the_reformation - edited - ppt.ppt newer

reformation, counter reformation

1. •THE REFORMATION (1517-
1648)
1st Year history

2. •‘The Reformation’-A period of religious change
that led to a division among Christians within the
Catholic Church.
•‘Protestants’-Christians who separated from the
Catholic Church during the Reformation.
•Key definitions:

3. •The Reformationoccurred because many people were
unhappy with the Catholic Church and they wanted to
reform or change it.
•Protestantsare so-called because they protested and
started a new religion, which would eventually end up
having lots of different denominations (various religious
groups).
•It is called the Reformation as it led to various reformers
completely reforming the Catholic Church as it was during
this timeframe (period).
•Why did the Reformation happen?

4. •At this time, nearly allof the people in Western
Europe were membersof the Catholic Church.
•The Catholic Church was far more powerfulthan it
is today and it had greater controlover the lives of
people.
•The people who lived in the parish paid a titheor
tax to the Church. (This money was used to pay
the priest and pay for the running of the Church).
•What was the structure (make-up)
of the Catholic Church? Circa
(Around) 1500

5. •The Pope –leader of the Catholic Church, elected by the
cardinals for life.
•Cardinals–Elected ‘government’ of the Catholic Church.
They elect the Pope. (College of Cardinals).
•Archbishop–Rules over a large area called an
archdiocese. (2 in Ireland).
•Bishop–Responsible for a diocese. (4 in Dublin).
•Priest–In each diocese, there is a number of parishes.
Each parish has at least one priest.
•Friars–These were special monks that lived and worked
in the towns and cities. They were active in community life,
teaching, preaching, healing, helping the sick, poor and
destitute (down and out). Because the aim of the friars was
the conversion of the masses, the church granted them
freedom from the control of the bishop in that diocese.
•Hierarchy (Ladder) of the Catholic
Church:

6. •Circa (Around) 1500, religion was a huge part of
most people’s lives.
•It was very important for people to find out what
happened to them when they died.
•They wanted to win salvation(saving/deliverance)
–a reward that meant they would go to heaven.
•The Catholic Church taught that you could win
salvation by a mixture of faith(belief) and good
works(actions).
•However, there were problems with the Church
that caused many people to lose confidence in its
teachings.
•What were the main problems in the
Church?

7. •The problems started at the top.
•At that time many popes were not very holy men.
•Some were more interested in art or politics than in
religion.
•They are called the Renaissance popesby historians.
•Pope SixtusIV (4
th
) (1471-84) -He supported art and
science. He was involved in a plot to have the ruler of
Florence, Lorenzo de Medici, murdered during Mass!
•Pope Alexander VI (6
th
) (1492-1503) –He was the worst
of the Renaissance popes. He lived a very unholy life. He
had mistresses (girlfriends) and made his son a cardinal!
•Pope Julius II (2
nd
) (1503-13) and his successor (next-in-
line) Pope Leo X (10
th
) (1513-21) –They both sponsored
artists such as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo. They
were also involved in wars in Italy.
•1) The Renaissance Popes

8. •Most bishops were from wealthy, noble families.
•Some helped Kings to run their countries.
•Many built great palaces for themselves, to show their
power and wealth.
•Some bishops forgot that their main job was to look after
the religious needs of the members of the Church.
•The Church was also an important landowner.
•Many rich people left large sums of money to monasteries
to pray for their souls after they died.
•Some monasteries became very rich and owned huge
amounts of land.
•The abbots, who ran the monasteries, did not always
make sure that monks led holy lives.
•2) The wealth of the Church

9. •As a result of this bad leadership, a number of serious
abuses had developed in the Church.
•The main abuses were as follows:
Nepotism–Appointing a relative to an important position
in the Church.
Absenteeism–Bishops or priests not living in their
dioceses or parishes.
Pluralism–Holding more than one position in the Church.
e.g. (For example) Being the bishop of two dioceses.
Simony–The buying and selling of Church positions, also
refers to bribery.
•3) The abuses in the Church

10. •Poorly educated priests:
While bishops and abbots were usually well-
educated, the same could not be said for ordinary
priests.
Some had very little knowledge of the Bible.
They could not even understand or speak Latin
(the language that was used during Mass).
•3) The abuses in the Church
(continued)

11. •The Renaissance was a time when people
questioned accepted ideas.
•As a result, many people also began to doubt both
the power and the teachings of the Catholic
Church.
•They argued for reform of the Church.
•Writers known as humanistswere very critical of
the wealth of the Church. (Humanism = values of
people / way of life).
•They felt that people should read the Bible
themselves and not just accept what they were
told by priests and bishops.
•What was the influence of the
Renaissance?

