The Solar System chapter test- 15-16.ppt

a powerpoint presentation about the origin of the solar system

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The Solar System-Test 1
Chapter 19, 20, & 21
Please write down all the underlined
items. Abbreviate to save time.

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A. What is Astronomy?
1. Astronomy is the study of the universe.
–This includes planets, stars, galaxies, black
holes, moons, meteors, comets, asteroids and
all of the matter that exists in space.
2. Astronomers are scientists who observe &
study space.

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B. Modern Calendar
1.Our modern calendar is based on the
observations of bodies in our solar system.
2. A year is the time it takes for the Earth to orbit
the sun; year = revolution.
3. A month is the time it takes for the moon to orbit
the Earth.
4. A day is the time it takes for the Earth to rotate
once on its axis; day = rotation.

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The Size and Scale of our Universe
It is important to consider scale when we
think about the universe.
Stars appear to be very small when viewed
from Earth, but they are actually very
large, some, like our sun, are bigger than
Earth.

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The Scale of our Solar System
Earth

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Scale of the Universe
Mercury
SUN

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Our Galaxy and Scale
•Our Milky Way galaxy is huge.
•Let's now pretend that our galaxy is a kid's sandbox, and our sun is a grain of
sand in a sandbox.
–The Earth is a dust speck near the grain of sand, too small to be seen
without a microscope.
–If our sun were a grain of sand in this sandbox representing the Milky Way
galaxy, the sandbox would be somewhat oval and yet flat, and would be
about 20 feet in diameter.
–The sand would be about 12 inches thick in the center, and thinner towards
the edges.
•

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•Each swirling object
you see is a galaxy in
our universe.
1. We can estimate that
there are about 100
billion stars in our
galaxy.
2. Andromeda is the
nearest major galaxy to
our own Milky Way
Galaxy.
3. Most scientists
believe that Andromeda
is about 2 million light
years away from the
Milky Way.
C. THE MILKY WAY GALAXY: Spiral
Galaxy

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D. Milky Way Galaxy: home to our solar
system. Each point of light in the galaxy
is a star.

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E. Distance in Space
1.Distance in space—mainly distance outside of
our solar system—is measured in light years.
Example: distance to another star; which is
a very, very, large distance
2.A light year is the distance light travels in a
year, 5.88 trillion miles. IT IS NOT TIME!!!
3. Light travels at 186,000 miles per second.
4. If light from a star takes 15 years to reach us,
the star is 15 light years away.

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F. An Astronomical Unit
1. The distance from the Sun to the Earth is
93 million miles.
2. 93 million miles = 1 astronomical unit
3. This is the unit of measurement for
distances between planets in our solar
system

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Astronomical Unit (AU) for the planets-
1AU = 93,000,000 miles
Planet
Average Distance from the Sun
(measured in AU)
Mercury 0.39
Venus 0.723
Earth 1.0
Mars 1.524
Jupiter 5.203
Saturn 9.539
Uranus 19.18
Neptune 30.06

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G. The Sun: The STAR at the Center of
Our Solar System
1. Wider than 100 Earths
2. 10,000 °F on surface & 27,000,000 °F in
its core
3. less bright & massive than the very
largest stars
4. Our sun is a medium sized star.

15. Size in the Universe- Largest to
smallest
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1.Universe
2.Galaxy
3.Solar system
4.Star
5.Planet

16. Quiz
1. How long does it take for the Earth to revolve around the sun one time?
A. 245 days B. 445 days C. 365 days
2. What is the name of our galaxy?
A. Milky Way B. Andromeda
3. 93 million miles =
A. 1 light year B. 1 astronomical unit
4. 5.88 trillion miles=
A.1 light year B. 1 astronomical unit
5. How long is Earth’s rotation?
A. 1 day B. 1 month C. 1 year
6. What is at the center of our solar system?
7. What would we use to measure distances between stars in a galaxy?
8. What would we use to measure distances between planets in our solar system?
9. What do we call the study of the universe?
10. What do we call people who study and observe space?

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The Inner Planets
http://science.discovery.com/video-topics/space-vi
deos
Space Videos

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A. The Inner Planets: the terrestrial
planets; all are dense & rocky
1.Mercury
2.Venus
3.Earth
4.Mars
5. The inner planets have fewer moons than
the outer planets. Less mass = fewer
moons.

