THE RISE OF AFRIKANER NATIONALISM. POWERPOINT SLIDES

THE RISE OF AFRIKANER NATIONALISM

1. WHAT COMES TO YOUR MIND WHEN YOU SEE THESE TWO PICTURES? Curated by Sir Chris

2. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE LESSON TO DISCUSS THE RISE OF AFRIKANER NATIONALISM TO DISCUSS THE INFLUENCE OF AFRIKANER NATIONALISM ON POLITICS DURING THE EARLY 20 TH CENTURY TO DISCUSS THE ITS INFLUENCE ON AFRIKANER CULTURE, ECONOMY, RELIGION, LABOUR, EDUCATION & LANGUAGE

3. Terminology AFRIKANER NATIONALISM → a political, cultural, and economic movement that developed amongst Afrikaner people who are descendants of Dutch settlers. Its aim was to promote and protect Afrikaner identity, language (Afrikaans), traditions, and economic interests.

4. THE RISE OF AFRIKAANS LANGUAGE MOVEMENT In 1910 South Africa gained political independence from Britain under Louis Botha and Jan Smuts ex-Boer generals. Both were committed to reconciling white English and Afrikaans-speaking South Africans. In 1914 the Afrikaners formed their own party called the National Party under General J.B.M. Hertzog Hertzog formalized the Afrikaans culture and language. In 1925 Afrikaans replaced Dutch as an official language and the Bible was translated into Afrikaans J.B.M Hertzog

5. THE AFRIKANER BROEDERBOND The Afrikaner Broderbond (AB) was a 'secret organization’ that was formed in 1918 and played a key role in protecting and promoting Afrikaner identity and nationalism. Its members were young professionals, teachers and ministers of the Dutch Reformed Church. Its main aim was to further Afrikaner nationalism in South Africa through culture , to promote Afrikaner businesses and to take control of government. The Afrikaner Broederbond supported Hertzog and the National Party initially and then threw its support behind D.F. Malan and the Purified National Party (PNP) which was formed in 1934. Afrikaner Broderbond members dominated the membership of Malan's new party. Every prime minister and state president of South Africa between 1948 and 1994 was a member of the Afrikaner Broederbond.

6. WHAT WERE THE NEWSPAPERS THAT WERE PUBLISHED TO SPREAD AFRIKANER NATIONALISM IN THE EARLY 20 th CENTURY??

7. Federation of Afrikaans Cultural Societies(FAK) In the 1930s the, Broederbond worked closely with an umbrella organization known as Federation of Afrikaans Cultural Societies (FAK) to promote Afrikaans culture. THE MEDIA Die Burger newspaper was started in Cape Town on 26 July 1915 to promote Afrikaner nationalism, with D.F. Malan as its editor. In 1937, Die Transvaler newspaper was established in the Transvaal, also with the aim of promoting Afrikaner nationalism with H.F. Verwoerd as the editor.

8. THE GREAT TREK CENTENARY CELEBRATIONS A significant event in 1938 was the celebration of the centenary of the Great Trek, which helped to promote Afrikaner unity and pride in their culture. Strong feelings of patriotism were inspired in many Afrikaners as they witnessed re-enactments of the Great Trek on the streets of Pretoria, People dressed in Voortrekker clothes and drove ox-wagons from Pretoria to the Voortrekker Monument, which had been built to mark the occasion.

9. THE GREAT TREK CENTENARY CELEBRATIONS

10. Economic affirmative action in the 1920's and 1930’s The Great Depression had a big impact on South Africa and many Afrikaners were forced off their land and into the cities. Because many of them were unskilled, they found that only low-paying manual labour jobs were open to them. Therefore, for the future of the Afrikaner Nationalism it became hugely important to rescue these poverty- stricken Afrikaners Therefore, to uplift the economy two new organizations were established: the Federale Volksbeleggings (FVB) and the Reddingsdaadbond (RDB ). These institutions wanted to mobilize capital and encourage businessmen, workers, and Afrikaner commercial farmers to pool their financial resources and regain control of their savings.

11. The aim was to take control of the economy and bring it in line with the needs of Afrikaners. All pure Afrikaners had 10 duties. Among these were: 1.Every Afrikaner must become a shareholder in an Afrikaans credit organization 2.Every Afrikaner must be a policyholder of an Afrikaans insurance company. 3. Every Afrikaner must save and invest in an Afrikaans institution.

