Thesis writing A systematic approach AIOU

Thosis Writing:
A Systematic Approach

A Manual for Allama Igbal Open Univessiiy
Graduates (MA, M. Phil and Ph.D)

A
First Edition

Prof. Dr. Rehana Masrur
Departmentof Teacher Education,
Faculty‘of Education

ALLAMA IQBAL. OPEN UNIVERSITY
ISLAMABAD
2004

(All Right Reserved by the Publi)

an aon aa
dad rising Fase
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Pelee 2699

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FOREWORD 2:

A euch thsi for pesos ofan ost, rc
investiga, a is weiten in foal scolaly ner. Most gratuite
runt ink hat weg a hs «ic nd ong tae. oem
worst when students do not find an approved format för the organization.
of tr reach ee, Tee ned fr a mainalgid ALOU
thei rescates wa long fe reaction of the manual “Tesi
Wiig: Systematic Approach: A Maul for Allac gal Open
atvesty Graduate”, is a promising contribution by bo othe
fact of vention and Univesity paicula. This mama! gives,
simple guidelines in order to. get started, and helps-in the sequentiat
‘organization of chapters by beein down huge tasks into simple pieces.
ilo inches prod sem ies det wt sould o
‘in ah section, The manu as bcn write ass gute bens
| in thinking through: the many aspects of ering: implementing and
+ fending thse deca he ft cc oft mal pens
capt a wel ak plc rirmeit for MA, M. Pl nd PhD.
sradents of Alla Igbal Open rivers, The author as payées
tee atin on Ihe mica mebods Alto he Mapa
À primes for sense act o ducati, it moe tie
| eds of nse i te nitions. This eon tite to ctm
Wo he pudeines of Alle Tel Open Une, and ie’ Amin
Paebolgel, Association's (ABA) Publication “Mania ith & 5
Y ion), which is wily ued y vast majority of bolas om
| Ari iind. egress mi speciation o Dy, Reliant Mas, for

(Dr: Syed Alta Hussain)
Vice: Chancellor

Mich ofthe dial néon by many research in the
tng te research thesia io do wth the forma ofthe thsi ead
for 3 Bay reads on each ‘ipo ‘wing was long. ty
‘er and acne it Srpei ms share sore of mary
ies at bare sic ch pat fw yar ab id pad qu ts
cdi an cooing NEP and PD hss wring wodshops
sch ese.

Phil and Ph D siden in dot preto of ost wah ip
Sie as walls none ld wheter tr pape, avis
Pros, social problems, teks e iron." The major part the
‘manual i Addressed tothe rot rite whose propa responsa
te epa and formato af bé ds, Ter isa melo oa oe
‘esha Ging hh ed elie he ak of hee
‘snd writer in preparing the final copies. i

Tas ideas; Set wo capte plan
Conan main Cotmonétt fresca study dod tg wt
À era proposal. Chapter à “SB and Mechanieg"

fumbers, and numerals,
nd ste ant mata notions: Chapters 3-7 deal at gro

#

length with areas of difficulty regarding style and mechanics, A certain
amount of repetition will be scn in several chapters because the same
items can possibly be overemphasized sino these are the critical errors
‘most commoniy observed in research writing, partculetiy among graduate
sidente. How to' convert à thesis or disettion |

pin à
Oia ag Ann a un ae dr à ed
oti ben ru oi y al pope
te po Chap a lp pr
Tere a 12 pod. Appendices AL mie de ma rar |

requirements for writing research study for ATOU. Rules and regulations
set by Allama Iqbal Open University in the writing of M.Phil and Ph. D
thesis are lo included in the appenices'secion to famili with the
procedures to be followed while writing the thesis. The main sources used
lo produce tismunual are: The publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association, (Fourth Edition, 1994, sixth printing’ 1998,
Filth edition, 2001); as eclectic in approach and tone as it strive io be,
‘Allama bal Open University rules and regulations for M.Phil and PhD.
sis writing, anid several books in Reseatch Methods. This manual is
"expected to give a common frame of reference for both thesis adviser and
‘thesis students. To a minimum extent it also gives. some workable
guidelines o publication of research mondgraph and jouais t

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Le rcommended that this manual be read throught 10 gun an
understanding ofthe esarch reporting format, tis abo hoped thst
“bot students and teachers raw fully spon the help provided by the
Manual in ode o come out with ev and elite reach |
‘est and serch para : i

Since appreciation i exende % Mr. Fa ur Rehmas lecture
Deparment of Teacher ati for is assistance end eit ence,
in roping und rei the man

i E would like to. acknowledge the numerous words of

Cormetdaio ré otis etn evo om Dian Pasay op

Bacon Prof De Mabammad Rashi

{Tem greatly thankful to Vice-Chancllo Dr. Syed Altaf Hussain
‘howe encouragiisatitude motivated me to produce a val

able piece of
work

Suggestions for improveinen and revision af ext volume Wil be
accepted with thanks,

2003 Prof. Dr. Rehana Masrur

“Chaipersoë

Objectives

‘Tis nian wil accomplish the following objectives:

1 To introduce guidelines which will assist students who will be
developing and writing ther research paper to mestacademie
requirements

2 To consolidate some of the existing ales and regulations prctied
in the preparation 07a technisal report manuscipt in type ten
form, and

32 To help and guide ‘adviser, extémal evaluators, examiner or the
panel and the coofdinator in supervising the-sudens' research
Beiviin E

CONTENTS

101 Wate bit

102 Tie page

103 - Approval sect

104 Actnomiedgement

105 Absence

1.06 Table of Contes

107 Lol Tables

108 Limoges

199 Lol Apeatces

Orgiatzton ofthe Report .