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The Inner Planets’ Orbits

20. A. Inner Planets
•1. Small and dense
•2. Rocky
•3. Terrestrial
•4. Low mass
•5. 3 moons for all 4 planets
•6. Low mass=few moons
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B. Mercury- Low Mass
1.No moons
2. Resembles our moon
3.Covered in creaters,
4.No rings
5. Closest to the sun
6.Big, grey rock made of iron
7.Smallest planet-fastest revolution in the solar
system
8.Temperature variations are the most extreme in the
solar system, 750 degrees on sunny side, -328 F on
dark side
9.Revolution 88 days; Rotatation every 58 days
10.No atmosphere

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Mercury
In Roman mythology Mercury is the god of commerce, travel and
thievery, the Roman counterpart of the Greek god Hermes, the
messenger of the Gods. The planet probably received this name
because it moves so quickly across the sky.
http://www.nineplanets.org/mercury.html

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C. Venus- Low Mass
1.Earth’s twin
2.2
nd
planet from the Sun
3.Brightest planet
4.No moons
5.Thick yellow clouds of acid
6.No rings
7.Dense nickel & iron planet w/a molten core
8.covered by many shield volcanoes
9.Hottest planet in solar system at 860°F due to its
thick atmosphere
10.Atmosphere made of carbon dioxide (90%) &
sulfuric acid, which creates a monstrous
greenhouse effect.
11.Revolution: 243 days

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Venus
Venus (Greek: Aphrodite; Babylonian: Ishtar) is the goddess of love and beauty.
The planet is so named probably because it is the brightest of the planets known
to the ancients. (With a few exceptions, the surface features on Venus are named
for female figures.)
Venus has been known since prehistoric times. It is the brightest object in the sky
except for the Sun and the Moon.
http://www.nineplanets.org/venus.html

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D. Earth- low mass
1.Third planet from the Sun
2.made completely of rock; core made of iron &
nickel;
3.1 moon—Luna
4.NO rings
5.Densest planet
6.has water in all 3 states of matter (solid, liquid,&
gas)
7.Revolution 365 days.
8.Only planet to sustain life.
9.93 million miles form the Sun-1 AU
10.Atmosphere allows for life to exist

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E. Earth’s Moon: Luna (384,400 km from Earth)
Called Luna by the Romans, Selene and Artemis by the Greeks, and many
other names in other mythologies.
The Moon, of course, has been known since prehistoric times. It is the
second brightest object in the sky after the Sun. As the Moon orbits around
the Earth once per month, the angle between the Earth, the Moon and the
Sun changes; we see this as the cycle of the Moon's phases. The time
between successive new moons is 29.5 days (709 hours).
http://www.nineplanets.org/luna.html

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F. Mars- Low Mass
1.The Red Planet – due to iron oxide
2.Has 2 volcanoes—Tharsis (8,000 km wide) &
Olympus Mons—an extinct shield volcano the
largest volcano in the solar system
3. Temperature ranges: -125 degrees-23 degrees F
4. 2 moons: Phobos & Deimos (mean fear & panic)
5. Revolution: 1 year 322 days (687 days)
6. No Rings- borders the asteroid belt
7. No protective atmosphere
8. Has frozen water
9. Covered in craters
10. No life found on Mars

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Phobos
Phobos ("FOH bus") is the larger and innermost of Mars' two moons. Phobos is
Greek for “fear.”Phobos is closer to its primary than any other moon in the solar
system, less than 6000 km above the surface of Mars. It is also one of the smallest
moons in the solar system.
http://www.nineplanets.org/phobos.html

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Deimos
Deimos ("DEE mos") is the smaller and outermost of Mars' two
moons. It is one of the smallest known moons in the solar system.
In Greek mythology, Deimos is one of the sons of Ares (Mars) and
Aphrodite (Venus); "deimos" is Greek for "panic".