12. Definition of the ‘Volk’ T he ‘Volk’ is the Afrikaans word for "people“ The Volk of the National Party meant white Afrikaans-speaking South Africans. In Afrikaner nationalist ideology, the ‘Volk’ as a whole was more important than the individual. The Afrikaner ‘Volk’ ideology aimed to unite Afrikaners on the basis of race and language. They regarded the Volk as a 'nation' as more important than the Afrikaner's economic or social position in society.

13. Volk in education The National Party government wanted to improve the education of the Volk, therefore it introduced a white supremacy curriculum known as Christian National Education. There were many working-class Afrikaners and the National Party made laws that stated that they were to be educated in whites-only schools. In these schools, learners were taught in Afrikaans, by Afrikaans-speaking teachers, from Afrikaans textbooks. Education was aimed at creating unity of the Volk as a 'race’. Heroic stories of the Great Trek and suffering during the South African War were taught in History lessons.

14. Bantu Education The Bantu Education Act (1953) created a separate and unequal education system in government schools. Bantu education served the interests of white supremacy. It denied black people access to the same educational opportunities and resources enjoyed by white South Africans. A racist educational system meant that black children were schooled to become labourers for whites. For example: Black children were taught Home Economics. Whereas the children of the Afrikaner were equipped to take skilled and professional jobs.

15. The Volk in labour White Afrikaners workers were encouraged to join Afrikaner trade unions, such as the Spoorbond and the Afrikaner Bond Van mynwerkers for railway workers, which were set up to protect the interest of white Afrikaner worker.

16. The Volk in Religion White Afrikaners were discouraged from belonging to 'foreign' or English dominated churches, such as the Anglican, Methodist or Catholic churches. Instead, loyal Afrikaners were expected to belong to the Dutch Reformed Church (DRC) which supported the National Party. They believed that the DRC should influence government policy and that the Volk should remain 'pure and separate’ .Afrikaner nationalists believed that the Volk were chosen by God to bring civilization and Christianity to 'uncivilized' and 'heathen' black people.

17. THE VOLK IN ECONOMY The Volk encouraged economic self- reliace and growth amongst Afrikaners, to do that separate Afrikaner financial institutions were established, such as Volkskas Bank ( now ABSA) and Sanlam and Santam . This was to give Afrikaners greater opportunities in a Capitalist economy that was dominated by English-speaking white people. Again the Reddingsdaadfords (Act of Rescue Fund) was formed to support new Afrikaner businesses. The Volk also established the South African Agricultural Union (SAAU) influenced by the Broederbond to advance Afrikaner farming interests, often prioritizing white Afrikaner farmers to develop Agriculture and Rural areas.

18. THE VOLK IN ECONOMY

19. Afrikaner nationalists win political power After World War 2 ended in 1945, there was a swing away from the United Party government that was in power and more white Afrikaner voters threw their support to the Purified National Party that had been established in the 1930s to promote a 'purer' form of Afrikaner nationalism. This party was voted into power in the 1948 election. Afrikaner nationalism had triumphed and there was a government(PNP) in power dedicated to the following: ` 1.Breaking ties with Britain. 2. Advancing the economic and political power of white Afrikaners. 3.Introducing a strict system of segregation, designed to preserve and extend white domination.

20. Activity 1 . Define Afrikaner Nationalism (2) 2 . Afrikaans was recognised as an official language in South Africa in…? (1) 3 . The Anglo-Boer War encouraged the development of…? (1) 4 . The Voortrekker Monument is found in which South African city? (2) 5 . The Voortrekker Monument was built to commemorate which Afrikaner event? (1) 6 . Which political party won the 1948 election in South Africa? (1) 7 . After Afrikaner nationalism had triumphed the government in power was dedicated to achieving at least 3 goals, list them (3) 8 . What 2 media outlets contributed towards the establishment of the Afrikaans language? (2) 9 . Name two insurance companies established by the Volk (2) Total= 15 marks

21. ESSAY QUESTION The Afrikaner people in South Africa desired to be distinctive with their own language, social and cultural traditions, religion, economic interests, education and other marks of identity. Critically discuss the above statement by referring to the factors that led to the rise of Afrikaner Nationalism in South Africa from the 1920’s to 1948. Use relevant evidence to support your line of argument.