Theories-on-Media-and-Information.pdf_MIL

the theories about meadia and information

1. THEORIES ON
THEORIES ON
INFORMATION &
INFORMATION &
MEDIA
MEDIA

2. THEORIES ON MEDIATHEORIES ON MEDIA
AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION
It explains how media influences
society, shapes perceptions, and
spreads information. They explore
media effects, audience interactions,
power structures, and the flow of
communication.

3. EFFECTS THEORYEFFECTS THEORY
This theory suggests that media
messages have a direct, immediate,
and powerful impact on audiences,
influencing their thoughts and
behaviors without much resistance.

4. A political propaganda film convinces people to
change their views without question.
A violent video game is blamed for influencing
aggressive behavior in teenagers.
A sensationalized crime report makes people
believe their city is unsafe.
A misleading advertisement convinces
consumers that a product has miraculous
benefits.
SCENARIOS:SCENARIOS:

5. MEDIA DEPENDENCYMEDIA DEPENDENCY
THEORYTHEORY
The more people rely on media
for information, especially
during uncertain situations, the
more influence media has on
their perception and decision-
making.

6. Investors follow business news daily to make
stock market decisions.
A new health trend gains traction because
people trust YouTube influencers over doctors.
Students depend on online tutorials instead of
textbooks for exam preparation.
During elections, voters form opinions based on
political debates aired on television.
SCENARIOS:SCENARIOS:

7. SPIRAL OF SILENCESPIRAL OF SILENCE
THEORYTHEORY
People tend to withhold
opinions that they believe are
unpopular to avoid social
rejection or conflict.

8. A student with different political views stays silent in
a heated classroom debate.
A person chooses not to post about their religious
beliefs online, fearing negative comments.
An individual at a family gathering pretends to agree
with a controversial opinion to avoid arguments.
A celebrity remains neutral on a social issue to avoid
losing fans.
SCENARIOS:SCENARIOS:

9. SYMBOLICSYMBOLIC
INTERACTIONISMINTERACTIONISM
People assign meaning to
symbols, language, and media
based on social interactions
and personal experiences.

10. Emojis in text messages change the tone of
conversations.
The national flag evokes feelings of patriotism
during sports events.
A wedding ring symbolizes commitment and lifelong
partnership.
A handshake is interpreted as a sign of respect in
some cultures but as offensive in others.
SCENARIOS:SCENARIOS:

11. AGENDA-SETTINGAGENDA-SETTING
THEORYTHEORY
The media doesn't tell people
what to think, but it influences
what they think about by
deciding which topics receive
attention.

12. News channels focus on celebrity gossip while
ignoring major environmental issues.
A viral news report about a missing person leads to
increased police efforts in the case.
A company scandal becomes a national concern
after multiple media outlets highlight it.
Election debates focus more on a candidate’s
personality than their policies.
SCENARIOS:SCENARIOS:

13. USES ANDUSES AND
GRATIFICATIONS THEORYGRATIFICATIONS THEORY
People actively choose media
based on their personal needs,
such as entertainment,
information, or social
connection.

14. A student listens to motivational podcasts to stay
inspired while studying.
A commuter watches comedy shows on their phone
to pass time during travel.
Someone follows cooking channels on YouTube to
improve their culinary skills.
A teenager joins a gaming community to make
friends with similar interests.
SCENARIOS:SCENARIOS:

15. FRAMING THEORYFRAMING THEORY
The way media presents
information (word choice,
images, and tone) influences
how audiences interpret it.

16. A news outlet calls a protest a "riot" while another
describes it as a "peaceful demonstration."
A politician's speech is framed as "inspiring" by one
channel and "misleading" by another.
An advertisement highlights a product’s benefits
while downplaying its risks.
A company promotes its layoffs as a "strategic
restructuring" rather than job cuts.
SCENARIOS:SCENARIOS:

17. KNOWLEDGE GAPKNOWLEDGE GAP
THEORYTHEORY
People with better access to
information (due to education
or resources) learn faster,
widening the knowledge gap
between social groups.

18. Wealthy families with internet access learn about
scholarship opportunities before lower-income
students do.
People in urban areas understand financial
investments better than those in rural communities.
College graduates are more aware of new healthcare
advancements than high school dropouts.
Tech-savvy individuals quickly adapt to AI tools, while
others struggle to understand them.
SCENARIOS:SCENARIOS:

19. CULTIVATION THEORYCULTIVATION THEORY
Long-term exposure to
media, especially television,
gradually shapes a person’s
perception of reality.

20. A person who watches crime dramas frequently
believes crime is more common than it actually is.
Someone who follows celebrity reality shows assumes
that luxury lifestyles are normal.
Constant exposure to romantic movies leads to
unrealistic expectations about relationships.
A child watching superhero cartoons starts to believe
violence is a solution to problems.
SCENARIOS:SCENARIOS:

21. DIFFUSION OFDIFFUSION OF
INNOVATIONS THEORYINNOVATIONS THEORY
New ideas and technologies
spread in stages from
innovators to early adopters,
the majority, and finally, late
adopters.

22. A few tech enthusiasts buy smart glasses before they
become mainstream.
Electric cars are first adopted by wealthy buyers
before becoming affordable for the general public.
A fashion trend starts with celebrities before reaching
local markets.
A new social media platform gains popularity through
influencers before the general public joins.
SCENARIOS:SCENARIOS:

23. KLAPPER’S SELECTIVEKLAPPER’S SELECTIVE
EXPOSURE THEORYEXPOSURE THEORY
People seek out media that
aligns with their existing beliefs
and avoid information that
contradicts them.

24. A conservative voter only watches news channels that
support their political views.
A fitness enthusiast follows influencers who promote
their preferred diet plan.
A basketball fan reads articles that praise their
favorite team and ignores criticism.
A person who dislikes horror movies avoids any film
reviews about the genre.
SCENARIOS:SCENARIOS:

25. TWO-STEP FLOW OFTWO-STEP FLOW OF
COMMUNICATIONCOMMUNICATION
People are more influenced by
opinion leaders (influencers,
experts) than by direct media
messages.

26. A famous fashion blogger promotes a brand, leading
their followers to buy it.
A scientist’s interpretation of a news article influences
public opinion on climate change.
A tech influencer’s gadget review determines whether
people purchase a new smartphone.
A popular YouTuber endorses a book, making it a
bestseller.
SCENARIOS:SCENARIOS: