The three domains of human development are physical, cognitive and p.pdf

The three domains of human development are physical, cognitive and psychosocial.
Physical development:
Individual growth varies according to genetics, gender, culture and socioeconomic status.
Physical development starts at infancy and can last till late adolescence. It is generally divided
into eight stages being infancy; early, mid and late childhood; adolescence; early adulthood;
middle age and old age.Specific physical changes occur at each stage of physical development.
Physical development concentrates on gross and fine motor skills as well as puberty which
includes developing a control over the body, particularly muscles and physical coordination.
Gross motor skills involves moving the large muscles in the body like the arms and legs,
consciously and deliberately. It also involves balancing and stability with movements like
jumping, skipping, throwing, catching, hopping, kicking, running and galloping.
Fine motor skills involves controlling small muscles in the hands and wrists. This is achieved by
using small objects like handling scissors and writing instruments.Fine motor skills generally
follow gross motor development.
Physical growth at the infancy stage is rapid. Ther weight of the infant generally doubles over a
period of 6 months. The infant grows by 10-12 inches in length( or height) and the the
propartions change over a period of two years. The size of the head also decreases.The
subcortical areas of brain start developing first followed by cortical areas. At birth, the barin
weighs 25% of and adult brain which increases to 80% by puberty.
Physical development at childhood is rapid. By the end of second year, most children can
standup,walk/run, climb stairs, jump, and skip. From ages 4-5 they develop more speed and
agility and posture control. Fine motor skills start developing at this stage.
Physical development at adolescence starts with the beginning of puberty and ends with
adulthood. The physical age ranges from 12-18 years. At puberty distinctive physiological
changes occur, which involve increase in height, weight, sex characteristics, body composition
and internal systems. These changes are influenced by changes in hormone activity (growth
hormones, thyroid hormones and androgens).
Males develop a deeper voice during puberty and females develop breasts and increased hip size
start menstruation.
Physical development at early adulthood is observed at ages 20-40 years. At this period the
physical abilities are at their peak like muscle strength, sensory abilities, cardiac functioning etc.
One also starts aging at this period. Age related changes now varies to a great extent depending
on the biological factors like molecular and cellular changes and also choice of lifestyle. Aging
process starts during early adulthood and is characterized by changes in skin, vision and
reproductive capability. Women reach a menopause
Physical development at middle age is characterized by failing organs and body functions,
wrinled skin, lo.

1. The three domains of human development are physical, cognitive and psychosocial.
Physical development:
Individual growth varies according to genetics, gender, culture and socioeconomic status.
Physical development starts at infancy and can last till late adolescence. It is generally divided
into eight stages being infancy; early, mid and late childhood; adolescence; early adulthood;
middle age and old age.Specific physical changes occur at each stage of physical development.
Physical development concentrates on gross and fine motor skills as well as puberty which
includes developing a control over the body, particularly muscles and physical coordination.
Gross motor skills involves moving the large muscles in the body like the arms and legs,
consciously and deliberately. It also involves balancing and stability with movements like
jumping, skipping, throwing, catching, hopping, kicking, running and galloping.
Fine motor skills involves controlling small muscles in the hands and wrists. This is achieved by
using small objects like handling scissors and writing instruments.Fine motor skills generally
follow gross motor development.
Physical growth at the infancy stage is rapid. Ther weight of the infant generally doubles over a
period of 6 months. The infant grows by 10-12 inches in length( or height) and the the
propartions change over a period of two years. The size of the head also decreases.The
subcortical areas of brain start developing first followed by cortical areas. At birth, the barin
weighs 25% of and adult brain which increases to 80% by puberty.
Physical development at childhood is rapid. By the end of second year, most children can
standup,walk/run, climb stairs, jump, and skip. From ages 4-5 they develop more speed and
agility and posture control. Fine motor skills start developing at this stage.
Physical development at adolescence starts with the beginning of puberty and ends with
adulthood. The physical age ranges from 12-18 years. At puberty distinctive physiological
changes occur, which involve increase in height, weight, sex characteristics, body composition
and internal systems. These changes are influenced by changes in hormone activity (growth
hormones, thyroid hormones and androgens).
Males develop a deeper voice during puberty and females develop breasts and increased hip size
start menstruation.
Physical development at early adulthood is observed at ages 20-40 years. At this period the
physical abilities are at their peak like muscle strength, sensory abilities, cardiac functioning etc.
One also starts aging at this period. Age related changes now varies to a great extent depending
on the biological factors like molecular and cellular changes and also choice of lifestyle. Aging
process starts during early adulthood and is characterized by changes in skin, vision and
reproductive capability. Women reach a menopause

