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Explaining Cultural Elaboration in the Middle
and Late Linear Pottery Culture:
Application of the Waste Hypothesis
Mateusz Krupski
Institute of Archaeology, University of Wrocław
Szewska 48, 50-139, Wrocław
Poland
[email protected]
Abstract: The waste hypothesis first proposed by R. Dunnell (1989, see also 1999) and further elaborated by M. Madsen et al.,
(1999), is an empirically testable concept which is capable of explaining the appearance and termination of certain phenomena in
the archaeological record. Operating from an evolutionary theory based perspective it suggests that the rise of cultural elaboration
in human societies may be the result of natural selection operating under uncertain, fluctuating environmental conditions. Testing the
hypothesis’ empirical expectations in each specific cultural case is of crucial importance. This paper offers a preliminary discussion of
the waste hypothesis in the light of Linear Pottery Culture (LBK after Linearbandkeramik) data from western central Europe and its
initial testing on the LBK dataset.
Keywords: Neolithic, LBK, west Germany, waste hypothesis, cultural elaboration
Introduction
The purpose of this paper is to examine the applicability of
an evolutionary hypothesis – called the waste hypothesis by
R. Dunnell (1989; 1999) – in explaining certain aspects of
the Linear Pottery Culture (LBK after Linearbandkeramik)
archaeological record, which may be termed cultural
elaboration. Because of the fact that the evidence discussed
below comes from western central Europe, mainly from
western Germany, the most suitable chronological
timeframe is the one suggested by D. Price et al,. (2001)
(Figure 1). The period with which I am concerned, covers
approximately the last 300 years of the developmental
sequence of this cultural entity; spanning the Middle
and Late LBK phases according to the above mentioned
chronology.
First of all I intend to review the available evidence of
possible cultural elaboration in LBK then move on to a brief
description of the basic assumptions of the waste hypothesis,
followed by a preliminary testing of the hypothesis in light
of empirical environmental and archaeological data.
Cultural elaboration in the Middle and Late LBK in
western central Europe?
Despite the apparent homogenous appearance, material
remains classified as LBK are characterized by both
spatial and temporal diversity. The Middle and Late phases
of LBK in the western area of its distribution (mainly in
Baden-Württemberg, Rhineland-Palatinate and North Rhine
Westphalia, in Germany), witness activities which in certain
aspects may cautiously be called cultural elaboration. Along
with subsistence practices, various production activities,
trade, and the construction of defensive earthworks, there
is evidence of peculiar mortuary rites and the building
of a specific kind of enclosure which appear to have had
no obvious purposes. The waste hypothesis may (or may
not) provide a satisfying explanation of the two latter
phenomena.
The construction of earthworks
LBK enclosures are a well-known phenomenon (see
Petrasch 1990). Most of the earthworks may be classified
as structures erected for defensive purposes and therefore
called fortifications. Enclosed sites are concentrated on
the margins of areas settled by the LBK population during
each cultural phase. Their location in the landscape does not
differ from the location of unenclosed settlements, and in
many cases the earthworks seem to have been used only for
a limited period of time (e.g. Höckmann 1990; Kaufmann
Figure 1. LBK chronology in the Rhine Valley. Based on: Price
et al., 2001