Theories of child Psychology Part- 1.pptx

This presentation deals with theories of child psychology as related to Pediatric dentistry

1. THEORIES OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY PART- I Dr. RISHABH KAPOOR READER Department of Pediatrics and Preventive Dentistry BDS 4 th YEAR Lecture On : 04/03/2024

2. CONTENTS Introduction Importance of psychology Classification of theories Psychodynamic theories Theories of learning and development of behavior Conclusion References

3. OBJECTIVES To understand about child psychology To Understand the importance of studying child psychology Understanding various theories

4. INTRODUCTION Psychological development is a dynamic process which begins at birth and proceeds in an ascending order through a series of sequential stages manifesting into various characteristic behavior . It is governed by genetic, familial, cultural, interpersonal and interpsychic factors.

5. DEFINITIONS :- Psychology – It is a science dealing with human nature, function and phenomena of his soul in the main. Child psychology – It is a science or study of child’s mind and how it functions. It is also the science that deals with the mental power or an interaction between the conscious and subconsious elements in a child.

6. To understand the child better To know problems of psychological origin To deliver dental services in a meaningful and effective manner. To establish an effective communication To provide a comfortable environment and gain confidence of a child For better teaching of primary & preventive care For effective treatment planning and execution IMPORTANCE OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY

7. THEORIES OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY A) PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES Psychosexual theory – Sigmund Freud (1905) Psychosocial theory -Erik Erickson (1963) Cognitive theory -Jean Piaget (1952) B) BEHAVIOURAL THEORIES Classical conditioning –Ivan Pavlov (1927) Operant conditioning – B.F.Skinner (1938) Hierarchy of needs – Abraham Maslow (1954) Social Learning theory – Albert Bandura (1963)

8. PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY This theory describes development as primarily unconscious and colored by emotion. This theory believes that behaviour is merely a surface characteristic and that a true understanding of development requires analysing the symbolic meanings of behaviour and the deep inner workings of the mind.

9. Freud’s Psychosexual Theory – Freud ( 1856-1939) developed his ideas about psychoanalytical theory while working with mental patients. He described human mind with the help of two models – Topographic model Psychic model

10. TOPOGRAPHIC MODEL This was elaborated in his book “The Interpretation of Dreams” in 1900. Sigmund Freud said :“The mind is like an iceberg, it floats with one-seventh of its bulk above water”. Freud compared human mind to an iceberg of which some part is visible and major part is inside the water or not visible.

11. Freud identified three different parts of the mind, based on our level of awareness. 1) Conscious mind - The conscious mind is where we are paying attention at the moment. It includes only our current thinking processes and objects of attention, and hence constitutes a large part of our current awareness. - It depicts the visible part of the iceberg. ie - 10%

12. 2) Preconscious mind The preconscious includes those things of which we are aware, but where we are not paying attention. We can choose to pay attention to these and deliberately bring them into the conscious mind. We can control our awareness to a certain extent, from focusing in very closely on one conscious act to a wider awareness that seeks to expand consciousness to include as much of preconscious information or memories which are stored there.

13. 3 ) Subconscious /unconscious mind The unconscious mind is largest of all three and a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that is out of reach of conscious mind. It includes all the things that are not available to awareness, including many things that have their origins there, such as our drives or instincts, and things that are put there because we can't bear to look at them, such as the memories and emotions associated with trauma.

14. Most of the contents of the unconscious are unacceptable or unpleasant, such as feelings of pain, anxiety, or conflict or immoral desires. According to Freud , the unconscious or subconscious mind continues to influence our behaviour and personality, even though we are unaware of these underlying influences.

15. PSYCHIC TRIAD Freud proposed that the human psyche could be divided into three parts :  Id Ego Superego

16. ID ID is the basic structure of personality . The Id contains our primitive drives and operates largely according to the  pleasure principle , whereby its two main goals are the seeking of pleasure and the avoidance of pain. It is present at birth, impulse ridden and strives for immediate pleasure and gratification . It has no perception of reality and seeks to satisfy its needs through what Freud called the  primary processes  that dominate the existence of infants, including hunger and self-protection.

17. -  In simpler words, the id wants whatever feels good at the time, with no consideration for the reality of the situation. - When a child is hungry, the id wants food, and therefore the child cries. When the child is uncomfortable, in pain, or just wants attention, the id speaks up until his or her needs are met. - It serves as a reservoir of instincts or their mental representative.

18. EGO As child experience the demands and constraints of reality , a new part of personality emerges – the ego, which is the Freudian personality structure that deals with the demands of reality. So, it is governed by the reality principle . It develops out of id in the 2 nd to 6 th month of life when the infant begins to distinguish between itself and the outside world.

19. It recognizes what is real and understands that behaviors have consequences. This includes the effects of social rules that are necessary in order to live and socialize with other people.   It uses secondary processes (perception, recognition, judgment and memory) that are developed during childhood.