2. Physical development at middle age is characterized by failing organs and body functions,
wrinled skin, lowered strength, coordination, reaction time, sensation (sight, hearing, taste, smell,
touch), and fine motor skills. Many middle aged people have problems in ther vision and develop
myopia or hypermetropia. In males the Testosterone production lessens, which creates physical
symptoms, such as weakness, poor appetite, and inability to focus on specific tasks for extended
periods.
Physical Development at old age inevitably means physical decline, some of which may be due
to the individual’s lifestyle, such as poor diet and lack of exercise, rather than illness or the aging
process. This stage is characterized by less energy, decay od cells, decrease in muscle mass,
lower immunity, body systems and organs become less efficient.
Cognitive development:
It revolves around neuroscience and psychology, assesing the skill and psychological
development of an individual. Four stages of cognitive development involve the sensorimotor,
preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational period.
Sensorimotor stage:
This stage lasts from birth to two years old
Every chld is born with inherent reflexes for example sucking and grasping. At this stage
children learn object permanence by age of 7 months(memory). Ath this stage, intelligence is
demonstrated through motor activity. Knowledge is developed based on physical interaction and
experiences. Children might develop symbolic language abilities at the end of this stage.
Preoperational stage: this stage lasts from two years until age 6or7 years. The child’s thought
process is governed by egocentrism and animism and other similar constructs. Egocentrism is
when the child cannot see anyone else’s point of view and evaluates a situation in only his/her
way. Animism is when they give a lifeless object human like qualities in their mind, commonly
seen in kids with their toys.
Concrete operational stage: this stage lasts from 6-67 years until age 12-13 years. This stage is
charaterzed by development of principle of conservation (number, length, liquid, weight, area,
mass, volume). Intelligence is demonstrated through logical manipulations of symbols to conrete
objects. The egocentric thought at this stage diminishes. For example: In a simple conservation
experiment a child is asked to evaluate whether or not two quantities are the same – such as two
equal quantities of liquid in a short and tall glass. A preoperational child will typically judge the
taller, thinner glass to contain more, while a concrete operational child will judge the amounts
still to be the same. The ability to reason in this way reflects the development of a principle of
conservation.
Formal operational period: this stage lasts from 12-13 years of age till the end. It is characterised
by advancing from logical reasoning with concrete examples to abstract examples. As abstract

3. thinking is used, there is no longer a need for concrete examples. The individual can picture a
particluar future for them and pursue their goals for an ideal life.
Althoug Only 35 percent of high school graduates in industrialized countries have formal
operations, mando not think formally during adulthood.
Psychosocial development
Commonly called Erikson\'s stages of psychosocial development , identifies a series of eight
stages:
Hope
Will
Purpose
Competence
Fidelity
Love
Care
Wisdom
Hope: (trust Vs mistrust)
The basic need of an infant to feel secure is provided by it’s parnets and this interaction leads to
learning trust or mistrust. When the parents or the caregiver of the infant ttake care of it and
provide a warm environment and cater to it’s needs, the infant learns to trust. If the needs of the
infant are not met properly by the parents or the caregiver, a sense of mistrust is developed.
Developing msitrust can lead to feelings of frustruation, withdrawal, suspicion and lack of
confiednece.
Will: (autonomy vs. shame and doubt )
AS the child grows and developes motor abilities they explore their surroundigns. The parents
still rpovide asense of security under which the child can venture and explore it’s surroundigns
and learn about their environment. The snese of personal control becomes important at this stage.
Encouraging self sufficient behaviour such as choosing toys, food and going to toilet are wasy to
encourage sense of independence. Higly protective parents restrict their children to a limited
environment and do not allow them to experiment with their surroundings which can lead to
development of doubt and shame with respect to handling problems on their own.
Purpose:(initiative vs. guilt )
This occurs between the ages 3-5 uears and revolves around the deveopment of sense of self-
initiative. Children who are allowed and encouraged in self- directed plays develop a strong
sense of self-initiative as contrary to children who are discouraged from these activities.
Discouraging children’s initiatives may leas to the child developing a sense of guilt.
Competence: (industry Vs Inferiosrity) This happens at midddle school level at the age of 6-11

