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1. The role of freeze –thaw cycle in weat h ering Under the supervision of-Dipankar Oraw Prensted by-Diya upadhya subtitle –an overview of forest weding and its impact on rocks breakdown

2. Weathering is the breakdown of rocks and minerals at or near earths surface. Mechanical weathering; physical breakdowns of rocks. Chemical weathering; breakdown due to chemical reaction. Freeze-thaw weathering; a type of mechanical weathering. Focus; freeze-thaw cycle and their role in weathering. Introduction to weathring

3. Definition of weathering Freeze – thaw weathering occurs when water enters cracks in rocks . freezes , and expands ,eventually causing the rock to break a part. Key process;the repacted freezing and thawing weaken the rock structure. Process;- Step 1-water freeze-as the temperature drops. the water feezes . Step 2-ice expand- The ice expands,pushing the crack apart and making it larger. Step 3-Ice melts-when the temperature rise again,the ice mealts . Step 4-water refills-The water fills never parts of the crack.

4. Factors affecting freeze-thaw weathering Temperture rang- Fluctuations aroumd 0[ degrre ]c promote freeze-thaw cycles. Water availabllity - Rocks must have cracks or pores filled with water. Rock type- Softer,more porous rock like sandstone are more susceptible than haeder rocks like granite .

5. The impact of climate change on freeze-thaw cycle An effect of climate change is that some near-poler region in Canada. Northen Europe and Russia.Which is normally experience one long frigid season are experience more temperature conditions with multiple freeze-thaw cycle per year.some regions that once had permafrost up to or close to ground level.now find that the permafrost has receded.Reasulting in subgrade soil and road foundations having to experience seasonal freeze-thaw cycle.

6. Effect of freeze-thaw weathring Physical breakdown- Rocks break into small pieces.increasing surface area. Landforms changes-Can lead to the formation of scree slopes or rockfalls. Soil foramation -Freeze-thaw contributes to the formation of soil as rock down. Chemical weathering- Freeze-thaw cycle can enhance chmical weathering by increasing the surface of rocks. Mineral Dissoiution - Freeze-thaw cycle can lead to the dissoiution of minerals,altrting the chemical composition of rocks. Ecosystem changes- Freeze-thaw cycle influence local ecosystems by alerting the chemical compositions of rocks. Water quality impact- Freeze-thaw cycle can affect water quality by increasing sedimententation and alerting nutrient cycles.

7. Real-worlds examples Mountaions Regions- The alps or rockles have notable freeze-thaw weathering. Premaforst Regions-The tundra regions in Alaska,Siberia . Desert Regions with nighttime colling- The Atacama Desert in Chile or the sahara Deseter in Africa.

8. Effect on landforms and soil Landforms development- Freeze-thaw weathering contributes to the formation of tauls slopes.scree and other rock fragment that accumulate at the base of cliffs. Soil formation- Over time,these broken rocks contribute to theformation of soils,especially in cold regions. Transportation of debris- small rock particales are moved by water.wind,or glaciers,contributing to landscape changes.

9. Conclusion In conclusions, the freeze-thaw cycle plays a significants role in weathering by facilitating the breakdown of rocks and minerals through the repeacated process of freezeing and thawing the repected process of freezing and thawing of water in rock cracks. It freezes,expands,and exeris pressure on the surrounding rock.causing it to fracture. Upon thawing ,the water contracts,and the cycle repacts.Gradually weaking the rock over time. This process is practicularly evident in regions with fluctuating tempertures . Where freeze-thaw cycles contribute to the physical weathering of landscape,leading to the formation of features like scree slopes and rockfalls. Understanding this natural mechanism highlights ithis importance in shaping earths surface.

10. References cHAT -GPT gOOGEL pHYSICAL -GEOGRAPHY-[SAVINDRA sINGH ] tECHNIQUES iN hUMAN gEOGRAPHY [ROUTLEDGE] wEATHRING [OLLIER] hTTPS ;// sLIDESGO.cOM / hTTPS // wWW.sLIDESSHARE.nET /kAMRANAHAMAD1270/ fREEZE -AND-THAW-AND sEISMICITY -GEOTECHNICAL-PERSENTATION

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