theories of crime causation.pptx

theories of crime causation

1. THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION Presented by: Roched Jay Zarate BSCrim 2

2. Output Outcomes: Define classical, psychological, sociological, economic, bio psychosocial, political/social conflict theories of crime causation; Analyse the differences of the theories of crime causation; and Identify the following person who coined the theories.

3. CLASSICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION 1

4. is based on the assumption that people are free of will and thus completely responsible for their own actions.

5. A. RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY is based on the fundamental tenets of classical criminology which hold that people freely choose their behaviour and are motivated by the avoidance of pain and the pursuit of pleasure. assumes that crime is a personal choice, the result of individual decision-making processes.

6. B. ROUTINE ACTIVITY THEORY is  based on the assumption that crime can be committed by anyone who has the opportunity. states that victims are given choices on whether to be victims mainly by not placing themselves in situations where a crime can be committed against them.

7. C. LIFESTYLE THEORY is the idea that individuals have a high risk of becoming crime victims if their patterns of behaviour expose them to victimization. certain people may become the victims of crimes because of their lifestyles and choices.

8. General Deterrence which seeks to curb illegal conduct the public will avoid committing crimes from fear of the strict consequences to discourage people from committing crimes by setting an example of what the consequences of crime can be Specific Deterrence to the use of punishment for criminal activity, intended to discourage a specific individual from committing the crime again. Retributivism - a legal theory of punishment that is intended to assign a punishment proportionate to the crime. D. GENERAL DETERRENCE AND SPECIFIC DETERRENCE THEORY

9. E. VICTIM PRECIPITATION THEORY the characteristics of the victim precipitate the crime. a criminology theory that analyses how a victim's interaction with an offender may contribute to the crime being committed. Common crimes: homicide, rape, assault, and robbery.

10. F. INCAPACITATION THEORY the state has a duty to protect the public from future wrongs or harms. to prevent the most dangerous or prolific offenders from reoffending in the community.    

11. PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION 02.

12. criminal   behaviour  is the  result of unconscious  factors  acting  on a person's  psyche. some aggression can leak out of the unconscious, leading to random acts of  violence.

13. PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY AND PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT A.

14. PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY Sigmund Freud unconscious mental  processes  acquired in  early  childhood control  human personality.   three major components: bd. ego, ego, and superego the psychological drives and forces within individuals that explain human behaviour and personality.

15. PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT The most basic  human  motivation  is Eros,  which is  present  at  birth. At every stage of  life, humans  experience  sexuality. Stages: Oral, anal,phallic , latency desire  to protect and create  life  Eros is a  sexually  expressed  emotion

16. B. BEHAVIORAL THEORY John B. Watson developed  behavioural  theory, which was popularized by  Burrhus  Frederick  Skinner. It concentrates on certain stimuli and how people react to  them. It also contends that human activities are shaped by learning  experience.

17. C. SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY is the branch of behavioural theory most relevant to criminology . Albert Bandura's social learning theory emphasizes  the necessity  of observing,  modelling,  and mimicking others'  behaviours,  attitudes, and emotional  reactions.

18. D. COGNITIVE THEORY studies the perception of reality and the mental process required to understand the world we live . It focuses on mental processes- the way people perceive and mentally represents the world around them. contains several subgroups such as the moral and intellectual development branch. which is concerned on how people morally represent and reason about the world.

19. E. MORAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY focuses on how children develop morality and moral reasoning. occurs in a series of six stages suggests that moral logic is primarily focused on seeking and maintaining justice. Kohlberg suggested that people travel through stages of moral development and that It is possible that serious have a moral orientation that differs those law-abiding citizens.  

20. F. INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSMISSION THEORY transmission refers to the transfer of individual abilities, traits, behaviours and outcomes from parents to their children. transmission refers to the socialization and social learning that helps to explain the ways in which children growing up in a violent family learn violent roles. states that criminal and antisocial parents tend to have delinquent and antisocial children.

21. G. ALTERNATIVE THEORY well-known adage that “opposite charges attract”, female criminals are more likely to marry male offenders. First process: homogamy where convicted people tend to choose each other as mates because of physical and social proximity. Second process: called phenotypic assortment where people examine each other's personality and behaviour and choose partners who are similar to themselves . Toto love ashleigh

22.   H. DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION - REINFORCEMENT THEORY proposes that (1) the occurrence of criminal activity is determined by whether it is rewarded or penalized. people are more likely to respond positively to the reactions of the most important people in their lives. If criminal behaviour elicits more positive reinforcement or reward than punishment, the behaviour will persist. the role of parents as primary educators is critical .