20. - Its the ego's job to meet the needs of the id, while taking into consideration the reality of the situation. - Like a child of around 3-4 years of age understands that he will get food only when someone is around.

21. SUPEREGO The superego is the Freudian structure of personality that is moral branch of personality : which decides right or wrong. It is the prohibition learned from enviornment (more from parents and authorities) . It is determined by regulations imposed upon the child by parents, society and culture. It is the internalized control which produces the feeling of shame and guilt.

22. -According to Freud, in a healthy person the ego is the strongest so that it can satisfy the needs of the id, not upset the superego, and still take into consideration the reality of every situation.  -Freud also said : If the id part gets too strong in someone’s mind, impulses and self gratification takes over the person's life.   If the superego becomes too strong, the person would be driven by rigid morals, would be judgmental and unbending in his or her interactions with the world.

23. - He also related the id, ego and superego (psychic triad) to the subconscious, preconscious and conscious ( topographic model). - All the id resides in subconscious, superego contributes some part of conscious and ego stays in all three.

24. - Freud believed that personality develops through a series of childhood stages during which the pleasure-seeking energies of the id become focused on certain erogenous areas. - This psychosexual energy, or libido, was described as the driving force behind behavior. -If these psychosexual stages are completed successfully, the result is a healthy personality. If certain issues are not resolved at the appropriate stage, fixation can occur.

25. 1. ORAL STAGE – - This is the first stage of development , occuring during the first 18months of life . In in this stage, infant’s pleasure centers around the mouth. It therefore serves as erogenous stage . This is a dependent stage since the infant is dependent on adults for getting his oral needs to fulfilled. - If child’s needs are not adequately met in this stage the following traits develop : excessive optimisim , demandingness , envy.

26. 2. ANAL STAGE – - This stage develops between 1 1/2 – 3years. During this stage, maturation of neuromuscular control occurs. Control over sphincters, particularly anal sphincter, results in increased voluntary activity. Child realizes his control over his needs and practices it with a sense of shame or self- doubt. The child realizes the increasing voluntary control, which provides him with the sense of independence and autonomy. It is characterized by various abnormal behaviors like : disorderliness, stubborness , willfulness.

27. 3. PHALLIC STAGE – It occurs between the age of 3 and 6 years. The child gets attracted towards the parent of opposite sex.

28. - It is characterized by – Oedipus complex – This name comes from Greek mythology, in which Oedipus, the son of the King of Thebes, unwittingly kills his father and marries his mother. The Oedipus complex, according to Freudian theory, is the young child’s development of an intense desire to replace the same-sex parent and enjoy the affections of the opposite sex-parent.

29. Electra complex – similarly young girl develop an attraction towards their father and they resent the mother being close to the father. In Greek mythology, Elactra helped her brother, in order to win her father’s love. - If the above mentioned characteristics are not resolved the balance between male and female roles does not develop.

30. 3. LATENCY STAGE – This stage occurs between 6years of age and puberty. During this period, the child represents all interest in social and intellectual skills Child gain better sense of initiative and starts adapting to the adverse environment.

31. The goal of this phase is further development of personality This activity channels much of the child’s energy into emotionally safe and helps the child forget the highly stressful conflicts of the phallic stage. If there is any lack in inner control it results in an immature behavior and decreased development of skills.

32. 4. GENITAL STAGE – It extends from 11 to 13years to young adulthood. Child develop a sense of identification and a matured personality. This stage helps to separate from the dependence on parents. Their acceptance of adult role, functions with social expectations and cultural values. Unresolved traits from previous phases are seen in a modified form.

33. PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY ERIK ERIKSON (1963 ) Erik Homburger Erikson (1902-1994) was a Jewish German developmental psychologist known for his theory on social development of human beings, and for coining the phrase identity crisis . For Freud it was biology or more specifically the biological instincts of life and aggression; for Erikson, the most important force driving human behavior & development of personality was social interaction . His developmental theory of the “ Eight Stages of Man ” was unique in that it covered the entire lifespan rather than childhood & adolescent development.

34. Erikson’s theory postulates that the society responds to the child’s basic needs or development tasks in each specific period of life and states that in doing so’ society assures not only the child’s healthy growth but also the passage and survival of society’s own culture and traditions.

35. 1. Trust vs Mistrust :- The infant forms the first trusting relationship with the caregiver. The child, if , well-handled, nutured and loved, develops trust and security and a basic optimism. The child's relative understanding of world and society come from the parents and their interaction with the child. If the parents expose the child to warmth, regularity, and dependable affection, the infant's view of the world will be one of trust.

36. - Should the parents fail to provide a secure environment and to meet the child's basic need a sense of mistrust will result. That the world is an undependable, unpredictable, and possibly dangerous place. Dental Application - - If it is necessary to provide dental treatment to these patients then it is preferable to do with parent present and preferably with parent holding hand of the child. - The ratio between the trust and mistrust must be maintained by the dentist.

