the city (urban area).
RuralMigration
A shift of population to urban areas.
Slums
Run-down area of a city characterized by substandard housing and squalor.
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SpatialDensity
Spatial density deals with the space and not the number of things in it.
SustainableCity(seealsoEcocity)
A city with a liveable environment, a strong economy and a social and cultural sense of
community; sustainable cities enhance the well-being of current and future generations of
urban dwellers.
Sustainable Cities:
•are concerned about the state of the environment and how it effects it.
•take steps to preserve, reuse and reduce products.
•are green. Using green materials for construction and energy sources.
•generally have more citizens who; recycle and grow their own food.
•are PEOPLE BASED in that they focus less on expanding the economic boom of a city
and more on preservation of the environment for future generations.
HOWEVER, NO SUSTAINABLE CITY currently exists that uses and is completely committed to
the principles of a „people-based‟ city.
Urban
Related to or located in a city.
The definition of „urban‟ varies from country to country and with periodic reclassification,
can also vary within one country overtime, making direct comparisons difficult.
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Spatial density deals with the space and not the number of things in it.
SustainableCity(seealsoEcocity)
A city with a liveable environment, a strong economy and a social and cultural sense of
community; sustainable cities enhance the well-being of current and future generations of
urban dwellers.
Sustainable Cities:
•are concerned about the state of the environment and how it effects it.
•take steps to preserve, reuse and reduce products.
•are green. Using green materials for construction and energy sources.
•generally have more citizens who; recycle and grow their own food.
•are PEOPLE BASED in that they focus less on expanding the economic boom of a city
and more on preservation of the environment for future generations.
HOWEVER, NO SUSTAINABLE CITY currently exists that uses and is completely committed to
the principles of a „people-based‟ city.
Urban
Related to or located in a city.
The definition of „urban‟ varies from country to country and with periodic reclassification,
can also vary within one country overtime, making direct comparisons difficult.
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Urban(continued)
An „Urban Area‟ can be defined by one or more of the following:
•Administrative criteria or political boundaries
e.g. area within the jurisdiction of a municipality or town committee.
•A threshold population size
oi.e. where the minimum for an urban settlement is typically in the region of
2,000 people, although this varies globally between 200 and 50,000 people.
•Population density
•Economic function
oe.g. where a significant majority of the population is not primarily engaged in
agriculture or where there is surplus employment
•The presence of „urban‟ characteristics
oe.g. paved streets, electric lighting, sewerage.
In 2010, 3.5 billion people lived in areas classified as „urban‟.
UrbanAgglomeration(see:Agglomerations)
The population of a built-up or densely populated area containing the city proper, suburbs
and continuously settled commuter areas or adjoining territory inhabited at urban levels of
residential density.
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An „Urban Area‟ can be defined by one or more of the following:
•Administrative criteria or political boundaries
e.g. area within the jurisdiction of a municipality or town committee.
•A threshold population size
oi.e. where the minimum for an urban settlement is typically in the region of
2,000 people, although this varies globally between 200 and 50,000 people.
•Population density
•Economic function
oe.g. where a significant majority of the population is not primarily engaged in
agriculture or where there is surplus employment
•The presence of „urban‟ characteristics
oe.g. paved streets, electric lighting, sewerage.
In 2010, 3.5 billion people lived in areas classified as „urban‟.
UrbanAgglomeration(see:Agglomerations)
The population of a built-up or densely populated area containing the city proper, suburbs
and continuously settled commuter areas or adjoining territory inhabited at urban levels of
residential density.
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The First Megacities Lecture February 1997, Rotterdam –Peter Hall
Megacities, World Cities, and Global Cities
By Peter Hall
TheauthorofthefirstMegacitiesLecture–inaseriesoflecturestobedeliveredbywellknown
authoritiesinthefieldofMegacities–isPeterHall,ProfessorinPlanningattheBartlettSchoolof
PlanninginLondon.PeterHallisspecializedinmetropolitanplanningandcanbeconsideredthe
founderoftheconcept“WorldCities”.Hepublishedmanybooksabouttheoriginanddevelopmentof
worldcities.
How Rapidly Cities Are Growing[INFOGRAPHIC]
Infographicdepicts 2011
January 15, 2012 by Arian de Raaf
A Trip to Ancient Greece: Megalopolis
Megalopolis: Site
Discover Ancient Rome in Google Earth
SMPL: 3D Rome Reconstruction
Megacities, World Cities, and Global Cities
By Peter Hall
TheauthorofthefirstMegacitiesLecture–inaseriesoflecturestobedeliveredbywellknown
authoritiesinthefieldofMegacities–isPeterHall,ProfessorinPlanningattheBartlettSchoolof
PlanninginLondon.PeterHallisspecializedinmetropolitanplanningandcanbeconsideredthe
founderoftheconcept“WorldCities”.Hepublishedmanybooksabouttheoriginanddevelopmentof
worldcities.
