Theories of personality-III - Self Theory & Social learning theory

Theories of personality-III :: Self Theory & Social learning theory

1. Theories of personality-iii PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT S.M. Goldyn Abric Sam, Assistant Professor, Dept of Management Studies, NMCC, Marthandam

2. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Psycho-analytical Theories Trait Theories Self Theory Social Learning Theory S.M. Goldyn Abric Sam, Assistant Professor, Dept of Management Studies, NMCC, Marthandam

3. C. Self theory Carl Rogers identified five characteristics of the fully functioning person : 1. Open to experience : B oth positive and negative emotions accepted. Negative feelings are not denied, but worked through (rather than resorting to ego defense mechanisms). 2. Existential living : In touch with different experiences as they occur in life, avoiding prejudging and preconceptions . Being able to live and fully appreciate the present, not always looking back to the past or forward to the future (i.e., living for the moment). 3. Trust feelings : F eeling, instincts, and gut-reactions are paid attention to and trusted. People’s own decisions are the right ones, and we should trust ourselves to make the right choices. 4. Creativity : C reative thinking and risk-taking are features of a person’s life. A person does not play safe all the time. This involves the ability to adjust and change and seek new experiences. 5. Fulfilled life : A person is happy and satisfied with life, and always looking for new challenges and experiences. S.M. Goldyn Abric Sam, Assistant Professor, Dept of Management Studies, NMCC, Marthandam

4. Self theory Self Concept This is defined as "the organized, consistent set of perceptions and beliefs about oneself.“ Two primary sources that influence our self-concept are childhood experiences and evaluation by others . Self-worth Self-worth (or  self-esteem ) comprises what we think about ourselves. R ogers believed feelings of self-worth developed in early childhood and were formed from the interaction of the child with the mother and father . S.M. Goldyn Abric Sam, Assistant Professor, Dept of Management Studies, NMCC, Marthandam

5. Self theory 4 basic concepts a ) Self-image How we see ourselves , which is important to good psychological health. Self-image includes the influence of our body image on inner personality. At a simple level, we might perceive ourselves as a good or bad person , beautiful or ugly . Self-image affects how a person thinks, feels and behaves in the world. b) Ideal-self This is the person who we would like to be . It consists of our goals and ambitions in life, and is dynamic – i.e., forever changing. The ideal self in childhood is not the ideal self in our teens or late twenties etc. S.M. Goldyn Abric Sam, Assistant Professor, Dept of Management Studies, NMCC, Marthandam

6. Self theory c) Looking glass self The  looking - glass self  describes the process wherein individuals base their sense of  self  on how they believe others view them . d) True self or Real self True self is the actual self . Self Exposed to others S.M. Goldyn Abric Sam, Assistant Professor, Dept of Management Studies, NMCC, Marthandam

7. Self theory Congruence A person’s  ideal self  may not be consistent with what actually happens in life and experiences of the person. Hence, a difference may exist between a person’s ideal self and actual experience (self image). This is called incongruence . S.M. Goldyn Abric Sam, Assistant Professor, Dept of Management Studies, NMCC, Marthandam

8. D. Social learning theory Proposed by Albert Bandura . 3 Core concepts are : People Can Learn Through Observation Mental States Are Important to Learning Learning Does Not Necessarily Lead to Change S.M. Goldyn Abric Sam, Assistant Professor, Dept of Management Studies, NMCC, Marthandam

9. D. Social learning theory The following steps are involved in the observational learning and modeling process: Attention:  In order to learn, you need to be paying attention . Anything that distracts your attention is going to have a negative effect on observational learning. If the model is interesting or there is a novel aspect of the situation, you are far more likely to dedicate your full attention to learning. Retention:  The ability to store information is also an important part of the learning process. Retention can be affected by a number of factors, but the ability to pull up information later and act on it is vital to observational learning. Reproduction:  Once you have paid attention to the model and retained the information, it is time to actually perform the behavior you observed. Further practice of the learned behavior leads to improvement and skill advancement. Motivation:  Finally, in order for observational learning to be successful, you have to be motivated to imitate the behavior that has been modeled.  Reinforcement and punishment  play an important role in motivation. While experiencing these motivators can be highly effective, so can observing others experiencing some type of reinforcement or punishment. For example, if you see another student rewarded with extra credit for being to class on time, you might start to show up a few minutes early each day S.M. Goldyn Abric Sam, Assistant Professor, Dept of Management Studies, NMCC, Marthandam

10. Importance of personality development Enables people to create a good impression about us to others Ensures a brilliant career Builds more confidence Builds and develops relationships Helps us realize our full potential ie . our strengths and our weaknesses S.M. Goldyn Abric Sam, Assistant Professor, Dept of Management Studies, NMCC, Marthandam

11. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Psycho-analytical Theories Trait Theories Self Theory Social Learning Theories S.M. Goldyn Abric Sam, Assistant Professor, Dept of Management Studies, NMCC, Marthandam

12. A. Psycho-Analytical Theories Sigmund Freud’s Psycho-Analytical theory William Sheldon’s Physiognomy theory Carl Jung’s Extrovert, Introvert theory S.M. Goldyn Abric Sam, Assistant Professor, Dept of Management Studies, NMCC, Marthandam

13. B. trait tHEORIES Gordon Allport’s Trait Theory Cattell’s 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire Eysenck’s 3 Dimensions of Personality C. Self theory by Carl Rogers D. Social learning theory by Albert Bandura S.M. Goldyn Abric Sam, Assistant Professor, Dept of Management Studies, NMCC, Marthandam

14. S.M. Goldyn Abric Sam, Assistant Professor, Dept of Management Studies, NMCC, Marthandam