Theroies and models for nursing Management

Nursing Management

1. NURSING MANAGEMENT SEMINAR ON THEORIES AND MODELS OF NURSING MANAGEMENT &APPLICATION TO NURSING SERVICE AND EDUCATION Submitted To : Submitted By : Mrs.G.Sumathi P.Irusammal Nursing Tutor M.Sc.Nursing - II Year Gcon , Gcon , Cuddalore . Cuddalore .

2. INTRODUCTION Management practice has always existed in some form as early as human civilization ,but a systematic study has been started from the 19 th century onwards . Before the 19 th century ,the concept of administration existed in Egypt in 1300 BC,Kautilya in 320 BC, and in Roman Catholic, a group of German and Australian public administrators ,intellectuals during 16 th to 18 th century and later the concept of scientific management emerged. Taylor made the beginning in the early 20 th century.

3. DEFINITION OF THEORY: A theory is a set interrelated construct (concepts), definition, and propositions that present a systematic view of phenomenon by specifying relations among variables with the purpose of explaining and predicting the phenomenon. ( Kerlinger,1973 )

4. EVOLUTION OF MANAGEMENT THOUGHT: I. Classical Theories of Management: a).Bureaucratic model : Max Weber - 1900. b).Scientific management : Taylor – 1910 c).Process management : Henry Fayol and others – 1910 II. Neo classical Theory of Management: a).Human relations : Elton Mayo – 1930s b). Behavioral sciences: Maslow ,McGregor and others - 1940 s. III. Modern Management Theories: a).Quantitative approach: Taylor - 1950 (operational Research Analysis). b).Systems approach: Boulding ,Johnson and others - 1950 c). Contingency approach : Lorch ,Lawren ce and others – 1970s.(situational approach)

5. CLASSICAL THEORIES OF MANAGEMENT The classical school of thought began in the early 90s. Organization is viewed as a whole rather than focussing solely in production. The concept of scalar levels, span of control, authority, responsibility, accountability,line staff relationship, decentralization and departmentalization become prevalent. It focuses on EFFICIENCY and includes bureaucratic, scientific and process or administrative management theories.

6. CLASSICAL THEORIES OF MANAGEMENT CONTD...

7. WEBER’S BUREAUCRATIC MANAGEMENT THEORY : The main thinker of bureaucracy is Max Weber (1864- 1920). A German sociologist ,is known as father of modern sociology and father of bureaucratic management. It believes rational guidelines such as rules and procedures, hierarchy and a clear division of labor. He developed a working system in the office. He analysed bureaucracy as the most logical and rational structure for large organizations.

8. CHARACTERISTICS OF BUREAUCRACY : Distribution of officially designated tasks among staff with a division of labor and specialization of function. Organization of roles into hierarchical structures with superiors and subordinates must be clearly defined. Formalization of policies and procedures to govern staff behavior . Ensure uniformity within organization. Encouragement of impersonal attitudes between staff members to maintain a psychological distance between superiors and subordinates.

9. CRITICISM (Bureaucracy theory): Behavioral scientists considered it as inhuman and incompatible with the development of a mature personality . This model lacks empirical validity.

10. SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMANT THEORIES : Scientific management approach focuses on the “ one best way’’ to do a job. Frederick W Taylor (1856 – 1915), an American Engineer ,developed scientific management theory. He is a pioneer in management science and known as the father of scientific management. He conducted a series of experiment and in 1911,published principles of scientific management. The principles are the guide to practice management. Taylor’s approach was from bottom to top level and focussed on work simplification,standardization,and thus increasing efficiency and productivity.

11. PRINCIPLES OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT Every job should be broken into elements and scientific methods to perform each element rather than the rule of thumb method. Scientific procedure for selection,training,and development of employees. Co operation between management and employees by scientific principles. Scientifically division of responsibility between management and employees Management should design ,set up, and supervise the work of workers, and workers should be free to do work. Both management and employees try to achieve maximum output in place of restricted output.