12. •The most famous humanistwriter was Erasmus of
Rotterdam.
•His book, ‘In Praise of Folly’ (foolishness), poked fun at the
lives of leading churchmen.
•He translated the New Testament into Greek. (Bible has
two testaments, Old and New).
•This showed that the version of the Bible used by the
Church contained mistakes.
•The newly invented printing press (invented by Johannes
Gutenberg around 1440 –over the next decades, it would
gradually spread throughout Europe) meant that many
people read the work of Erasmus and his advice was
sought by important people.
•Erasmus of Rotterdam

13. Causes of the Reformation:
The behaviour of popes and bishops.
The wealth and power of the Church.
The abuses in the Church –Nepotism,
Absenteeism, Pluralism, Simony. (NAPS).
Poorly educated priests.
The Renaissance: questioning of accepted beliefs.
•In Summary (In a nutshell):

14. •Story of Martin Luther (special study)
•A German, studied to be a lawyer but
became an Augustinian monk. Professor of
Theology at Wittenberg. He studied the
Bible and concluded ‘salvation by faith
alone’.
•John Tetzelselling indulgences. ½ the
proceeds to St. Peter’s Basilica (Rome)
and ½ to Archbishop of Mainz to repay
loans for simony (buying dioceses).
•Luther put 95 theseson church door.
•Public debate with John Eck(Luther
questioned papal infallibility). Infallible =
cannot be wrong.

15. •Story of Martin Luther (special study)
•Emperor Charles Vguaranteed safe
passage to the Diet of Worms. Luther
declared an outlaw. Frederick the Wise of
Saxony put him in Wartburg Castlefor a
year for his own safety. Luther spent the
time translating the Bible into German.
•Lutheran princes protested (protestant)
that they should control religion in their own
states. War resulted which ended in the
Peace of Augsburg, which decided that
‘the religion of the prince is the religion
of the people’

16. •Luther’s beliefs:
•The Bible and not the
hierarchy is the source
of religious knowledge.
•Salvation by faith
alone.
•2 sacraments only,
Baptism and Eucharist.
•Married clergy.
•Church services in the
vernacular (local
language)

17. •John Calvin.
•Influenced by Luther. Had to leave
France. Geneva ‘the city of God’.
•Calvin’s beliefs:Outlined in The
Institutes of the Christian Religion
were similar to Luther’s with the
exception of Predestination(the elect
went to heaven), but a much more strict
approach.
•Pastors or ministerspreached.
Teacherstaught. Deaconslooked after
the sick and elderly. Elderswatched the
behaviour of the people.
•John Knoxbrought Calvinism to
Scotland (PresbyterianChurch). In
France Calvinists were called
Huguenots. In England they were
called Puritans.

18. •Henry VIII.
•Catherine of Aragon. 1 daughter, no sons.
Emperor Charles V (Catherine’s nephew)
would not let the Pope annul the marriage.
•Cranmerbecame Archbishop of
Canterbury and granted a divorce. Henry
married Anne Boleynand was
excommunicated.
•Act of Supremacymade the king head of
the Church. Thomas Morebeheaded.
•Henry closed the monasteriesbecause: it
made him very rich, some were corrupt
and they were loyal to the Pope.

19. •The Counter-Reformation.
•The Council of Trent.
•A meeting of the hierarchy in Italy to discuss Catholic
beliefs and discipline.
•It concluded that the teachings were OKbut the abuses
were banned.
•It increased the divisions with Protestants and led to wars
of religion.

20. •The Jesuits:
•Ignatius of Loyolawrote Spiritual Exercisesto train
priests.
•The new order was highly trained and organised along
military lines (governor general).
•They concentrated on teaching the sons of nobles and
wealthy people.
•They were missionaries.

21. •The Court of Inquisition:
•Its aim was to end heresyin Spain and
Italy.
•It used: San Benito(itchy garment), torture
and burning at the stake (Auto da Fé)

22. •Results of the Reformation
•Europe divided. North
mainly Protestant.
•Wars of Religion. The
Thirty Years War.
•Religious Persecution.
•Education -Protestant
religion wanted
everyone to read the
Bible.

23. •https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CyX-_Rrp3GE
•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5froV5lOo8U
•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tvB3hZmorrg
•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vcdDzO4Oo1s
•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YR1-j7pa4mM
•Audio / Visual Resources: