Theories of Socialization

Lesson in Social Psychology and Understanding the Self

1. Theories of Socialization Prepared by: Orlando A. Pistan, MAEd -GC Psychology Instructor

2. Definitions: In sociology, socialization - is the process of internalizing the norms and ideologies of society. Socialization encompasses both learning and teaching and is thus "the means by which social and cultural continuity are attained ". Sociology - is the study of the development, structure, problems and functioning of human society. Society - is the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community.

3. Auguste Comte The French philosopher  Auguste Comte  (1798–1857)—often called the “father of sociology”—first used the term “sociology” in 1838 to refer to the scientific study of society.

4. Functions of Socialization: 1. Socialization is a process of learning. Socialization is not only a term but a full process of learning of individuals how to conduct their life, morals and values. 2. Converts Individual from biological being to social being. Socialization converts individual from a biological bearing to social being and social entity. 3. Personality Development . Socialization play a vital role in personality and self-development as self is not inherited but acquired from the society by individual.

5. Functions of Socialization: 4. Teaches Discipline. Socialization teaches discipline and conduct to the individuals and show the way to live in society. 5. Teaches Duties and Responsibilities. Male and female acquire the sense of duties and responsibilities through socialization. 6. Establishes Knowledge and Skill. It is a process which give shine and groom to our natural talent with acquired skills.

6. Functions of Socialization: 7. Stability of Social Order. It brings social control and stability in social order. 8. Transmission of culture from one generation to other. Socialization is a bridge for transmission of culture from our generation to the next ones.

7. Forms of Socialization: Group socialization is the theory that an individual’s peer groups, rather than parental figures, influences his or her personality and behavior in adulthood. Adolescents spend more time with peers than with parents. Therefore, peer groups have stronger correlations with personality development than parental figures do. For example, twin brothers, whose genetic makeup are identical, will differ in personality because they have different groups of friends, not necessarily because their parents raised them differently.

8. Forms of Socialization: Gender socialization contends that “an important part of socialization is the learning of culturally defined gender roles ”. Gender socialization refers to the learning of behavior and attitudes considered appropriate for a given sex. Boys learn to be boys, and girls learn to be girls. This “learning” happens by way of many different agents of socialization. The family is certainly important in reinforcing gender roles, but so are one’s friends, school, work, and the mass media .

9. Forms of Socialization: Cultural socialization refers to parenting practices that teach children about their racial history or heritage, and sometimes, is referred to as “pride development. ” Preparation for bias refers to parenting practices focused on preparing children to be aware of, and cope with discrimination. Promotion of mistrust refers to the parenting practices of socializing children to be wary of people from other races .

10. Theories of Socialization Object relation theory Psychoanalytic theory Social learning theory Functionalist theory Conflict theory Looking-Glass theory Social Self theory

11. Object R elation Theory By: Melanie Klein Children learn through taking the role of significant others, especially the first caregiver, the mother. S uggests that the way people relate to others and situations in their adult lives is shaped by family experiences during infancy . Furthermore, it also emphasized that humans are primarily motivated by the need for contact with others—the need to form   relationships .

12. Psychoanalytic Theory By: Sigismund Schlomo Freud Sees personality as being a result of unconscious motivations. Components of personality: Id, Ego and Superego If a child does not develop normally, and the superego does not become strong to overcome id, antisocial behavior may result.

13. Social Learning Theory By: Albert Bandura Sees personality as being a result of observing and mimicking the behaviors of a social model. A social model can be in the form of media or real life individual. For social learning to occur, four requirements are identified: Observation Retention Reproduction M otivation

14. Functionalist Theory By: Emile Durkheim Sees society as a structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of the individuals in that society. Crimes help everyone recognize the line between right and wrong. Crime encourages social change. Crime is normal in the society. The society relies on conformity to maintain social equilibrium and avoid punishment.

15. Conflict Theory By: Karl Marx Social groups compete over material goods, opportunities and values. Some social groups dominate others, and they dictate social order. Inequalities among human beings generate conflicts needing to be resolved. Social change is driven by conflicts.

16. Conflict Theory CHI vs. PHI territorial dispute Darwin Dormitorio hazing @ PMA Gretchen Diez and SOGIE Bill

17. Looking-Glass Theory By: Charles H. Cooley The theory states that a person's self grows out of society's interpersonal interactions and the perceptions of others. People shape themselves based on what other people perceive and confirm other people's opinion on themselves.

18. Looking-Glass Theory The  looking glass self theory states that we change our self-perception based on how we guess others perceive us, not on how they actually perceive us. If you revise how you think about yourself, then you are changing your mind about your self-concept.

19. Social Self Theory By: George Herbert Mead O ne's identity emerges out of external social interactions and internal feelings of oneself . Self  is not evident at birth but emerges over time through language, play, and games.  

20. Social Self Theory Many of us today live in a culture that encourages us to think of our selves as essentially and uniquely individual, cut off from or even opposed to the larger societies in which we live. When we hear people say things like, “I don’t care what other people think about me,” we get a glimpse into common misconceptions of what it means to be a self. But Mead’s theory of the self convincingly shows us that this way of thinking is wrongheaded. What others think of us, the perspectives of others we gain from being a part of the conversation of gestures, are absolutely necessary for us to even have a sense of self. We think of ourselves as individuals, to be sure, but we are only able to do so by virtue of being a part of a larger social community .

21. Theories of Socialization Thank you for paying attention.