23. I. EYSENCK’S CONDITIONING THEORY claims that all human personalities can be seen in three dimensions. Psychotic ism, extroversion, and neuroticism. score high on psychotic (aggressive , egocentric, and impulsive) score high on extroversion scales (sensation-seeking , dominant, and assertive) high levels of neuroticism (low self-esteem, excessive anxiety, and erratic mood swings) humans develop a conscience through conditioning and that criminals gradually become conditioned and appear to care little if their asocial actions are condemned.

24. J. INTEGRATED THEORY James Q. Wilson and Richard Julius Herrnstein proposed this theory. predatory street crime by demonstrating how human nature develops as a result of the interaction of psychological, biological, and social factors. that genes and environment influence some people to develop the type of personality that leads to criminal behaviour. also argued that if reward (such as money) is greater than the expected punishment (small fine)

25. K. MATERNAL DEPRIVATION AND ATTACHMENT THEORY which stated that a kid requires warmth and affection from his or her mother or a mother replacement. the most important phenomenon to social development takes place after the birth of any mammal and that is construction of an emotional bond between the infant and his mother. the most important phenomenon to social development takes place after the birth of any mammal and that is construction of an emotional bond between the infant and his mother

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27. SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION 03.

28. explains how a certain individual acquires criminal or undesirable behaviour describes how the agents of socialization such as family, environment, schools, mass media, and peer groups contribute to or affect the behaviour of a specific individual and it would also somehow manifest as to how a person responds or reacts with regard to the conduct displayed by other persons whom he or she is socializing with

29. A. SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORY Social disorganization theory was developed by Cliffors Shaw and Henry McKay. Crime rates are higher in areas where the fabric of social life has become frayed. Crime-ridden neighbourhoods are seen as places that citizens are attempting to flee as soon as possible, according to social disorder neighbourhood disintegration and slum conditions were the fundamental causes of criminal activity

30. B. CONCENTRIC ZONE THEORY consisting of a series of 5 concentric circles or zones, and that there were stable and significant differences in inter zone crime rates (noticed by Burgess and Park) consisting of a series of The transitional inner-city zones, where huge numbers of foreign-born people have lived, looked to have the highest concentration of crime. (notice be Shaw and Henry) even though crime rates changed, they found that the highest rates were always in the central City and transitional areas

31. C. ANOMIE THEORY coined by French sociologist David Emile Durkheim (1858-1917), and is derived from the Greek a nomos , which meaning "without rules . one in which social standards have broken down or become ineffective during periods of fast social change or crisis, such as war or famine most prone to arise in cultures transitioning from mechanical to organic solidarity

32. D. STRAIN THEORY Robert K. Merton, an American sociologist, adapted Durkheim's notions of anomie to criminology. believes that crime is the result of a conflict between people's ambitions and the legal tools to achieve those aims those who were unable to achieve their objectives due to a lack of resources would experience anger, frustration, and resentment, which is referred to as strain,

33. E. RELATIVE DEPRIVATION THEORY Judith R. Blau and Peter M. Blau created this theory. highlights that a sharp divide between rich and poor fosters an atmosphere of jealousy and mistrust Criminal motivation is motivated by a sense of humiliation as well as a sense of having the right to humiliate a victim in return when comparing their lives to those of the more affluent, lower-class individuals may feel both impoverished and enraged

34. F. GENERAL STRAIN THEORY Robert Agnew revised Robert Merton's strain theory. claiming that criminality is a direct result of negative emotional states such as wrath Frustration, despair, disappointment, and other negative emotions associated with stress are all common. seeks to explain why people who are stressed and stressed out are more inclined to commit crimes, and he offers broader explanations for criminal activity in all aspects of society. He discovers that a number of strains can cause negative emotional experiences.

35.   G. CULTURAL DEVIANCE THEORY combines the impacts of social disorganization and strain to explain how residents of failing communities respond to social isolation and economic deprivation. Members of the lower class form a distinct subculture with its own set of laws and values as a result of their tiring, frustrating, and demoralizing experiences those who are economically deprived and living in disorganized areas in order to gain success may resort to crime and delinquency

36.   H. DELINQUENT SUBCULTURE THEORY Albert K. Cohen first articulated the theory in his classic book, "Delinquent Boys" that delinquent behaviour Of lower-class youth is actually a protest against the norms and values of the middle-class believe because of status frustration lower-class boys who suffer rejection by middle-class (rich) people may to form deviant subcultures

37. I. DIFFERENTIAL OPPORTUNITY THEORY incorporates strain and disorganization ideas into a depiction of a gang-based criminal subculture is that people from all walks of life have the same aspirations for achievement, but those in the lower classes have fewer resources to achieve them Ohlin believed that not all illegal acts are committed by gang youth; they are the source of the most serious, sustained, and costly criminal behaviours’

38. J. DRIFT THEORY Even the most devoted criminals and delinquents do not engage in criminal activity all of the time; they also attend schools, family activities, and religious services Their actions can be thought of as falling somewhere between total freedom and utter restriction refers to a shift in conduct from one extreme to the other, resulting in behaviour that is at times unusual, free, or deviant, and at other times restrained and sober.