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Mars
Mars (Greek: Ares) is the god of War. The planet probably got this
name due to its red color; Mars is sometimes referred to as the Red
Planet. (An interesting side note: the Roman god Mars was a god of
agriculture before becoming associated with the Greek Ares; those in
favor of colonizing and terraforming Mars may prefer this symbolism.)
The name of the month March derives from Mars.
http://www.nineplanets.org/mars.html

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Mars—Home to the largest volcano in
the solar system
Olympus Mons is the largest volcano
on Mars. This shield volcano, similar
to volcanoes in Hawaii, measures 624
km (374 mi) in diameter by 25 km (16
mi) high. It is 100 times larger than
Mauna Loa on Earth. Located on the
Tharsis Plateau near the equator,
Olympus Mons is bordered by an
escarpment. The caldera in the center
is 80 km (50 mi) wide and contains
multiple circular, overlapping collapse
craters created by different volcanic
events. The radial features on the
slopes of the volcano were formed by
overflowing lava and debris.
http://www.nineplanets.org/mars.html

32. Quiz Inner Planets
1. Earth’s twin______________
2. Looks like our moon______________
3. Red Planet_____________________
4. Water in all 3 states________________
5. 1 moon, Luna__________________
6. Hottest planet_____________________
7. 2 moons, Phobos and Diemos_________________
8. Closest to the Sun__________________
9. Largest volcano in the solar system_______________
10. Massive greenhouse effect___________________
11. Only planet to sustain life____________________
12. Smallest planet__________________
1.13. Greatest temperature difference, hot and
cold________________
14. Revolution is 365 days___________________
15. Fastest revolution around the sun___________________

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The Outer Planets
The Gas Giants

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A.The Outer Planets:
The Gas Giants
1.Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, & Neptune
2. All large planets
3.All are made of gas. They are not solids like
the inner planets.
4.All have rings. Some are barely visible unlike
Saturn’s rings.
5.High Mass planets
6.Most moons
7.More mass=more moons

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Distances of the Outer Planets from the
Sun in Astronomical Units
(150 million km = 1 AU)
Jupiter 5.203 AU
Saturn 9.539 AU
Uranus 19.18 AU
Neptune 30.06 AU
Pluto 39 AU

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B. Jupiter- high mass
1.The largest planet in our solar system (318 times as
large as Earth)
2. Borders the asteroid belt.
3.483 million miles from the Sun
4.Made mainly of hydrogen & helium
5.Cold planet
6.Great Red Spot (1.5X the size of the Earth) is a storm
system similar to a hurricane that is > 400 yrs old.
7.Stormiest planet
8.Rotation = 9 hrs, 54 min
9. Revolution = 11 yrs, 313 days
10.Has 66 moons
11.Faint rings
12.4
th
brightest object in the sky

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Jupiter’s Rings
http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/callisto/p48188.html
Unlike Saturn's, Jupiter's rings are dark. They're probably composed of very small
grains of rocky material. Unlike Saturn's rings, they seem to contain no ice.
http://www.nineplanets.org/jupiter.htm
l

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Jupiter: http://www.nineplanets.org/jupiter.html
Jupiter (a.k.a. Jove; Greek Zeus) was the King of the Gods, the ruler of Olympus
and the patron of the Roman state. Zeus was the son of Cronus (Saturn).
Jupiter is the fourth brightest object in the sky (after the Sun, the Moon and
Venus). It has been known since prehistoric times as a bright "wandering star".
But in 1610 when Galileo first pointed a telescope at the sky he discovered
Jupiter's four large moons Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto (now known as the
Galilean moons) and recorded their motions back and forth around Jupiter.

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C. Saturn- High Mass
1.2
nd
largest planet in the solar system (95 X larger than
Earth)
2.Composed mainly of hydrogen & helium w/a small rocky
core
3.Methane, ammonia, & ethane are in upper atmosphere
4.least dense planet
5.62 moons
6. Saturn’s rings are the largest of the gas giants.
7.Made of icy particles
8.Revolution- 29 ½ years!
9.Saturn’s rings are 170,000 miles in diameter and about 30
feet thick.
10.Moon Titan is second largest in the solar system

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Saturn
6. Saturn’s rings are the largest of the gas
giants.
7.Made of icy particles that range from a
few cm to a few m wide
8. Revolution: 29 years, 155 days
9. Rotation: 10 hrs, 42 min
10. 62 moons

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Saturn
In Roman mythology, Saturn is the god of agriculture. The associated Greek
god, Cronus, was the son of Uranus and Gaia and the father of Zeus (Jupiter).
Saturn is the root of the English word "Saturday“.
http://www.nineplanets.org/saturn.html

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Saturn’s Rings
http://www.nineplanets.org/saturn.htm
l
Saturn’s rings are 250,000 km or
more in diameter & they're less
than one kilometer thick .