12. ELEMENTS OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT work measurement studies Standardization of tools and equipment Scientific selection ,placement and training Division of labor Cost accounting Mental attitude

13. TIME & MOTION STUDIES Frank Gilbreth (1868 – 1924) and Lillian Gilbreth (1878 – 1972) are the pioneer of time and motion studies. Frank conducted time and motion studies ,and Lillian tried to find the role of human factors at work by understanding the personality needs of the workers. They believed that prior estimation of time is must to design work methods rather relying upon observation - based time studies. It enabled the manager to break down the job into its parts and streamline the process. Gilbreth developed the “ laws of motion economy” and related principles of management to deal with employees and designing tools and equipments. Known for contributions in production and operation management.

14. THE GANTT CHART Henry L Gantt (1861 – 1919) believed the scientific selection of workers and “harmonious cooperation” between labor and management. He developed planning and control techniques by using simple graphics like bar chart labelled as the Gantt chart to depict relationships between planned and completed work on one axis and elapsed time on the other. He used motivational strategies rather than punishment . Gantt developed a pay incentive system with a guaranteed minimum wages and bonus systems for people on fixed wages . Focused on the importance of qualities of leadership and management skills in building effective industrial organizations Emphasized need for training .

15. PROCESS MANAGEMENT THEORIES Henri Fayol & Mary Parker Follett are the main thinkers of this school. Process theories deal with the functions of administrative management. Focuses on managing the organization as a whole instead of managing the individuals. Emphasized the flow of information in the operation of the organization ,the manager, and the functions of management and dealt with total management organization.

16. PROCESS MANAGEMENT THEORIES contd..

17. HENRY FAYOL & PROCESS MGT Henry Fayol (1841 – 1925) ,was a French manager and industrialist born in 1841,in France. He developed a systematic theory of management and a framework for studying management. He is known as “ Universalist” and the “father of principles of general management” and also the “father of modern operational management theory.” He translated his personal experiences into universal truths. His theory is also known as classical organizational theory.

18. HENRY FAYOL & PROCESS MGT contd.. The process management has a variety of activities such as technical, commercial, financial, accounting, and managerial. According to this theory ,the function of process management are to plan, organize,command,coordinate,and control various managerial activities. Specifies 14 principles of management. Fayol used downward approach. Recommended regular meetings of departmental heads and liason officers to improve the coordination of organizational operations. These principles are flexible and can apply for taking decisions in any situation

19. LUTHER GULICK &ADMINISTRATIVE MGT Both Gulick & Urwick had rich experience in working of civil services, military organization, and industrial undertakings. They developed a classical theory of organization which is also known as administrative management . Luther Hasley Gulick (1892 – 1993), born in Osaka ,Japan ,extended the work of Henri Fayol to build a foundation for management theory. He viewed management functions as universal . He coined the 7 letter acronym , POSDCORB ,each letter represents one important function of the manager. Major contribution was the theory of departmentalization. He identified 4 P’s as the bases for dividing the work to create departments.

20. LUTHER GULICK &ADMINISTRATIVE MGT contd.. POSDCORB 4 P’s P – Planning O – Organization S – Staffing D – Directing C O – Coordinating R - Reporting B - Budgeting P – Purpose(function) P – Process P - Persons ( clientele) P - Place

21. LYNDALL URWICK & ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT Lyndall Urwick (1891 – 1983) born in Britain in 1891. Urwick defined the organization as determining activities that are necessary for a purpose. His main contribution is in the field of management functions and developing general managerial guidelines and principles of management.

22. NEOCLASSICAL THEORIES OF MANAGEMENT The neoclassical theory is the extended work to the short comings of the classical approaches to management . The beginning of applied research in the area of organizational behaviour. It includes management thoughts of human relations school and human resources school.

23. HUMAN RELATIONS MANAGEMENT THEORIES Behavioral or human relations management emerged in the 1920s. Its main concern was on human behavior in the work place.

24. GEORGE ELTON MAYO Elton Mayo (1880 – 1949) was an Australian psychologist, sociologist and organizational theorist. He is the founder of the human relations ,movement and is known as the father of the Hawthorne studies. He identified the Hawthorne effect or the bias that occurs when people know that they are being studied or observed. He along with his employees Roethlisberger and Dickson conducted this study to determine the effect of better physical facilities on worker’s output. The Hawthorne studies demonstrated the important influence of human factors such as high morale among individuals and group, people – oriented approach to consider people as human beings. Understanding group attitudes and psychology on worker productivity.