How Rapidly Cities Are Growing[INFOGRAPHIC]
Infographicdepicts 2011
January 15, 2012 by Arian de Raaf
A Trip to Ancient Greece: Megalopolis
Megalopolis: Site
Discover Ancient Rome in Google Earth
SMPL: 3D Rome Reconstruction
Megacities and Microcities
Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias: Ekistics
Resource efficiency in an urban context: Defining the framework of eco-municipalities
FOREIGN POLICY: The most dynamic cities of 2025
DICTIONARY.COM: Megacity
REFERENCE.COM: Megacity
Megacities in the Geography of Global Economic Governance
Mega-cities in Theoretical Perspective
City Populations and Data
Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias: Ekistics
Resource efficiency in an urban context: Defining the framework of eco-municipalities
FOREIGN POLICY: The most dynamic cities of 2025
DICTIONARY.COM: Megacity
REFERENCE.COM: Megacity
Megacities in the Geography of Global Economic Governance
Mega-cities in Theoretical Perspective
City Populations and Data
Community Scale
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ekistic
units
Anthropos
Room House
House Group
(hamlet)
Small
Neighbourhood
(village)
Neighbourhood
Small Polis
(town)
Polis (city)
Small Metropolis
Metropolis
Small Megalopolis
Megalopolis
Small
Eperopolis
Eperopolis
Ecumenopolis
(Global City)
E k i s t i c
E l e m e n t s
Nature
Anthropos
Society
Shells
Networks
Synthesis:
Human Settlements
EKISTIC
POPULATION:
T = Thousand
M = Million
1 2 5
40
250 1.5 T 10 T 75 T 500 T
4 M
25 M
150 M 750M
7,500 M
50,000 M
ANTHROPOS
Oneofthefiveekisticelements,itistheGreekwordforhuman
being,usedinsteadoftheEnglishword,“Man”(άμθρωπος),
sinceithasnoconnotationdistinguishingsexoragebutmeans
menandwomenequally,belongingtoallagegroups.
EKTISTICPOPULATION:1
Thatis: 1person
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ekistic
units
Anthropos
Room House
House Group
(hamlet)
Small
Neighbourhood
(village)
Neighbourhood
Small Polis
(town)
Polis (city)
Small Metropolis
Metropolis
Small Megalopolis
Megalopolis
Small
Eperopolis
Eperopolis
Ecumenopolis
(Global City)
E k i s t i c
E l e m e n t s
Nature
Anthropos
Society
Shells
Networks
Synthesis:
Human Settlements
EKISTIC
POPULATION:
T = Thousand
M = Million
1 2 5
40
250 1.5 T 10 T 75 T 500 T
4 M
25 M
150 M 750M
7,500 M
50,000 M
ANTHROPOS
Oneofthefiveekisticelements,itistheGreekwordforhuman
being,usedinsteadoftheEnglishword,“Man”(άμθρωπος),
sinceithasnoconnotationdistinguishingsexoragebutmeans
menandwomenequally,belongingtoallagegroups.
EKTISTICPOPULATION:1
Thatis: 1person
Community Scale
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ekistic
units
Anthropos
Room House
House Group
(hamlet)
Small
Neighbourhood
(village)
Neighbourhood
Small Polis
(town)
Polis (city)
Small Metropolis
Metropolis
Small Megalopolis
Megalopolis
Small
Eperopolis
Eperopolis
Ecumenopolis
(Global City)
E k i s t i c
E l e m e n t s
Nature
Anthropos
Society
Shells
Networks
Synthesis:
Human Settlements
EKISTIC
POPULATION:
T = Thousand
M = Million
1 2 5
40
250 1.5 T 10 T 75 T 500 T
4 M
25 M
150 M 750M
7,500 M
50,000 M
ROOM
EKTISTICPOPULATION:2
Thatis: 2people
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ekistic
units
Anthropos
Room House
House Group
(hamlet)
Small
Neighbourhood
(village)
Neighbourhood
Small Polis
(town)
Polis (city)
Small Metropolis
Metropolis
Small Megalopolis
Megalopolis
Small
Eperopolis
Eperopolis
Ecumenopolis
(Global City)
E k i s t i c
E l e m e n t s
Nature
Anthropos
Society
Shells
Networks
Synthesis:
Human Settlements
EKISTIC
POPULATION:
T = Thousand
M = Million
1 2 5
40
250 1.5 T 10 T 75 T 500 T
4 M
25 M
150 M 750M
7,500 M
50,000 M
ROOM
EKTISTICPOPULATION:2
Thatis: 2people
Community Scale
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ekistic
units
Anthropos
Room House
House Group
(hamlet)
Small
Neighbourhood
(village)
Neighbourhood
Small Polis
(town)
Polis (city)
Small Metropolis
Metropolis
Small Megalopolis
Megalopolis
Small
Eperopolis
Eperopolis
Ecumenopolis
(Global City)
E k i s t i c
E l e m e n t s
Nature
Anthropos
Society
Shells
Networks
Synthesis:
Human Settlements
EKISTIC
POPULATION:
T = Thousand
M = Million
1 2 5
40
250 1.5 T 10 T 75 T 500 T
4 M
25 M
150 M 750M
7,500 M
50,000 M
HOUSE
Thistermreplaces„dwelling‟.