39. K. DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY "Tell me who your friends are and I will tell you who you are." and "Birds of the same feathers flock together, and when they flock together they fly so high" (best describe) People commit crimes, he claims, through learning in a social context through their interactions and dialogue with others. criminal behaviour is taught through interaction with others, including the tactics of committing the crime as well as the motives, urges, rationalizations, and attitudes that lead to it.

40. L. CONTAINMENT THEORY presented by Walter C. Reckless (1899-1988 ) assumes that for every individual, there exists a containing external structure and a protective internal structure, both of which provide defence, protection, or insulation against delinquency. if an individual’s containing external and protective internal or inner containment are weak then there's a great possibility that the will commit a crime or may resort to delinquency

41. M. SOCIAL BOND THEORY connects the emergence of criminality to the deterioration of social bonds assumes that everyone is a potential lawbreaker, but they are kept in check because they are afraid of hurting their connections with their friends, parents, neighbors , teachers, and jobs if they break the law A person is free to do illegal acts if he or she lacks these social relationships or attachments, as well as sensitivity to and interest in others.

42. N. SOCIAL REACTION: LABELING THEORY S ocial reaction: Labelling theory Howard S. B ecker developed the labelling theory. states that society develops deviance through a system of social control agencies that identify (label) certain persons as delinquents People classified as "crazy," for example, are thought to be dangerous, dishonest, unstable, violent, odd, and otherwise unsound . Negative labels, such as "troublemaker," "mentally sick," and "dumb,"

43. Primary Deviance entails norm deviations or crimes that have little impact on the actor and are easily forgotten. Secondary Deviance occurs when a deviant event is brought to the attention of significant others or social control agencies, who then characterize the incident negatively. O. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY DEVIANCE

44. ECONOMIC THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION 04.

45. The causes of crime are numerous, and a discipline based on rational conduct, such as economics, may be at a disadvantage in understanding a phenomenon that is widely regarded as irrational . created the "supply of offense" function as part of a bigger model to investigate optimal criminal justice policy shows the elements that influence the amount of crimes a rational individual commits

46. A. ECONOMIC MODEL OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR: BASIC THEORY is a standard model of decision-making in which individuals choose between illegal and legal action based on the expected benefit from those activities. Participation in illegal behaviour is seen to be the result of a self-optimizing individual responding to incentives. Specifying an equation to capture the incentives in the criminal decision is a natural first step in most analyses of the crime as work models.

47. B. KARL MARX’S THEORY viewed crime as the result of law enforcement tactics similar to a labelling process theory perceived a link between criminality and the injustices seen in the capitalist system. claims that as a result of its evolution, employees have become a dehumanized mass who live lives at the mercy of their capitalist employers. concluded that the character of every civilization is determined by its mode of production-the way its people develop and produce material goods (materialism)

48. B. KARL MARX’S THEORY capitalist society is Subject to the development of a rigid class culture with the capitalist bourgeoisie at the top, followed by working proletariat, and at the bottom, the fringe members who produce nothing and live, parasitically, off the work of others -dependent it is more crucial to have the capacity to exploit people economically, legally, and socially than it is to have a certain quantity of wealth or status to be a member of the capitalist class.

49. C. FRIEDRICH ENGEL’S AND WILLEM BONGER’S THEORY depicted crime as a result of societal demoralization—a collapse of people's humanity reflecting a fall in society capitalist society demoralizes workers, trapping them in a cycle that leads to crime and violence Working people turned to crime because the alternative was famine or a quick death at the hands of the law argued that the cruelty of the capitalism system converts workers into animal-like beings with no will of their own. Friedrich Engel’s Theory

50. C. FRIEDRICH ENGEL’S AND WILLEM BONGER’S THEORY believed that crime is of social and not biological origin, but exception of few special cases, crime lies within the boundaries of normal human behaviour no act is naturally immoral or criminal. He viewed crimes as antisocial acts that reflect current morality. felt that society is divided into two groups: those who have and those who do not WILLEM BONGER’S THEORY

51. BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION 05.

52. discusses how adjustments or modifications to a person's "bio," "psycho," and "socio" components affect his or her behaviour. The "psycho" component investigates a person's emotions, thoughts, and motivations for committing crime, while the "socio" component evaluates how the person socializes or interacts with others.

