The øresund bridge

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1. The Øresund Bridge BY BRIJ SHAH & HARIYALI PUJARA

2. INTRODUCTION This Amazing Bridge Turns Into a Tunnel and Connects Denmark and  Sweden A part of the Bridge is above water and it runs nearly 8 km . The remaining part of the Bridge is a tunnel of 4 km

3. INTRODUCTION It is the longest double-track railway and dual carriageway combined bridge-tunnel in Europe. The support towers of 204 metres into the air makes the bridge  one of the tallest cement structures (the height is the equivalent of the 60-story building )

4. The Oresund Bridge is 1 019 meters of road and rail dangle from 160 cables and 60 meters above the sea. The Øresund was designed by the Danish engineering firm   COWI T he main architect was George K.S. Rotne . The cost of project was 3 billion USD and It was completed six months ahead of schedule as well as on budget. Construction duration: 1995 – 1999 Facts

5. Where THE ORESUND BRIDGE is Located? I n Northern Europe the Baltic Sea converges with the North Sea at the  oresund straight a 16 kilometres wide stretch of water that separates D enmark and Sweden . The 16.4 km long Øresund Bridge consists of a bridge, an artificial island and a tunnel , which connect the Danish capital Copenhagen with Malmö in Sweden across the Øresund strait .

6. Regional Issues Diversity Immigration policies Taxation and administrative policies Language barriers

7. Why such combined structure of BRIDGE , TUNNEL & AN ARTIFICIAL ISLAND ? It was challenging task to construct a 16 kilometers long bridge on water with notoriously lousy weather , environmental sensitive area and dangerous setback

8. Environmental sensitive area The Baltic Sea is the world's largest body of brackish water with a unique marine ecosystem , which is dependent on the flow of saline and oxygenated water from the North Sea.

9. Dangerous setback The shoreline on the Danish side with the Copenhagen international airport, Kastrup by the building a bridge with Hightower's would have obstructed air traffic and could lead to a tragedy.

10. Dangerous setback While building a low bridge would have been safer for air traffic but then it would have blocked  D enmark ships.

11. How to overcome ? All these situations can be solve by building a 16 kilometres long under water tunnel between Sweden and Denmark

12. What was problem? It was too expensive.

13. Solution To built an under water tunnel close to the airport and bridge on other side which would be cheaper solution Means…….. a tunnel turn into a bridge in the middle of the open sea which requires island with the tunnel could emerge from the water. There were no island existed so engineers decided to build one.

14. Three main segments of The Oresund Link On the Denmark side, the link begins with a 3,510-meter (2.2-mile) underwater tunnel. The tunnel emerges from the water into a roadway on a 4,055-meter (2.5-mile) artificial island , Peberholm , which appears as a bright white shape to the south of the natural island in the scene . The cable-supported Oresund Bridge stretches 7,845 meters (4.9 miles) across the eastern part of the Strait toward Sweden, making a thin white line across the image.

15. Design Of BRIDGE They held a design competition to meet t he best possible design f or the bridge of 6 meters about the water and the center span more than 450 meters long. 1 st design: An Arch Bridge Problem: the clearance for large ships decreases at the ends 2 nd design: A Suspension Bridge Problem: suspension bridges becomes very flexible by the connecting cables to more cables.

16. Design Of BRIDGE Finally engineers came up with a cable-stayed bridge It’s structure is rigid enough for heavy train traffic because the support cables attached directly to the fixed towers . A cable-stayed bridges were cheaper to build and not having the two enormous main cables which saves tons of steel.

17. Construction of Island

18. Construction of bridge Most of the bridge structures – the bridge piers and bridge spans – were built on land and subsequently towed out to the bridge alignment by a large floating crane . T he pylons were cast in situ .

19. Bridge durability The Øresund Bridge is designed to have an operational lifespan of 100 years . The truss girders and all exposed steel have been protected from corrosion with the maximum coat thickness possible. The design was modified to promote water runoff and to reduce water retention on the structure .

20. An artificial ISLAND August 1995,17 : the first of billions of rocks was placed in the middle of the straight Deadline : 14 months large quarried stone were brought from Sweden 1.8 billion kilograms of them to stay on schedule M aterial was constantly being brought here with 16 barges delivering 18 million kilograms a day E ach load was carefully placed using GPS to create a perimeter 12 kilometres long then it had to be filled

21. Immersed Tunnel The tunnel comprises five parallel tunnel tubes – two for the railway , two for the motorway plus a small tunnel as an escape gallery The 4 km immersed tunnel was built by concrete elements cast on land and subsequently towed out and lowered into a trench dredged in the Øresund sea bed . The tunnel consists of 20 concrete sections that were lowered into a pre-dredged trench on the seabed at a maximum depth of 21 m .

22. Each tunnel element is 176 metres long , 49 metres wide , approximately 9 metres high and weighs around 57,000 ton . The towing of the elements demanded great skill and precision. in the construction phase a radar station was established to monitor shipping and guide vessels through the work areas thus avoiding any major accidents.   Immersed Tunnel

23.   Crown Prince Frederik  of Denmark and  Crown Princess Victoria  of Sweden met midway across the bridge-tunnel on 14 August 1999 to celebrate its completion

24. Main contractors on the Øresund Bridge Dredging and Reclamation Öresund Marine Joint Venture : Per Aarselff (DK) Ballast Nedam Dredging (NL) Great Lakes Dredge and Dock Co. ( USA) The Railway Banverket Industridivisionen (SE)

25. Main contractors on the Øresund Bridge The Tunnel Øresund Tunnel Contractors: NCC International (SE) Dumez-GTM International (F) John Laing (UK) E. Pihl & Søn (DK) Boskalis Westminster Dredging (NL )

26. Main contractors on the Øresund Bridge The Bridge Sundlink Contractors: Skanska (SE) Højgaard & Schultz (DK) Monberg & Thorsen (DK) Hochtief (D )

27. Results Has increased employment throughout the region 1.83 million people are working in region , with over 18000 commuters not included in this number around 35 million people travel this route every year Reduced air pollution by 50% as it replaced ferry transport increased circular mobility ; helped to reduce the shortage of labor in Denmark and has boosted the property market in Sweden

28. What can be learned? Oresund bridge is a prime example of how building infrastructure to increase connectivity between two cities is highly beneficial if adopted by other cities can help to form mega regions

29. THANK YOU !