The sterilization and difference between narrown/broad spectrum antibiotics.pptx

microbiology sterilization

1. TOPICS Definitions Difference b/w Broad and narrow spectrum antibiotics

2. Define Terms STERILIZATION : The process by which an article , surface or medium is freed of all living microorganisms either in spore form or vegetative form . Methods of Sterilization : Heat Sterilization: Using high temperatures to kill microorganisms. Examples include: - Autoclaving (steam under pressure) - Dry heat sterilization (hot air oven)

3. Chemical Sterilization : Using chemicals to kill microorganisms. Examples include : - Ethylene oxide sterilization - Hydrogen peroxide sterilization Radiation Sterilization : Using ionizing radiation to kill microorganisms. Examples include : - Gamma radiation sterilization - Electron beam sterilization Filtration Sterilization : Using filters to remove microorganisms from liquids. Examples include : - Membrane filtration - Depth filtration

4. Temperature: Higher temperatures increase the effectiveness of sterilization. Time: Longer exposure times increase the effectiveness of sterilization. Pressure: Increased pressure can enhance the effectiveness of sterilization. Humidity: High humidity can affect the effectiveness of sterilization. Type of Microorganism: Different microorganisms have varying levels of resistance to sterilization methods. Factors Affecting Sterilization

5. Asepsis : Asepsis is a state of being free From disease-causing microorganisms (Absence of significant contaminations). There are two categories of asepsis : Medical Aspesis Surgical Asepsis

6. Medical Asepsis / Surgical Asepsis Medical Asepsis Surgical Asepsis Clean technique used Sterile technique used Control microorganisms Absence of microorganisms Basic hand hygiene used Surgical scrub performed Clean equipment and supplies Sterile equipment and supplies Clean field Sterile field

7. Principles of Asepsis Sterilization: Eliminating all forms of microbial life from equipment, surfaces, and materials. Disinfection: Reducing the number of microorganisms on surfaces and equipment. Sanitation: Maintaining a clean and hygienic environment. Personal Hygiene: Practicing good personal hygiene, such as handwashing and wearing protective clothing.

8. Aseptic: Aseptic are used to prevent contamination of surgical instruments, medical personnel, and patient during surgery. Aseptic techniques are also used to prevent bacterial contamination in food industry . Principles of Aseptic Technique: Hand hygiene: Hand washing or using hand sanitizer before and after interacting with patients or sterile equipment. Personal protective equipment (PPE): Wearing gloves, gowns, and masks to prevent skin-to-skin contact and exposure to bodily fluids. Sterilization and disinfection: Using sterilization and disinfection methods to eliminate microorganisms from equipment and surfaces. Maintaining a sterile field: Creating and maintaining a sterile area for procedures, using sterile drapes and equipment.

9. Preventing infection: Aseptic technique is crucial in preventing surgical site infections and other healthcare-associated infections. Maintaining patient safety: Aseptic technique helps to ensure patient safety by reducing the risk of infection and promoting a sterile environment. Reducing morbidity and mortality: Aseptic technique can help reduce morbidity and mortality rates by preventing infections and promoting positive patient outcomes. Importance of Aseptic Technique

10. Microbicidal: Microbicidal refers to the ability of a substance or agent to kill microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. Microbicidal agents can be used to disinfect and sterilize surfaces, equipment, and environments, as well as to treat infections in humans and animals. Types of Microbicidal Agents : Antibiotics: Target bacterial infections. Antivirals: Target viral infections. Antifungals: Target fungal infections. Antiprotozoals: Target protozoal infections. Disinfectants: Kill microorganisms on surfaces and equipment. Sterilants: Kill all forms of microbial life.

11. Bleach: A disinfectant that kills bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Ethanol: A disinfectant that kills bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Povidone-iodine: An antiseptic that kills bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Ciprofloxacin: An antibiotic that targets bacterial infections. Examples of Microbicidal Agents :

12. Macro-biotic : A diet that consists of cereals and grains supplemented with beans and vegetables, is known as Macrobiotics. Macrobiotic diet focuses on: 1. Whole grains: brown rice, whole wheat bread
2. Vegetables: locally sourced, seasonal, and organic
3. Legumes: beans, lentils, chickpeas
4. Seafood: occasional consumption of small fish .

13.                Antibiotics : Antibiotic is a substance derived from microorganisms or produced synthetically to kill or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms. Common Antibiotics: 1. Penicillin 2. Tetracycline etc

14. Difference b/w Broad and narrow spectrum antibiotics Features Broad spectrum antibiotics Narrow spectrum antibiotics Target range Effective against wide variety of bacteria. Effective against specific type of bacteria. Usage Used when specific pathogen is unknown. Used when specific pathogen is known . Side Effects Potentially more Side effects due to broader activity. Fewer side effects due to target activity. Cost Can be more expensive due to broader range . Generally less expensive due to target applications. Effectiveness Effective generally but not more against pathogens. Highly Effective against target pathogens . Time Duration May require long time duration for disease prevention. Shorter time duration is sufficient . Examples Amoxicillin , Tetracycline etc Azithromycin , Erythromycin etc

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