The-Skeletal-System_Nesperos-2-27-25.pptx

Anaphy

1. The Skeletal System An Overview of Bones, Functions, and Importance

2. Introduction The skeletal system is the body's framework made up of 206 bones along with joints, cartilage, and ligaments. It plays a vital role in: Providing structure – Keeps the body upright. Protecting organs – Shields vital structures like the brain and heart. Allowing movement – Works with muscles to move the body. Producing blood cells – Bone marrow creates red and white blood cells. Storing minerals – Holds calcium and phosphorus for use by the body.

3. Functions of the Skeletal System Support – Gives shape and structure to the body. Protection – Shields important organs (e.g., skull protects the brain, ribs protect the heart & lungs). Movement – Works with muscles to allow motion. Blood Cell Production – Red and white blood cells are made in bone marrow. Storage – Bones store minerals like calcium and phosphorus , which help in nerve function and muscle contraction. Homeostasis – Regulates calcium levels in the blood to keep the body functioning properly.

4. Types of Bones Long Bones – Found in arms and legs (e.g., femur, humerus ); they support weight and movement. Short Bones – Small, cube-like bones in wrists and ankles (e.g., carpals, tarsals ). Flat Bones – Protect organs and provide surface for muscle attachment (e.g., skull, ribs, sternum ). Irregular Bones – Complex-shaped bones that protect and support (e.g., vertebrae, pelvis ). Sesamoid Bones – Small bones embedded in tendons to reduce friction (e.g., patella (kneecap) ) Bones come in different shapes, each with specific functions:

5. Bone Structure Each bone consists of several layers and parts: Periosteum – A thin outer layer that nourishes the bone and contains nerves and blood vessels. Compact Bone – Hard, dense outer layer that gives strength. Spongy Bone – Porous inner layer found at the ends of bones, making them lightweight. Bone Marrow – Found inside spongy bone; produces red blood cells (oxygen transport) and white blood cells (immune function). Cartilage – A flexible tissue covering joints to reduce friction and absorb shock.

6. The Human Skeleton The skeleton is divided into two parts: Axial Skeleton (80 bones) – Supports the body’s core: Skull – Protects the brain. Spine (Vertebral Column) – Provides structure and movement. Ribcage (Ribs & Sternum) – Shields the heart and lungs. Appendicular Skeleton (126 bones) – Helps with movement: Arms & Legs – Includes humerus, femur, tibia, etc. Pelvis & Shoulder Bones – Connect limbs to the body.

7. Major Bones in the Human Body Some of the most important bones include: Skull – Protects the brain. Spine (Vertebral Column) – Supports the body and allows movement. Ribcage – Protects the heart and lungs. Humerus – Upper arm bone, helps with lifting and throwing. Radius & Ulna – Forearm bones, allowing wrist movement. Femur – The longest and strongest bone in the body, located in the thigh. Tibia & Fibula – Lower leg bones, crucial for walking and running.

8. Joints and Their Types Joints are where two or more bones meet, allowing movement. They are classified into: Fixed (Immovable) Joints – Bones that do not move (e.g., skull sutures ). Slightly Movable Joints – Allow limited movement (e.g., vertebrae in the spine ). Freely Movable Joints – Allow full movement and are the most common type: Ball and Socket Joints – Move in all directions (e.g., shoulder, hip ). Hinge Joints – Move back and forth (e.g., knee, elbow ). Pivot Joints – Allow rotation (e.g., neck, forearm ). Gliding Joints – Allow sliding movement (e.g., wrist, ankle ).

9. Common Bone Disorders Osteoporosis – Bones become weak and brittle due to low calcium levels. Arthritis – Inflammation in joints, causing pain, swelling, and stiffness . Fractures – Breaks in bones caused by accidents, falls, or high-impact forces. Scoliosis – Abnormal curvature of the spine , often appearing in teenagers. Several conditions can affect the skeletal system, including:

10. How to Keep Bones Healthy Maintaining bone health is essential to prevent fractures and diseases. Follow these tips: Eat a calcium-rich diet – Dairy, leafy greens, and nuts help build strong bones. Get enough vitamin D – Sunlight and supplements help the body absorb calcium. Exercise regularly – Weight-bearing activities like walking and jumping strengthen bones. Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol – These weaken bones and slow healing. Maintain a healthy weight – Reduces stress on bones and joints.

11. Conclusion The skeletal system is essential for: Support and movement – Helps us stand, walk, and perform activities. Protection – Shields delicate organs. Blood cell production – Helps maintain oxygen transport and immunity. Calcium storage – Ensures proper muscle function and bone strength.

12. That’s all! Thank you! :D