25. MARY PARKER FOLLETT & MGT THEORIES Mary parker Follett (1868 – 1933) was born in Quincy,Massachetts. She was an American social worker and pioneer in the fields of organizational theory and organizational behavior. She emphasized participative decision making rather than using coercive power. She established a clear – cut channel of communication and was in favor of using depersonalized authority and order in an organization. The three major concepts of Follett's theory were

26. MARY PARKER FOLLETT & MAJOR CONCEPTS contd..

27. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES MANAGEMENT THEORIES The school of human resources represented a substantial progression from human relations in the early 1950s. The contributors of behavioral sciences are Abraham Maslow, Chester Bernard Douglas McGregor Rensis Likert

28. MASLOW’S THOERY OF MOTIVATION Abraham Maslow (1908 – 1970) born in New York, developed the Hierarchy of needs model in 1940 -50s. Maslow was an American psychologist whose theories have been influential in the 20 th century thought. Maslow’s motivation theory known as need hierarchy theory is one of the best known and most influential theories on workplace motivation. Useful in understanding human motivation, management training and personal development. According to this theory ,human beings have a variety of needs to motivate them to work.

29. ADAPTED IN 1990S TRANSCENDENCE SELF ACTUALIZATION ESTHETIC NEEDS COGNITIVE NEEDS ESTEEM NEEDS

30. MASLOW’S THOERY OF MOTIVATION CONTD.. First four levels are called deficiency needs or D – needs or deficiency motivators. Level 5 and by implication level 6 to 8 are growth motivators and rarely found. The basic core of Maslow ‘s theory is motivation and can apply to motivate employees. The employer in the organization should keep in mind that all human beings have basic needs and right to strive for self – actualization. The concept of self actualization provides real meaning ,the purpose for employees and the basis for staff development.

31. CHESTER IRVING BARNARD Chester Barnard (1886 – 1961) was a telecommunication executive and author of functions of the executive ,an influential 20 th century management book ,in which he presented a theory of organization and the functions of executives in organizations. Two of his theories i )the theory of authority ii) the theory of incentives Has seven essential rules of communication system.

32. CHESTER RULES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEM CONTD.. Define channels of communication Each employee should know and have access to these channels of communication. Keep communication short and direct Adequate skill among person dealing with communication No interruption off communication during working hours Be honest in communication

33. CHESTER RULES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEM CONTD.. According to Barnard,the organization is a system of discerning coordinating individual activities. He emphasized efficiency and effectiveness as criteria for organizational survival. He divided organization into formal and informal . The informal organization is a part of formal one. He emphasized on developing a major plan which he called as strategic planning. The key areas of managers to plan are an effective communication system,recruitment,selection and retaining policies and employees motivation. The employ must understand th expectation of the manager and should comply with the directive

34. HERZBERG’S MOTIVATION HYGIENE THEORY Frederick Herzberg (1923 – 2000) ,a clinical psychologist and a pioneer of “ job enrichment”. He developed two – factor theory. It identifies five strong motivational factors of job satisfaction (satisfiers ) and five job dissatisfaction factors (hygiene factors /dissatisfiers).

35. DOUGLAS McGREGOR (1906-1964) McGregor is the other major theorist associated with the Human Relations School of management. • McGregor believes there are two basic kinds of managers. One type of manager, Theory X, has a negative view of employees assuming they are lazy, untrustworthy and incapable of assuming responsibility while the other type of Manager, • Theory Y, assumes employees are trustworthy and capable of assuming responsibility having high levels of motivation

36. LIKERT’S SYSTEM 4 MANAGEMENT Rensis Likert (1903 to 1981), was an American educator and organizational psychologist. He also develop like a scale and linking pin model. According to like her job oriented supervision was the cause of low productivity and low moral and suggested participating management for decision making. He classified management styles into 4 categories Exploitive autocratic Benevolent authoritative Consultative Participating

37. MODERN MANAGEMENT THEORIES : The modern era is characterized by trends in the management through 1. Microanalysis of human behavior, motivation, group dynamics leadership leading to many theories of organization. 2. The macro search for fusion of the many systems in business organization-economic social technical political and quantitative methods in decision- making.

