Theories of obesity and dieting

how our internal mechanism is working in aspect of eating

1. b y Khansa Haq Nawaz motivation

2. motivation A reason or reasons for acting or behaving in a particular way. Motivation involves the biological, emotional, social and cognitive forces that activate behavior. The term motivation refers to factors that activate, direct, and sustain goal directed behavior. Motives are the ways of behavior the needs or wants that drive behavior and explain what we do.

3. Motivation

4. Hunger and eating Hunger is now known to be regulated on a short term basis by two cluster of cells (called nuclei) in hypothalamus of the brain, the ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) and the lateral hypothalamic (LH) nuclei. Hunger doe snot only physiological causes it also have psychological causes. Harvard biologist Daniel explains when we are happy or in stress ins spite of full stomach we feel hunger.

5. Hunger and eating (cont..) Eating is the ingestion of food typically to provide a heterotrophic organism with energy and to allow for growth.

6. Theories of obesity and dieting

7. What is obesity?? The state of being grossly fat or over weight. DIFF B/W OBESITY AND OVER WEIGHT An adult who has BMI of 25 to 29.9 is over weight An adult who has BMI of 30 or higher is obese Example . Body builders

8. Factors of obesity Feeding habits Steroids in food Biological factors inheritance Environmental factors Psychological factors Stress Physical Insufficient sleep Hormones Socio demographic factors

9. Percentage of obesity According to a survey hultz at al. (2015) 39 persons out of 100 are victim of obesity in uk . Around the world the 23% of population is obese.

10. What is dieting??? Restrict one self to small amounts or special kinds of food in order to lose weight ( on special diet ) Diet and exercise are known to play a valuable role in the treatment and prevention of obesity and associated disorders such as hypertension, heart disease and diabetes.

11. Hormonal obesity theory It is also known as the biological theory of obesity or biochemical theory. This theory proposed the high intake of energy and low expenditure of that energy can cause obesity. High protein fiber > increased Fatting carbohydrates ___> insulin ___> obesity cortisol sugar insulin resistance ( fructose )

12. Metabolism and absorption Nutrient limiting diets decrease metabolism (serum) Muscle increase metabolism Low metabolism increase s weight gain

13. Bio chemical aspect of obesity Energy expenditure correlated with the rate of change in body weight over a tow year follow-up period …. Certain obese subjects must consume a diet lower in calories than expected in order to maintain a normal body weight .

14. Biological theories causes of obesity Age, metabolism rate, gender, disease, heredity and set point the body internal signal for fatness Two major biological explanations of obesity are heredity and set point Heredity influence both body weight and shape Leption It signals brain to suppress the appetite , if missing or not functioning brain does not get signal to stop eating.

15. Restrain theory Presented by Herman and Mack (1975) It include cognitive factors This theory predicts that extreme cognitive restraint is likely to make an individual more responsive to external cues ( smell of food ) or emotional events ( stress or feeling down because weight loss is very small ) They often experience a ‘’loss of control’’ that ends in over eating.

16. c Dieting is also referred to as ‘restraint eating’ This theory suggest that dieting can be successful resulting in under eating and weight loss because we are successful in restraining ( or restricted ) our intake of food. However more often than not it results In over eating and weight gain leads to diet failure.

17. Set point theory / homeostasis theory Presented by Marks According to this theory a weight regulating mechanism located in the hypothalamus of the brain regulates how much the body should weight. Set point sets the amount of body fat it considers necessary and works tirelessly to maintain it. Set point functions like a thermostat : it detects the fluctuations in weight and make adjustments in energy metabolism and appetite.

18. Set point and obesity Set point Biological set point for body weight much like the set points for other physiological variables Physiological set point model Biological signals provide input to hypothalamus Blood glucose, lipid store, weight on feet Food intake is either increased or decreased to maintain body weight. Cognitive set point model Cognitive signals about perception of body weight

19. Set point and obesity Influences food intake to maintain body weight

20. Factors of obesity set point theory Some researchers suggest that the body wants to maintain a certain amount of fat and regular eating behaviors and hormonal actions to defend its set point. The theory implies that science should search inside obese people to find the causes of the problem perhaps in their hunger regulating mechanism.

21. Set point theory disease Excess of dietary fat can cause cardiovascular disease High cholesterol production Un balance carbohydrates and fat metabolism Obesity diabetes

22. The three bares theory This theory states that there are several cognitive and emotional influences that cause us to eat too much or too little or just right amount of the food. According to this theory we eat too much because we like to eat and didn't recognize how much eat we are some eat to compensate loneliness and anxiety, emotional conflicts and past and present deprivation. Obesity is merely the accidental result.

23. The pica theory This theory proposed that people get fat because they eat inappropriate mixture of nutrient. For instance a person eat too much in an attempt to accumulate a scarce.

24. lay theories Trait theories Dweck at al have identified two opposing lay theories that characterize how people think and reason about a variety of traits, which are distinguished by the degree to which the trait is viewed as malleable. A recent study of dieters found that people who hold incremental theories of obesity adopt qualitatively different strategies for loosing weight compared to those who hold an entity theory of obesity.

25. Common mistakes in dieting Skipping meals ------------- health problems Low-calorie diets ----------- heart problems Trendy diets ---------------- nutritionally unbalanced Eating too quickely --------- diabetes