4. years. Children develop a sense of pride and ccomplishment from their work and abilities. They
learn social interaction when interacting with friends and at academic activites. Children who are
discouraged develop a sense of inferiority as compared to those who are praised and encouraged,
who develop a sense of competence
Fidelity:(identity vs role confusion) Those who find a sense of identity feel secure, independent
and ready to face the future, while those who remain confused may feel lost, insecure and unsure
of their place in the world.
Love:(intimacy Vs isolation) The sixth psychosocial stage is centered on forming intimate,
loving relationships with other people. Dating, marriage, family and friendships are important
during the intimacy versus isolation stage, which lasts from approximately age 19 to 40.
By successfully forming loving relationships with other people, individuals are able to
experience love and enjoy intimacy. Those who fail to form lasting relationships may feel
isolated and alone.
Care:( generativity Vs Stagnation)
Once adults enter the stage that occurs during middle adulthood, the psychosocial conflict
becomes centered on the need to create or nurture things that will outlast the individual.
Raising a family, working, and contributing to the community are all ways that people develop a
sense of purpose. Those who fail to find ways to contribute may feel disconnected and useless.
Wisdom: (ego integrity Vs Despair)
The final psychosocial stage starts around the age of 65 and lasts until death. During this period
of time, the individual looks back on their life. The most common question during this stage is,
\"Did I live a meaningful life?\"
Those who have will feel a sense of peace, wisdom and fulfillment, even when facing death. For
those who look back on life with bitterness and regret, feelings of despair may result.

Solution

The three domains of human development are physical, cognitive and psychosocial.
Physical development:
Individual growth varies according to genetics, gender, culture and socioeconomic status.
Physical development starts at infancy and can last till late adolescence. It is generally divided
into eight stages being infancy; early, mid and late childhood; adolescence; early adulthood;
middle age and old age.Specific physical changes occur at each stage of physical development.
Physical development concentrates on gross and fine motor skills as well as puberty which
includes developing a control over the body, particularly muscles and physical coordination.
Gross motor skills involves moving the large muscles in the body like the arms and legs,

5. consciously and deliberately. It also involves balancing and stability with movements like
jumping, skipping, throwing, catching, hopping, kicking, running and galloping.
Fine motor skills involves controlling small muscles in the hands and wrists. This is achieved by
using small objects like handling scissors and writing instruments.Fine motor skills generally
follow gross motor development.
Physical growth at the infancy stage is rapid. Ther weight of the infant generally doubles over a
period of 6 months. The infant grows by 10-12 inches in length( or height) and the the
propartions change over a period of two years. The size of the head also decreases.The
subcortical areas of brain start developing first followed by cortical areas. At birth, the barin
weighs 25% of and adult brain which increases to 80% by puberty.
Physical development at childhood is rapid. By the end of second year, most children can
standup,walk/run, climb stairs, jump, and skip. From ages 4-5 they develop more speed and
agility and posture control. Fine motor skills start developing at this stage.
Physical development at adolescence starts with the beginning of puberty and ends with
adulthood. The physical age ranges from 12-18 years. At puberty distinctive physiological
changes occur, which involve increase in height, weight, sex characteristics, body composition
and internal systems. These changes are influenced by changes in hormone activity (growth
hormones, thyroid hormones and androgens).
Males develop a deeper voice during puberty and females develop breasts and increased hip size
start menstruation.
Physical development at early adulthood is observed at ages 20-40 years. At this period the
physical abilities are at their peak like muscle strength, sensory abilities, cardiac functioning etc.
One also starts aging at this period. Age related changes now varies to a great extent depending
on the biological factors like molecular and cellular changes and also choice of lifestyle. Aging
process starts during early adulthood and is characterized by changes in skin, vision and
reproductive capability. Women reach a menopause
Physical development at middle age is characterized by failing organs and body functions,
wrinled skin, lowered strength, coordination, reaction time, sensation (sight, hearing, taste, smell,
touch), and fine motor skills. Many middle aged people have problems in ther vision and develop
myopia or hypermetropia. In males the Testosterone production lessens, which creates physical
symptoms, such as weakness, poor appetite, and inability to focus on specific tasks for extended
periods.
Physical Development at old age inevitably means physical decline, some of which may be due
to the individual’s lifestyle, such as poor diet and lack of exercise, rather than illness or the aging
process. This stage is characterized by less energy, decay od cells, decrease in muscle mass,
lower immunity, body systems and organs become less efficient.