53. A. BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL OF CRIME CAUSATION integrates or combines both the "bio," "psycho," and "socio" aspects of crime causation . This theory's "bio" component investigates factors of biology that influence health. Things like brain alterations, genetics, or the functioning of main body organs like the liver, kidneys, or even the motor system could be among them. examined in the "psycho" component of the theory. Thoughts, emotions, and behaviors are examples of such things.

54. B. MORAL INSANITY AND CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY Moral insanity was a term used to describe persons who were normal in all respects except that something was wrong with the part of the brain Ray questioned whether people could be held legally responsible for their acts if they had such impairment, because such people committed their crimes without intent to do so. can be classified as "crazy or criminal depending on the perspective from which they are viewed."

55. C. PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME Refers to onset of the menstrual cycle that triggers excessive amounts of the female sex hormones, which affect antisocial, aggressive behaviour. indicated that these females are more likely to commit suicide and be aggressive and otherwise antisocial just before or during menstruation. concludes that there is a link between heightened levels of female hostility and menstruation.

56. D. BATTERED CHILD SYNDROME medical diagnosis based on evidence indicating that the child has been subjected to a pattern of serious and unexplained abuse. The condition does not prove that a specific individual is to blame; rather, it suggests that a child who has sustained serious, recurring injuries did not sustain them by chance. used to draw the logical conclusion that only someone who is routinely caring for the child would have opportunity to inflict these types of injuries.

57. E. BATTERED WOMAN SYNDROME a phrase that describes women who are trapped in or have recently left a violent relationship marked by a cycle of abuse is based on the Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) experienced by Vietnam veterans and was later applied to rape victims is a type of learned helplessness This psychological abuse degrades and humiliates the woman thereby facilitating the destruction of her self-esteem and by implication her moral person hood

58. F. POSTPARTUM STRESS SYNDROME AND POSTPARTUM PSYCHOSIS type of postpartum depression that occurs between the baby blues and postpartum depression defined as a condition that lasts longer than three weeks following the birth of a child marked by a sadness that seeps into a woman's pores and pervades her life Mothers with psychosis may need to be hospitalized for a short time

59. POLITICAL / SOCIAL CONFLICT THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION 6

60. asserts that society is in a permanent state of internal struggle, with various groups attempting to force their will on others . Those with money and power are able to influence the law in order to suit their wants and protect their interests Delinquents and criminals are characterized as adolescents whose behaviour does not conform to the demands of the ruling elite. laws are used by the upper class to keep the lower class under control . Though the lower classes do not commit all crimes, they are the ones who are arrested the most.

61. A. MARXIST CRIMINOLOGY Crime is viewed as a result of the capitalist mode of production The rich (bourgeoisie) use the fear of crime as a tool to maintain their control over society: the poor are controlled through incarceration; the middle class are diverted from caring about the crimes of the powerful because they fear the crimes of the powerless criminals came from a third class in society the lumpen proletariat—who would play no decisive role in the expected revolution.

62. B. CONFLICT THEORY result of a class war . The high, medium, and lower classes are all battling in this area. Conflict encourages crime by creating a social environment individuals in positions of authority define crime Power refers to a person's or a group's ability to influence and control the conduct of others

63. C. SOCIAL REALITY OF CRIME combining his beliefs about power, society, and criminality into a theory , represent the interests of those in positions of power in society conflict between social groups, such as the wealthy and the poor conflict between social groups, such as the wealthy and the poor

64. D. LEFT REALISM street criminals prey on the poor crime victims in all classes need and deserve protection crime happens when a person is being deprived economically plus the governing body in the community do not know how to render solutions to problems

65. E. POSTMODERN THEORY focuses on the critical analysis of communication and language in legal codes language is value laden and can promote the same sort of inequities Those in power are able to use their own language to define crime and law while excluding or dismissing those who are in opposition

66. F. INSTITUTIVE – CONSITUTIVE THEORY crime is defined as the intentional infliction of harm on others classified as criminals are made unequal or disregarded at the same time are rendered unable to maintain or exhibit their humanity

67. Conservatism authority is uncontested people require disciplinary education for those who have the necessary capacity and restraint for those who do not their crimes are the results of pathologies of mind and body Liberalism everyone has equal opportunity and everyone accepts variations . everybody's opinion is respected ideal society as one in which people who are naturally creative and freedom-loving G. CONSERVATISM AND LIBERALISM THEORY

68. H. RADICALISM faulty society should be replaced favouring of racial and ethnic minorities is a recurring element in rightist ideology other types of discrimination are pushed by the ruling classes to keep the workforce divided, particularly those motivated by Marxism, thus more easily controlled.

69. I. IDENTITY FUSION THEORY defined as a visceral sense of belonging to a group that is linked to a permeability increase in the boundary both strengthen and are strengthened by the group , resulting in more personal agency see the group as a family and believe that being a part of it necessitates making sacrifices strongly fused people will make extreme sacrifices for the group.