EKTISTICPOPULATION:5
Thatis: 3-5people
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ekistic
units
Anthropos
Room House
House Group
(hamlet)
Small
Neighbourhood
(village)
Neighbourhood
Small Polis
(town)
Polis (city)
Small Metropolis
Metropolis
Small Megalopolis
Megalopolis
Small
Eperopolis
Eperopolis
Ecumenopolis
(Global City)
E k i s t i c
E l e m e n t s
Nature
Anthropos
Society
Shells
Networks
Synthesis:
Human Settlements
EKISTIC
POPULATION:
T = Thousand
M = Million
1 2 5
40
250 1.5 T 10 T 75 T 500 T
4 M
25 M
150 M 750M
7,500 M
50,000 M
HOUSE
Thistermreplaces„dwelling‟.
EKTISTICPOPULATION:5
Thatis: 3-5people
Community Scale
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ekistic
units
Anthropos
Room House
House Group
(hamlet)
Small
Neighbourhood
(village)
Neighbourhood
Small Polis
(town)
Polis (city)
Small Metropolis
Metropolis
Small Megalopolis
Megalopolis
Small
Eperopolis
Eperopolis
Ecumenopolis
(Global City)
E k i s t i c
E l e m e n t s
Nature
Anthropos
Society
Shells
Networks
Synthesis:
Human Settlements
EKISTIC
POPULATION:
T = Thousand
M = Million
1 2 5
40
250 1.5 T 10 T 75 T 500 T
4 M
25 M
150 M 750M
7,500 M
50,000 M
HOUSEGROUP
Thisreplaces„dwellinggroup‟.
Alsoknownas:
Hamlet:
Asmallsettlement,generallyonesmallerthanavillage;alsoknownasathorp.
EKTISTICPOPULATION:40
Thatis: 6-40people
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ekistic
units
Anthropos
Room House
House Group
(hamlet)
Small
Neighbourhood
(village)
Neighbourhood
Small Polis
(town)
Polis (city)
Small Metropolis
Metropolis
Small Megalopolis
Megalopolis
Small
Eperopolis
Eperopolis
Ecumenopolis
(Global City)
E k i s t i c
E l e m e n t s
Nature
Anthropos
Society
Shells
Networks
Synthesis:
Human Settlements
EKISTIC
POPULATION:
T = Thousand
M = Million
1 2 5
40
250 1.5 T 10 T 75 T 500 T
4 M
25 M
150 M 750M
7,500 M
50,000 M
HOUSEGROUP
Thisreplaces„dwellinggroup‟.
Alsoknownas:
Hamlet:
Asmallsettlement,generallyonesmallerthanavillage;alsoknownasathorp.
EKTISTICPOPULATION:40
Thatis: 6-40people
Community Scale
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ekistic
units
Anthropos
Room House
House Group
(hamlet)
Small
Neighbourhood
(village)
Neighbourhood
Small Polis
(town)
Polis (city)
Small Metropolis
Metropolis
Small Megalopolis
Megalopolis
Small
Eperopolis
Eperopolis
Ecumenopolis
(Global City)
E k i s t i c
E l e m e n t s
Nature
Anthropos
Society
Shells
Networks
Synthesis:
Human Settlements
EKISTIC
POPULATION:
T = Thousand
M = Million
1 2 5
40
250 1.5 T 10 T 75 T 500 T
4 M
25 M
150 M 750M
7,500 M
50,000 M
SMALLNEIGHBOURHOOD
NEIGHBOURHOOD
Adistrict,esp.oneformingacommunitywithinatownorcity.
Alsoknownasa:
Village:
Agroupofhousesandassociatedbuildings,largerthanahamletandsmallerthanatown,situated
inaruralarea.
EKTISTICPOPULATION:250
Thatis: 41-250people
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ekistic
units
Anthropos
Room House
House Group
(hamlet)
Small
Neighbourhood
(village)
Neighbourhood
Small Polis
(town)
Polis (city)
Small Metropolis
Metropolis
Small Megalopolis
Megalopolis
Small
Eperopolis
Eperopolis
Ecumenopolis
(Global City)
E k i s t i c
E l e m e n t s
Nature
Anthropos
Society
Shells
Networks
Synthesis:
Human Settlements
EKISTIC
POPULATION:
T = Thousand
M = Million
1 2 5
40
250 1.5 T 10 T 75 T 500 T
4 M
25 M
150 M 750M
7,500 M
50,000 M
SMALLNEIGHBOURHOOD
NEIGHBOURHOOD
Adistrict,esp.oneformingacommunitywithinatownorcity.