6. Cognitive development:
It revolves around neuroscience and psychology, assesing the skill and psychological
development of an individual. Four stages of cognitive development involve the sensorimotor,
preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational period.
Sensorimotor stage:
This stage lasts from birth to two years old
Every chld is born with inherent reflexes for example sucking and grasping. At this stage
children learn object permanence by age of 7 months(memory). Ath this stage, intelligence is
demonstrated through motor activity. Knowledge is developed based on physical interaction and
experiences. Children might develop symbolic language abilities at the end of this stage.
Preoperational stage: this stage lasts from two years until age 6or7 years. The child’s thought
process is governed by egocentrism and animism and other similar constructs. Egocentrism is
when the child cannot see anyone else’s point of view and evaluates a situation in only his/her
way. Animism is when they give a lifeless object human like qualities in their mind, commonly
seen in kids with their toys.
Concrete operational stage: this stage lasts from 6-67 years until age 12-13 years. This stage is
charaterzed by development of principle of conservation (number, length, liquid, weight, area,
mass, volume). Intelligence is demonstrated through logical manipulations of symbols to conrete
objects. The egocentric thought at this stage diminishes. For example: In a simple conservation
experiment a child is asked to evaluate whether or not two quantities are the same – such as two
equal quantities of liquid in a short and tall glass. A preoperational child will typically judge the
taller, thinner glass to contain more, while a concrete operational child will judge the amounts
still to be the same. The ability to reason in this way reflects the development of a principle of
conservation.
Formal operational period: this stage lasts from 12-13 years of age till the end. It is characterised
by advancing from logical reasoning with concrete examples to abstract examples. As abstract
thinking is used, there is no longer a need for concrete examples. The individual can picture a
particluar future for them and pursue their goals for an ideal life.
Althoug Only 35 percent of high school graduates in industrialized countries have formal
operations, mando not think formally during adulthood.
Psychosocial development
Commonly called Erikson\'s stages of psychosocial development , identifies a series of eight
stages:
Hope
Will
Purpose

7. Competence
Fidelity
Love
Care
Wisdom
Hope: (trust Vs mistrust)
The basic need of an infant to feel secure is provided by it’s parnets and this interaction leads to
learning trust or mistrust. When the parents or the caregiver of the infant ttake care of it and
provide a warm environment and cater to it’s needs, the infant learns to trust. If the needs of the
infant are not met properly by the parents or the caregiver, a sense of mistrust is developed.
Developing msitrust can lead to feelings of frustruation, withdrawal, suspicion and lack of
confiednece.
Will: (autonomy vs. shame and doubt )
AS the child grows and developes motor abilities they explore their surroundigns. The parents
still rpovide asense of security under which the child can venture and explore it’s surroundigns
and learn about their environment. The snese of personal control becomes important at this stage.
Encouraging self sufficient behaviour such as choosing toys, food and going to toilet are wasy to
encourage sense of independence. Higly protective parents restrict their children to a limited
environment and do not allow them to experiment with their surroundings which can lead to
development of doubt and shame with respect to handling problems on their own.
Purpose:(initiative vs. guilt )
This occurs between the ages 3-5 uears and revolves around the deveopment of sense of self-
initiative. Children who are allowed and encouraged in self- directed plays develop a strong
sense of self-initiative as contrary to children who are discouraged from these activities.
Discouraging children’s initiatives may leas to the child developing a sense of guilt.
Competence: (industry Vs Inferiosrity) This happens at midddle school level at the age of 6-11
years. Children develop a sense of pride and ccomplishment from their work and abilities. They
learn social interaction when interacting with friends and at academic activites. Children who are
discouraged develop a sense of inferiority as compared to those who are praised and encouraged,
who develop a sense of competence
Fidelity:(identity vs role confusion) Those who find a sense of identity feel secure, independent
and ready to face the future, while those who remain confused may feel lost, insecure and unsure
of their place in the world.
Love:(intimacy Vs isolation) The sixth psychosocial stage is centered on forming intimate,
loving relationships with other people. Dating, marriage, family and friendships are important
during the intimacy versus isolation stage, which lasts from approximately age 19 to 40.

8. By successfully forming loving relationships with other people, individuals are able to
experience love and enjoy intimacy. Those who fail to form lasting relationships may feel
isolated and alone.
Care:( generativity Vs Stagnation)
Once adults enter the stage that occurs during middle adulthood, the psychosocial conflict
becomes centered on the need to create or nurture things that will outlast the individual.
Raising a family, working, and contributing to the community are all ways that people develop a
sense of purpose. Those who fail to find ways to contribute may feel disconnected and useless.
Wisdom: (ego integrity Vs Despair)
The final psychosocial stage starts around the age of 65 and lasts until death. During this period
of time, the individual looks back on their life. The most common question during this stage is,
\"Did I live a meaningful life?\"
Those who have will feel a sense of peace, wisdom and fulfillment, even when facing death. For
those who look back on life with bitterness and regret, feelings of despair may result.