38. MODERN MANAGEMENT THEORIES contd.. Modern management theories era can be father classified as the three streams : Quantitative approach System approach Contingency approach Indicating further refinement, extension and synthesis of all the classical and neo- classical approaches to management .

39. QUANTITATIVE APPROACH : Management science refers to the application of Quantitative methods to management. Management science has an interdisciplinary basis in other words management science is a combination and interaction of different scientists

40. SYSTEM APPROACH:- According to system approach the organization is the unified, purposeful systems composed of interrelated parts and also interrelated with its environment. Each unit must mesh/ interact with the organization as a whole, each manager most interact/ communicate and deal with executives of other unites . The organization itself must also interact with other organizations and society as whole.

41. CONTINGENCY APPROACH:  The contingency approach can be described as the behavioral approach.  Contingency theory does not prescribe the application of certain management principles to any situation.  Contingency theory is recognition of the extreme importance of individual manager performance in any given situation.  It rests on the extent of manager power and control over a situation and the degree of uncertainty in any given situation.  The role of management in the contingency approach is to develop an appropriate management solution for any given organizational environment.  It is principally directed at the management practitioner seeking to control a distinct Organizational environment.

42. FIEDLER CONTIGENCY THEORY OF LEADERSHIP According to this theory ,situational characteristics are th e prime contingency factors to determine the effectiveness of leader behaviour.

43. PATH – GOAL THEORY This theory is also known as the path – goal theory of leader effectiveness,developed by the American psychologist Robert House in 1971 and revised in 1996. It is a combination of situational leadership and Vroom’s expectancy theory of motivation ,based on research. According to this theory ,the leadership style of leaders can determine by contingency factors like characteristics and environmental factors including nature of the task, structure of the organization.

44. PATH – GOAL THEORY contd... This theory is an attempt to predict leadership behaviour in different situations. There are four leadership styles have been emerged from these situation factors.

45. PATH – GOAL THEORY contd.. LEADER BEHAVIOR Directive Achievement- oriented Participative Supportive OUTCOMES Performance Satisfaction ENVIRONMENTAL CONTIGENCY FACTORY Task structure Formal authority system Work group SUBORDINATE CONTIGENCY FACTORS Locus of control Experience Perceived ability

46. SITUATIONAL LEADERSHIP THEORY: Heresy and Blanchard propose the situational leadership theory. According to this theory ,leaders choose the best course of action based on situational variables.

47. IMPLICATIONS OF MANAGEMENT THEORIES IN NURSING Taylor’s theory can be implemented in nursing to study complexity of care and determine staffing needs and observe efficiency and nursing care. Nurses can utilize Emerson’s theory of early notion of the importance of objectives setting in an organization. Nurses should be aware of the managerial tasks as defined by Fayol : Planning, Organizing, Directing, Coordinating and Controlling.

48. IMPLICATIONS OF MANAGEMENT THEORIES IN NURSING CONTD... The theory of human relations of Follett and Lewin emphasize the importance for nurse managers to develop staff to their full potential and meeting their needs or recognition, accomplishment and sense of belonging. McGregon and Likert support the benefits of positive attitudes towards people ,development of workers ,satisfaction of their needs and commitment through participation.

49. ASSIGNMENT: Write an assignment on theories and models of nursing management and which theory will be highly suitable for our profession ?

50. SUMMARY: So far, we have seen about the definition of theory, its evolution, classification of management theories and its implications in nursing

51. CONCLUSION : Management theories and models are essential tools for nursing practice . They provide a basis for understanding and improving organizational behavior and performance, as well as guiding decision – making and quality improvement initiatives.

52. THEORY APPLICATION General system theory: INPUT Men Money Mterial Machines Methods THROUGH PUT Processing Transformation of input OUTPUT Achievement of the goals FEED BACK

53. JOURNAL FINDINGS Title : Implication of Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs theory on Health care employees performance. Done by: Simona Catalina et al Published online : 27/02/2024 Source: Transylvania review of Administrative sciences.no.59 E/2020 FINDINGS: The survey was conducted to 824 employees from Romanian Health Organization. The results of the study states that the Romanian health system employees are mostly motivated by meeting the needs of higher level, especially by meeting the needs of self – actualization and to lesser exttent by meeting he lower level needs.