Alsoknownasa:
Village:
Agroupofhousesandassociatedbuildings,largerthanahamletandsmallerthanatown,situated
inaruralarea.
EKTISTICPOPULATION:250
Thatis: 41-250people
Community Scale
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ekistic
units
Anthropos
Room House
House Group
(hamlet)
Small
Neighbourhood
(village)
Neighbourhood
Small Polis
(town)
Polis (city)
Small Metropolis
Metropolis
Small Megalopolis
Megalopolis
Small
Eperopolis
Eperopolis
Ecumenopolis
(Global City)
E k i s t i c
E l e m e n t s
Nature
Anthropos
Society
Shells
Networks
Synthesis:
Human Settlements
EKISTIC
POPULATION:
T = Thousand
M = Million
1 2 5
40
250 1.5 T 10 T 75 T 500 T
4 M
25 M
150 M 750M
7,500 M
50,000 M
NEIGHBOURHOOD
Adistrict,esp.oneformingacommunitywithinatownorcity.
EKTISTICPOPULATION:1,500
Thatis: 251-1,500people
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ekistic
units
Anthropos
Room House
House Group
(hamlet)
Small
Neighbourhood
(village)
Neighbourhood
Small Polis
(town)
Polis (city)
Small Metropolis
Metropolis
Small Megalopolis
Megalopolis
Small
Eperopolis
Eperopolis
Ecumenopolis
(Global City)
E k i s t i c
E l e m e n t s
Nature
Anthropos
Society
Shells
Networks
Synthesis:
Human Settlements
EKISTIC
POPULATION:
T = Thousand
M = Million
1 2 5
40
250 1.5 T 10 T 75 T 500 T
4 M
25 M
150 M 750M
7,500 M
50,000 M
NEIGHBOURHOOD
Adistrict,esp.oneformingacommunitywithinatownorcity.
EKTISTICPOPULATION:1,500
Thatis: 251-1,500people
Community Scale
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ekistic
units
Anthropos
Room House
House Group
(hamlet)
Small
Neighbourhood
(village)
Neighbourhood
Small Polis
(town)
Polis (city)
Small Metropolis
Metropolis
Small Megalopolis
Megalopolis
Small
Eperopolis
Eperopolis
Ecumenopolis
(Global City)
E k i s t i c
E l e m e n t s
Nature
Anthropos
Society
Shells
Networks
Synthesis:
Human Settlements
EKISTIC
POPULATION:
T = Thousand
M = Million
1 2 5
40
250 1.5 T 10 T 75 T 500 T
4 M
25 M
150 M 750M
7,500 M
50,000 M
SMALLPOLIS
POLIS
A city-state in ancient Greece. A City.
Etymology:
"ancient Greek city-state,"1894, from Greekpolis(πόλις)"city, one's city; the state, citizens," from
PIE*pele-"citadel, enclosed space, often on high ground" (cf. Sanskritpur,puram"city, citadel,"
Lithuanianpilis"fortress").
Online Etymology Dictionary: Polis
Alsoknownasa:
Town:
Anurbanareathathasaname,definedboundaries,andlocalgovernment,andthatislargerthana
villagebutsmallerthanacity.
EKTISTICPOPULATION:10,000
Thatis: 1,501-10,000people
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ekistic
units
Anthropos
Room House
House Group
(hamlet)
Small
Neighbourhood
(village)
Neighbourhood
Small Polis
(town)
Polis (city)
Small Metropolis
Metropolis
Small Megalopolis
Megalopolis
Small
Eperopolis
Eperopolis
Ecumenopolis
(Global City)
E k i s t i c
E l e m e n t s
Nature
Anthropos
Society
Shells
Networks
Synthesis:
Human Settlements
EKISTIC
POPULATION:
T = Thousand
M = Million
1 2 5
40
250 1.5 T 10 T 75 T 500 T
4 M
25 M
150 M 750M
7,500 M
50,000 M
SMALLPOLIS
POLIS
A city-state in ancient Greece. A City.
Etymology:
"ancient Greek city-state,"1894, from Greekpolis(πόλις)"city, one's city; the state, citizens," from
PIE*pele-"citadel, enclosed space, often on high ground" (cf. Sanskritpur,puram"city, citadel,"
Lithuanianpilis"fortress").
Online Etymology Dictionary: Polis
Alsoknownasa:
Town:
Anurbanareathathasaname,definedboundaries,andlocalgovernment,andthatislargerthana
villagebutsmallerthanacity.