37. 2 . Autonomy vs Shame :- Toddlers learn to explore and do things for themselves. Their self-control and self- confidence begin to develop at this stage. If the child is encouraged to explore and reassured when mistakes are made, he / she will develop a sense of autonomy and confidence needed to cope with future situations. If parents are overprotective or extremely critical, the child may be ashamed of his behaviour and doubt his/her abilities.

38. Dental Application – - In this stage child takes pleasure in doing the task by himself, Dentist must obtain cooperation from him that treatment is his choice and not of the dentist or parent.

39. 3. Initiative vs Guilt :- Child begin to interact with the environment , the motor and language skills begin to develop. They display an eagerness for adventure and play and learn to control impulsive behaviour .

40. If parents are encouraging and at the same time consistent in disciplining the child, he/she will learn to accept the concept of right and wrong and not feel ashamed in using his imagination. If the child’s initiatives are constantly curtailed by the caregivers, he may develop a sense of guilt and come to believe that it is wrong to be independent.

41. Dental Application – Child can be encouraged to view this visit as a new adventure and encouraged to genuine success in it. If this visit fails, it can lead to sense of guilt in child.

42. 4. Industry vs Inferiority : - - As child goes to school he is capable of learning, creating and accomplishing numerous new skills and knowledge, thus developing a sense of  industry .  - If children are encouraged to make and do things and are then praised for their accomplishments, they begin to demonstrate industry by being diligent, persevering at tasks until completed, and putting work before pleasure. If children are instead ignored or punished for their efforts, they develop feelings of inferiority about themselves.

43. Dental Application – - Cooperation at this stage depends on whether he/she understands what is needed to please dentists/ parents , whether peer group is supportive and whether the desired behavior is reinforced by the dentist.

44. 5. Self Identity vs Role confusion :- - This is the time when child questions–“Who am I ?” According to Erikson, to successfully answer this question ,the adolescent must integrate the healthy resolution of all earlier conflicts and one who has successfully dealt with them are ready for identity crisis. If the adolescent solve this conflict successfully he will come out of this age with a strong identity and ready to plan for the future. If not, he will sink into confusion unable to make decisions and choices specially about vocation, sexual orientation and his role in life in general.

45. Dental Application - - Behavior management of adolescence can be challenging. If any orthodontic treatment should be carried out if child wants it and not parents at this stage, parental authority is being rejected. - Approval of peer group is extremely important.

46. 6. Intimacy vs Isolation :- At this stage, individuals face the developmental task of forming intimate relationships with others. Erikson describes intimacy as finding oneself yet losing oneself in others. If the young adult forms healthy friendships and an intimate relationship with another individual, intimacy will be achieved: if not, isolation will result.

47. Dental Application :- - At this stage , external appearances are extremely important. -These young adults seek orthodontic treatments to correct their dental appearances , this characterized as internal motivation.

48. 7. Generativity vs Stagnation :- A chief concern is to assist the younger generation in developing and leading useful lives which means generativity . When a person makes a contribution during this period, perhaps by raising a family or working toward the betterment of society, a sense of productivity and accomplishment results. The feeling of having done nothing to help the next generation is stagnation.

49. 8. Integrity vs Despair :- During this stage, a person reflects on the past and either pieces together a positive review or concludes that life has not been spent well. - In this stage person develop feelings of satisfaction and integrity if they believe that they had a happy, productive life. -They may instead develop a sense of despair if they look back on a life of disappointments and unachieved goals and fear death.

50. VIDEO: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OhBbE8hSz1I

51. Evaluating the Psychoanalytical Theories – The theories highlight the role of early experiences in development . Family relationship are examined as a central aspect of development. Freud’s theory championed the idea that mind is not all conscious and brought attention to the unconscious aspects of the mind. Erikson showed that changes take place in adulthood as well as in childhood.

52. CONCLUSION Being a pediatric dentist we will be dealing with children of all age groups and thus child psychology will play a major role in understanding them, their fears and their strengths. This will help us in finding a way to manage them and taking them in confidence to treat and guide them successfully. Therefore, the aim of this discussion was to understand the various aspects of child psychology, applied to the dental situations for the successful management of the child in dental clinic.

53. REFRENCES Diane E.Papalia , Human Development , 9 th edition.pg- 33-39 John W . Santrock , Child Development, 11 th edition.pg – 39-47 S . G. Damle , Pediatric Dentistry , 4 th edition. Pg-11-29 Shobha Tandon , Textbook of Pediatric Dentistry , 2 nd edition.pg-121-133.

54. SUGGESTED READING John W . Santrock , Child Development, 11 th edition.pg – 39-47 UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS Explain Theories of child psychology. (March 2013, Oct 2015 CCSU) Discuss the development of intelligence in children according to Jean Piaget theory. Discuss the application of this theory in Pediatric Dentistry for behaviour modification. ( Nov 2017, CCSU) What is Psychology. Explain different theories of child psychology. (Nov 2019, CCSU)

55. THANK YOU