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Saturn;s Moon

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D. Uranus- high mass
1.Super cold
2.27 moons; 11 rings
3.Revolution: 83 yrs, 273 days
4.Rotation: 17 hrs, 12 min
5.3
rd
largest planet
6.Rotates on its side---planet was probably knocked on
its side after a collision w/an asteroid
7.Made of hydrogen & methane—2 gases that absorb
red light, giving Uranus its distinct blue/green color
8.1782 million miles from the Sun

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Uranus
Uranus is the ancient Greek deity of the Heavens, the earliest supreme
god. Uranus was the son and mate of Gaia the father of Cronus
(Saturn) and of the Cyclopes and Titans (predecessors of the Olympian
gods).
Uranus, the first planet discovered in modern times, was discovered by
William Herschel while systematically searching the sky with his
telescope on March 13, 1781.
http://www.nineplanets.org/uranus.html

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Uranus’ rings
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1996/15/image/a/format/web/

47. E. Neptune: Big Blue World-
high mass
1.13 moons
2.Rotation: 16 hrs, 6 min.
3.Revolution: 165 yrs,
4.Has dark rings and a great Dark Spot, like Jupiter
5.Neptune & Pluto’s orbits overlap causing Neptune to
sometimes orbit beyond Pluto
6.Gets its blue color from being made of methane gas
that absorbs red light, making Neptune appear blue
7.Called the Big Blue World

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Neptune
In Roman mythology Neptune (Greek: Poseidon) was the god of the Sea.
The Great Dark Spot
http://www.nineplanets.org/neptune.html

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Neptune’s Dark Rings

50. Outer Planets Quiz- Write the LETTER ONLY!!!!
•A. Jupiter B. Saturn C. Uranus D. Neptune
•______1. Least dense planet
•______2. Rotates on its side
•______3. Largest planet
•______4. Sometimes orbits farther than Pluto
•______5. Most visible rings
•______6. Big Blue World
•______7. Great Red Spot
•______8. Has a Dark Spot
•______9. Rings made of icy particles
•______10. 4
th
brightest object in the sky

51. A. Jupiter B. Saturn C. Uranus D. Neptune
1.Borders the Asteroid Belt
2.Most visible rings
3.Big Blue World
4.All 4 outer planets have rings- True or False
5.Great Red Spot
6.Has a Dark Spot
7.Rings made of icy particles
8.Moon, Io, has an active volcano
9.Least dense planet
10.Rotates on its side
11.Largest planet
12.Sometimes orbits farther than Pluto
13.Protects Earth from asteroids
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52. Pluto
•No longer considered a planet.
•Now called a dwarf planet
•A probe was sent Pluto in 2006 and will
arrive in 2015.
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http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/solar_system_level2/pluto_image.html
In Roman mythology, Pluto (Greek: Hades) is the god of the underworld.
Pluto was discovered in 1930 by a fortunate accident. Calculations which later turned out to be
in error had predicted a planet beyond Neptune, based on the motions of Uranus and Neptune.
Not knowing of the error, Clyde W. Tombaugh at Lowell Observatory in Arizona did a very
careful sky survey which turned up Pluto anyway.

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F.Kupier Belt (pronounced kew p a)
1.A region in space beyond Neptune where @ least 70,000 small,
icy, slow-moving objects orbit the sun
2.A region where the planet-building process stopped before any
large objects where formed
3.Pluto & is moon Charon (pronounced Sharon) are thought to be
large members of it
4.Short-lived comets like Haley’s comet are also thought to come
from the Kupier Belt
5.Discovered in 1992 by Dutch-American astronomer Gerard P.
Kupier

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G.Pluto: the dwarf planet that rotates on its side
1. No longer a planet
Now called a “dwarf planet”—reclassified in 8/2006
2. Has 3 moons—Charon, Nix, & Hydra
3. Rotation: 6 days, 10 hrs
4. Revolution: 248 yrs, 4 days
5. Temperature: -225°C
6. Covered by frozen nitrogen
7. Made of rock & ice
8. Less than ½ the size of
9. Mercury
10.Will be visited in 2015
http://www.nineplanets.org/pluto.html

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Pluto’s largest moon Charon (which is
more than ½ the size of Pluto)
Charon is named for the mythological figure who ferried the dead across the
River Acheron into Hades (the underworld).
http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/science/
everything_pluto/5_looks.php?
selectedImage=image07.php
http://www.nineplanets.org/pluto.html
(Though officially named for the mythological figure, Charon's
discoverer was also naming it in honor of his wife, Charlene.
Thus, those in the know pronounce it with the first syllable
sounding like 'shard' ("SHAHR en").