EKTISTICPOPULATION:10,000
Thatis: 1,501-10,000people
Community Scale
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ekistic
units
Anthropos
Room House
House Group
(hamlet)
Small
Neighbourhood
(village)
Neighbourhood
Small Polis
(town)
Polis (city)
Small Metropolis
Metropolis
Small Megalopolis
Megalopolis
Small
Eperopolis
Eperopolis
Ecumenopolis
(Global City)
E k i s t i c
E l e m e n t s
Nature
Anthropos
Society
Shells
Networks
Synthesis:
Human Settlements
EKISTIC
POPULATION:
T = Thousand
M = Million
1 2 5
40
250 1.5 T 10 T 75 T 500 T
4 M
25 M
150 M 750M
7,500 M
50,000 M
POLIS
A city-state in ancient Greece. A City.
Etymology:
"ancient Greek city-state," 1894, from Greekpolis(πόλις)"city, one's city; the state, citizens,"
from PIE*pele-"citadel, enclosed space, often on high ground" (cf. Sanskritpur,puram"city,
citadel," Lithuanianpilis"fortress").
Online Etymology Dictionary: Polis
Alsoknownasa:
City:
Alargetown.
EKTISTICPOPULATION:75,000
Thatis: 10,001-75,000people
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ekistic
units
Anthropos
Room House
House Group
(hamlet)
Small
Neighbourhood
(village)
Neighbourhood
Small Polis
(town)
Polis (city)
Small Metropolis
Metropolis
Small Megalopolis
Megalopolis
Small
Eperopolis
Eperopolis
Ecumenopolis
(Global City)
E k i s t i c
E l e m e n t s
Nature
Anthropos
Society
Shells
Networks
Synthesis:
Human Settlements
EKISTIC
POPULATION:
T = Thousand
M = Million
1 2 5
40
250 1.5 T 10 T 75 T 500 T
4 M
25 M
150 M 750M
7,500 M
50,000 M
POLIS
A city-state in ancient Greece. A City.
Etymology:
"ancient Greek city-state," 1894, from Greekpolis(πόλις)"city, one's city; the state, citizens,"
from PIE*pele-"citadel, enclosed space, often on high ground" (cf. Sanskritpur,puram"city,
citadel," Lithuanianpilis"fortress").
Online Etymology Dictionary: Polis
Alsoknownasa:
City:
Alargetown.
EKTISTICPOPULATION:75,000
Thatis: 10,001-75,000people
Community Scale
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ekistic
units
Anthropos
Room House
House Group
(hamlet)
Small
Neighbourhood
(village)
Neighbourhood
Small Polis
(town)
Polis (city)
Small Metropolis
Metropolis
Small Megalopolis
Megalopolis
Small
Eperopolis
Eperopolis
Ecumenopolis
(Global City)
E k i s t i c
E l e m e n t s
Nature
Anthropos
Society
Shells
Networks
Synthesis:
Human Settlements
EKISTIC
POPULATION:
T = Thousand
M = Million
1 2 5
40
250 1.5 T 10 T 75 T 500 T
4 M
25 M
150 M 750M
7,500 M
50,000 M
SMALLMETROPOLIS
Metropolis:
Amajor,multi-centreurbanareawithmorethan50,000peopleincorporatingothersmall
settlements,bothurbanandrural,growingdynamicallytosizesashighastenmillionpeople.The
averagepopulationofsuchsettlementsbetween50,000andtenmillioninhabitantsisofthe
orderof2.5million,whileaboutonehalfofthesesettlementshaveapopulationvaryingbetween
50,000and100,000.(μητρόπολη)
GlossaryDOXIADES:Metropolis
EKTISTICPOPULATION:500,000
Thatis: 75,001-500,000
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ekistic
units
Anthropos
Room House
House Group
(hamlet)
Small
Neighbourhood
(village)
Neighbourhood
Small Polis
(town)
Polis (city)
Small Metropolis
Metropolis
Small Megalopolis
Megalopolis
Small
Eperopolis
Eperopolis
Ecumenopolis
(Global City)
E k i s t i c
E l e m e n t s
Nature
Anthropos
Society
Shells
Networks
Synthesis:
Human Settlements
EKISTIC
POPULATION:
T = Thousand
M = Million
1 2 5
40
250 1.5 T 10 T 75 T 500 T
4 M
25 M
150 M 750M
7,500 M
50,000 M
SMALLMETROPOLIS
Metropolis:
Amajor,multi-centreurbanareawithmorethan50,000peopleincorporatingothersmall
settlements,bothurbanandrural,growingdynamicallytosizesashighastenmillionpeople.The
averagepopulationofsuchsettlementsbetween50,000andtenmillioninhabitantsisofthe
orderof2.5million,whileaboutonehalfofthesesettlementshaveapopulationvaryingbetween
50,000and100,000.(μητρόπολη)
GlossaryDOXIADES:Metropolis
EKTISTICPOPULATION:500,000
Thatis: 75,001-500,000
Community Scale
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ekistic
units
Anthropos
Room House
House Group
(hamlet)
Small
Neighbourhood
(village)
Neighbourhood
Small Polis
(town)
Polis (city)
Small Metropolis
Metropolis
Small Megalopolis
Megalopolis
Small
Eperopolis
Eperopolis
Ecumenopolis
(Global City)
E k i s t i c
E l e m e n t s
Nature
Anthropos
Society
Shells
Networks
Synthesis:
Human Settlements
EKISTIC
POPULATION:
T = Thousand
M = Million
1 2 5
40
250 1.5 T 10 T 75 T 500 T
4 M
25 M
150 M 750M
7,500 M
50,000 M
METROPOLIS
Etymology:
•From Greekmetropolis"mother city"(μητρόπολις) (from which others have been
colonized), also "capital city,"frommeter(μήτηρ)"mother" +polis(πόλις)"city" –
(parent state of a colony)
•Meaning "chief town or capital city of a province" is first attested 1580s, earlier
metropol(late 14c.).
