Theories of migration

theories of migrations

1. THEORIES OF MIGRATION Presented by : DHANRAJ SALVI T.Y.B.ARCH MMIED COA

2.   Zelinsky Model he  Zelinsky Model of Migration Transition , also known as the  Migration Transition Model , claims that the type of migration that occurs within a country depends on how developed it is or what type of society it is. A connection is drawn from migration to the stages of within the Demographic Transition Model (DTM). It was developed by  Willbur Zelinsky (1921–2013),

3. Model stages Stage one (“Premodern traditional society”): Stage one (“Premodern traditional society”): This is before the onset of the urbanization, and it is very little to no migration and natural increase rates are about zero. There are very high levels of mobility (nomadism), but very little migration.

4. Stage two  (“Early transitional society”): During stage two a “massive movement from countryside to cities" occurs. And as a "community experiences the process of modernization”. There is a “rapid rate of natural increase”. And Internationally there is a high rate of emigration, although the total population number is still rising.

5. Stage three  (“Late transitional society”): Stage three corresponds to the “critical rung...of the mobility transition” where urban-to-urban migration surpasses the rural-to-urban migration, where rural-to-urban migration “continues but at waning absolute or relative rates”, and “a complex migrational and circular movements within the urban network, from city to city or within a single metropolitan region”increased , circulation and non-economic migration starts to emerge. Then the net-out migration trend shifts to a net-in migration trend as more people immigrate than emigrate. That is, more people move in rather than out.

6. Stage four  (“Advanced society”): During stage four the “movement from countryside to city continues but is further reduced in absolute and relative terms, vigorous movement of migrants from city to city and within individual urban agglomerations...especially within a highly elaborated lattice of major and minor metropolises” is observed. A large increase of urban to suburban migration can also occur. There is a “slight to moderate rate of natural increase or none at all”.

7. Stage five  (“Future super advanced society”): During stage five “Nearly all residential migration may be of the interurban and interurban variety…. No plausible predictions of fertility behavior because of a declining population,...a stable mortality pattern slightly below present levels”.

8. Lee’s Model Everett Lee’s Theory of Migration: Everett Lee in his A Theory of Migration divides the factors that determine the decision to migrate and the process of migration into four categories: 1. Factors associated with the Area of Origin: There are many factors which motivate people to leave their place of origin to outside area. They are push factors.

9. 2. Factors associated with the Area of Destination: There are very attractive forces at the area of destination to which the proportion of “selectivity” migrants is high. According to Lee, such forces are found in metropolitan areas of a country. Pull factors are present in such areas.

10. 3. Intervening Obstacles: There are intervening obstacles like distance and transportation which increase migrant selectivity of the area of destination. These obstacles have been lessened in modern times with technological advances. Lee also refers to cost of movements, ethnic barriers and personal factors as intervening obstacles

11. 4. Personal Factors: Lastly, it is the personal factors on which the decision to migrate from the place of origin to the place of destination depends. In fact, it is an individual’s perception of the ‘pull and push forces’ which influence actual migration. He categorises these forces into “pluses” and “minuses” respectively. In other words, pluses are pull factors and minuses are push factors. In between them are “zeros” which balance the competing forces. These are explained in following fig., where the first circle represents the area of origin and the second circle the area of destination. The sign pluses represents the forces that attract people to a place (pull factors) and that of minuses represents the forces that push people from the area. Zeros represent the indifference of the people towards migration. In between these forces are the intervening obstacles.

12. According to Lee, it is the personal factors such as age, sex, race and education which alongwith the pull-push factors and intervening obstacles that determine migration. Further, there are sequential migrants such as children and wives of migrants who have little role in the decision to migrate.

13. REF: http://www.sociologydiscussion.com/demography/migration-demography/top-3-theories-of-migration/3148 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelinsky_Model https://prezi.com/8juskrgkgurp/zelinskys-model-of-mobility-transition/ - THANK YOU