•"seat of a metropolitan bishop," 1530s, from Late Latinmetropolis.
Online Etymology Dictionary: Metropolis
EKTISTICPOPULATION:4,000,000
Thatis: 501,000-4,000,000
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ekistic
units
Anthropos
Room House
House Group
(hamlet)
Small
Neighbourhood
(village)
Neighbourhood
Small Polis
(town)
Polis (city)
Small Metropolis
Metropolis
Small Megalopolis
Megalopolis
Small
Eperopolis
Eperopolis
Ecumenopolis
(Global City)
E k i s t i c
E l e m e n t s
Nature
Anthropos
Society
Shells
Networks
Synthesis:
Human Settlements
EKISTIC
POPULATION:
T = Thousand
M = Million
1 2 5
40
250 1.5 T 10 T 75 T 500 T
4 M
25 M
150 M 750M
7,500 M
50,000 M
METROPOLIS
Etymology:
•From Greekmetropolis"mother city"(μητρόπολις) (from which others have been
colonized), also "capital city,"frommeter(μήτηρ)"mother" +polis(πόλις)"city" –
(parent state of a colony)
•Meaning "chief town or capital city of a province" is first attested 1580s, earlier
metropol(late 14c.).
•"seat of a metropolitan bishop," 1530s, from Late Latinmetropolis.
Online Etymology Dictionary: Metropolis
EKTISTICPOPULATION:4,000,000
Thatis: 501,000-4,000,000
Community Scale
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ekistic
units
Anthropos
Room House
House Group
(hamlet)
Small
Neighbourhood
(village)
Neighbourhood
Small Polis
(town)
Polis (city)
Small Metropolis
Metropolis
Small Megalopolis
Megalopolis
Small
Eperopolis
Eperopolis
Ecumenopolis
(Global City)
E k i s t i c
E l e m e n t s
Nature
Anthropos
Society
Shells
Networks
Synthesis:
Human Settlements
EKISTIC
POPULATION:
T = Thousand
M = Million
1 2 5
40
250 1.5 T 10 T 75 T 500 T
4 M
25 M
150 M 750M
7,500 M
50,000 M
SMALLMEGALOPOLIS
MEGALOPOLIS
Alsoknownasa:
Megapolis(Μεγάπολις)orMegaregionistypicallydefinedasachainofroughlyadjacent
metropolitanareas,builtbymergingseveralcitiesandtheirsuburbs.
EKTISTICPOPULATION:25,000,000
Thatis: 4,000,001-25,000,000
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ekistic
units
Anthropos
Room House
House Group
(hamlet)
Small
Neighbourhood
(village)
Neighbourhood
Small Polis
(town)
Polis (city)
Small Metropolis
Metropolis
Small Megalopolis
Megalopolis
Small
Eperopolis
Eperopolis
Ecumenopolis
(Global City)
E k i s t i c
E l e m e n t s
Nature
Anthropos
Society
Shells
Networks
Synthesis:
Human Settlements
EKISTIC
POPULATION:
T = Thousand
M = Million
1 2 5
40
250 1.5 T 10 T 75 T 500 T
4 M
25 M
150 M 750M
7,500 M
50,000 M
SMALLMEGALOPOLIS
MEGALOPOLIS
Alsoknownasa:
Megapolis(Μεγάπολις)orMegaregionistypicallydefinedasachainofroughlyadjacent
metropolitanareas,builtbymergingseveralcitiesandtheirsuburbs.
EKTISTICPOPULATION:25,000,000
Thatis: 4,000,001-25,000,000
Community Scale
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ekistic
units
Anthropos
Room House
House Group
(hamlet)
Small
Neighbourhood
(village)
Neighbourhood
Small Polis
(town)
Polis (city)
Small Metropolis
Metropolis
Small Megalopolis
Megalopolis
Small
Eperopolis
Eperopolis
Ecumenopolis
(Global City)
E k i s t i c
E l e m e n t s
Nature
Anthropos
Society
Shells
Networks
Synthesis:
Human Settlements
EKISTIC
POPULATION:
T = Thousand
M = Million
1 2 5
40
250 1.5 T 10 T 75 T 500 T
4 M
25 M
150 M 750M
7,500 M
50,000 M
MEGALOPOLIS
Averylarge,heavilypopulatedcityorurbancomplex.(Μεγαλόπολις)
Alsoknownasa:
Megapolis(Μεγάπολις)orMegaregionistypicallydefinedasachainofroughlyadjacentmetropolitan
areas,builtbymergingseveralcitiesandtheirsuburbs.
Etymology:
1832fromcombinationformofGreekMEGAS(Μέγας)(genitivemegalou«μεγάλου»)“great”+POLIS
(πόλις)“city”.Thewordwasusedinclassicaltimesasanepithet(descriptiveword;adjectiveused
asnoun)ofgreatcities(Athens,Syracuse,Alexandria),anditalsowasthenameofaformercityin
Arcadia.
EKTISTICPOPULATION:150,000,000
Thatis: 25,000,001-150,000,000
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ekistic
units
Anthropos
Room House
House Group
(hamlet)
Small
Neighbourhood
(village)
Neighbourhood
Small Polis
(town)
Polis (city)
Small Metropolis
Metropolis
Small Megalopolis
Megalopolis
Small
Eperopolis
Eperopolis
Ecumenopolis
(Global City)
E k i s t i c
E l e m e n t s
Nature
Anthropos
Society
Shells
Networks
Synthesis:
Human Settlements
EKISTIC
POPULATION:
T = Thousand
M = Million
1 2 5
40
250 1.5 T 10 T 75 T 500 T
4 M
25 M
150 M 750M
7,500 M
50,000 M
MEGALOPOLIS
Averylarge,heavilypopulatedcityorurbancomplex.(Μεγαλόπολις)
Alsoknownasa:
Megapolis(Μεγάπολις)orMegaregionistypicallydefinedasachainofroughlyadjacentmetropolitan
areas,builtbymergingseveralcitiesandtheirsuburbs.
Etymology:
1832fromcombinationformofGreekMEGAS(Μέγας)(genitivemegalou«μεγάλου»)“great”+POLIS
(πόλις)“city”.Thewordwasusedinclassicaltimesasanepithet(descriptiveword;adjectiveused
asnoun)ofgreatcities(Athens,Syracuse,Alexandria),anditalsowasthenameofaformercityin
Arcadia.
EKTISTICPOPULATION:150,000,000
Thatis: 25,000,001-150,000,000
Community Scale
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ekistic
units
Anthropos
Room House
House Group
(hamlet)
Small
Neighbourhood
(village)
Neighbourhood
Small Polis
(town)
Polis (city)
Small Metropolis
Metropolis
Small Megalopolis
Megalopolis
Small
Eperopolis
Eperopolis
Ecumenopolis
(Global City)
E k i s t i c
E l e m e n t s
Nature
Anthropos
Society
Shells
Networks
Synthesis:
Human Settlements
EKISTIC
POPULATION:
T = Thousand
M = Million
1 2 5
40
250 1.5 T 10 T 75 T 500 T
4 M
25 M
150 M 750M
7,500 M
50,000 M
SMALLEPEROPOLIS
EPEROPOLIS(ηπειρόπολις)
DerivedfromtheGreekwordsepeiros(ήπειρος),"continent"andpolis(πόλις),"city,"itreplacesthe
oldterm"urbanizedcontinent”,whichcorrespondedtoekisticunit14andcommunityclassXI.
EKTISTICPOPULATION:750,000,000
Thatis: 150,000,001-750,000,000
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ekistic
units
Anthropos
Room House
House Group
(hamlet)
Small
Neighbourhood
(village)
Neighbourhood
Small Polis
(town)
Polis (city)
Small Metropolis
Metropolis
Small Megalopolis
Megalopolis
Small
Eperopolis
Eperopolis
Ecumenopolis
(Global City)
E k i s t i c
E l e m e n t s
Nature
Anthropos
Society
Shells
Networks
Synthesis:
Human Settlements
EKISTIC
POPULATION:
T = Thousand
M = Million
1 2 5
40
250 1.5 T 10 T 75 T 500 T
4 M
25 M
150 M 750M
7,500 M
50,000 M
SMALLEPEROPOLIS
EPEROPOLIS(ηπειρόπολις)
DerivedfromtheGreekwordsepeiros(ήπειρος),"continent"andpolis(πόλις),"city,"itreplacesthe
oldterm"urbanizedcontinent”,whichcorrespondedtoekisticunit14andcommunityclassXI.
EKTISTICPOPULATION:750,000,000
Thatis: 150,000,001-750,000,000
Community Scale
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ekistic
units
Anthropos
Room House
House Group
(hamlet)
Small
Neighbourhood
(village)
Neighbourhood
Small Polis
(town)
Polis (city)
Small Metropolis
Metropolis
Small Megalopolis
Megalopolis
Small
Eperopolis
Eperopolis
Ecumenopolis
(Global City)
E k i s t i c
E l e m e n t s
Nature
Anthropos
Society
Shells
Networks
Synthesis:
Human Settlements
EKISTIC
POPULATION:
T = Thousand
M = Million
1 2 5
40
250 1.5 T 10 T 75 T 500 T
4 M
25 M
150 M 750M
7,500 M
50,000 M
EPEROPOLIS
DerivedfromtheGreekwordsepeiros(ήπειρος),"continent"andpolis(πόλις),"city,"itreplaces
theoldterm"urbanizedcontinent”,whichcorrespondedtoekisticunit14andcommunityclassXI.
EKTISTICPOPULATION:7,500,000,000
Thatis: 750,000,001-7,500,000,000
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ekistic
units
Anthropos
Room House
House Group
(hamlet)
Small
Neighbourhood
(village)
Neighbourhood
Small Polis
(town)
Polis (city)
Small Metropolis
Metropolis
Small Megalopolis
Megalopolis
Small
Eperopolis
Eperopolis
Ecumenopolis
(Global City)
E k i s t i c
E l e m e n t s
Nature
Anthropos
Society
Shells
Networks
Synthesis:
Human Settlements
EKISTIC
POPULATION:
T = Thousand
M = Million
1 2 5
40
250 1.5 T 10 T 75 T 500 T
4 M
25 M
150 M 750M
7,500 M
50,000 M
EPEROPOLIS
DerivedfromtheGreekwordsepeiros(ήπειρος),"continent"andpolis(πόλις),"city,"itreplaces
theoldterm"urbanizedcontinent”,whichcorrespondedtoekisticunit14andcommunityclassXI.
EKTISTICPOPULATION:7,500,000,000
Thatis: 750,000,001-7,500,000,000
Community Scale
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ekistic
units
Anthropos
Room House
House Group
(hamlet)
Small
Neighbourhood
(village)
Neighbourhood
Small Polis
(town)
Polis (city)
Small Metropolis
Metropolis
Small Megalopolis
Megalopolis
Small
Eperopolis
Eperopolis
Ecumenopolis
(Global City)
E k i s t i c
E l e m e n t s
Nature
Anthropos
Society
Shells
Networks
Synthesis:
Human Settlements
EKISTIC
POPULATION:
T = Thousand
M = Million
1 2 5
40
250 1.5 T 10 T 75 T 500 T
4 M
25 M
150 M 750M
7,500 M
50,000 M
ECUMENOPOLIS
Ecumenopolis(fromGreek:οικουμέμη,meaningworld,andπόλις(polis)meaningcity,thusa
citymadeofthewholeworld;pl.ecumenopolisesorecumenopoleis)isawordinventedin
1967bytheGreekcityplannerConstantinosDoxiadistorepresenttheideathatinthefuture
urbanareasandmegalopoliseswouldeventuallyfuseandtherewouldbeasinglecontinuous
worldwidecityasaprogressionfromthecurrenturbanizationandpopulationgrowthtrends.
AcademicDictionariesandEncyclopedias:Ecumenopolis
Alsoknownas:
GlobalCity,PlanetCity,UniversalCity,CityoftheUniverse,CityoftheFuture
EKTISTICPOPULATION:50,000,000,000
Thatis: 7,500,000,001-50,000,000,000
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ekistic
units
Anthropos
Room House
House Group
(hamlet)
Small
Neighbourhood
(village)
Neighbourhood
Small Polis
(town)
Polis (city)
Small Metropolis
Metropolis
Small Megalopolis
Megalopolis
Small
Eperopolis
Eperopolis
Ecumenopolis
(Global City)
E k i s t i c
E l e m e n t s
Nature
Anthropos
Society
Shells
Networks
Synthesis:
Human Settlements
EKISTIC
POPULATION:
T = Thousand
M = Million
1 2 5
40
250 1.5 T 10 T 75 T 500 T
4 M
25 M
150 M 750M
7,500 M
50,000 M
ECUMENOPOLIS
Ecumenopolis(fromGreek:οικουμέμη,meaningworld,andπόλις(polis)meaningcity,thusa
citymadeofthewholeworld;pl.ecumenopolisesorecumenopoleis)isawordinventedin
1967bytheGreekcityplannerConstantinosDoxiadistorepresenttheideathatinthefuture
urbanareasandmegalopoliseswouldeventuallyfuseandtherewouldbeasinglecontinuous
worldwidecityasaprogressionfromthecurrenturbanizationandpopulationgrowthtrends.
AcademicDictionariesandEncyclopedias:Ecumenopolis
Alsoknownas:
GlobalCity,PlanetCity,UniversalCity,CityoftheUniverse,CityoftheFuture
EKTISTICPOPULATION:50,000,000,000
Thatis: 7,500,000,001-50,000,000,000
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