201 Inden it

202 - Backgoundf he sy

203 - Stremeataftiepobiem

204. Pupoteotin sieh oi andy

o ns en

206. Scop and Delton of u

207 ‘Review of Literature (Theoretical & Conceptual
mena) 3

208: Review of Theory an Rele Suds
‘2.09 Concept Frame wotk

210 Hipo

Zt > Defnionoflem arabes À
212 > Methodology

215: Sour -

214. Dosevitacaar 4
215. * Data ple trent

216. Stal longue acd

217. Roma Finas

218. Sure artos

219 Discusión on Gaines

220 Rooms

2
2
1
15

is
7
1

2
2

2

a
5

35
3

Mechanics
‘Writing style
Headings =
Grammar
Abbreviations

Number and Numerals
ical and Mathematical notations

+ Quotations
Reference citation in txt

St

Tables

soi

4.02 Stub and Column Headings

403
404
405
406

Table number and ties

Table content
Use of Lines on Rating

Spacing and Sie ofa Table

Footnotes of Table

Figures

En]

5.03

Figure number and caption
502. Size and proportion of Figures

Placement and paging

‘Typlog The Report

sol
602
603
604.
605
606
607
608
609
610
su
612

‘Typefice and Font Size
Margin

Spocing

Andenton
Pagination

Uses of oma
Uses of Semicolon
Uses of Colon

Use of Dash

‘Uses of Parentheses
Use of Brackets
Use of Hyphenaion

Bibliography

791
10

‘Typing lnsrutions
Alphabetizing

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793, Format of Enis ®

799. Authors name 5
105. Dietonay s
7.06. Eneyslopeäin s
70 «weal ln ra E
1708 Page mite for publication 36
4108 Arico Published in Jounal 36
7,0 Ths eseence 86
TAL Book Reference (Non Parodie) … "87
712 Hlementeof reference tan aile or
lope inan dite book 57
3.13 * Unpublihed manuserpt 2 ra
FA Tite offi References ”
735. Daily aenapaper stile E
716 Fac ofbulienion 38,
717 Electron Media 9
‘Writing Articles for Proféssional Journals 93
BOL. Wiiag paper fom thesis a
402 Intentionally secepiable Poma
for Resch Arles ss
Te Page EA
Name of autor = ”
pees ”
Introduction 2%
Method E
Rens or
_ Presenting data in tablefgures 103
Discusion 103
Referens 105
Aopen E 105
‘Autor ote 105
Developing ARésearch Proposal 107
901 Indicó A 108
9.02 * TreMelid sesion 200
5.03 Topaeienlisshult include ‚no
204 Bibiogaphy m
905: Scham © a

Format wid syle u

10 Ethical issues
ferences
Appendices 10}

FR onen

Pup er le cn pen fo Phil ene
PLD -

Appeal sec
Tae fonte (amply
stot abies amy

het fee uy

Gren aci

Forwarding sat

Dci

Bogan in tu

Regulations nine to MP Teg
Reis einge PhD Dope Prams

m
us

ta
BL
7
19
1
us
107
159
163
167
Ds
189

CHAPTER 1
PRELIMINARY PARTS OF A THESIS
1.01 What is a thesis?

A feia isa reach rept in which a researcher presents problem or
series of problems fom hiser ab of research The repo describes
‘what was known about this problem previously What else dd toward
solving?’ What helo thinks hir result meni, and Whece and how
farther progress in 1bé field can be taken? A: major problem that a
searcher faces añex hehe has completed the rente work is its
Organization and suce, The stature and organization of thesis vary
due: te nonavalbilty of guidelines by. thet. respective insimioo
‘Therefore, the quality of both the presentan and content ofa thesis i
major consideration init acceptance.

a y
Et rei got vit iba distin, o chic spot

ds invoduced by relijnary material which includes the following:

i Tite pais

Dodiction page (deves)

‘aviv (Ast bythe Via Vee Cosita)
‘Acknowiledigement sheet,

‘Table enema B 5
List oftlee

Lis ofen

Abst

gas

1.02

le Page

Te HE OF he ii, oF cinch rit hé pe
snif anda statement ofthe topic shou
evretical issues under study. lis main
bout the phonamienen under study,
ie

14 efe Lo Ihe major varbls or
Purpôse isto inform ihe reir
therfore shoul! be explanay hy

The ile page includes the following into

© Thetite oF the report
® The fullname ofthe researcher
‘The desreefrogramme for which thesis submited.

Fhe name ofthe depanmenizclige 1 which e hei is
submited.

22. ¿Dr man and the yer the art paper is dended
As Append A. for il page and ine ie ane ne
Mphil and Ph D thesis)

Test ofthe thesis should be typed in opt leer.
mau be centra and typed on the 4% ie am th op
sega Gs. 3.2 Em 1 in 18 pee, Times nee,
feat eld on single space, The recommended eng
fo esearch ance is 10-12 Words (APA, 2001, p 1) ce
publican,” For thesis-O'Leary (1999) sugy es er
ee mis not excead 85 spaces including he space
between words and punctuation” In the light of ae.
uegestiop he tile should cam 15 to 20 wurd chick re
‘an spproprite standard (Sec Appendix A)

PI

‘Avoid words at serve no useful purpose such ab: "A
study of” or "Ani experimental investigation” or “An
smiysis of (Reringes, 1984; APA. 2001). These are
superfuous words and. make: the title lengthy.
Abbreviations should be avoided in the se. All tras
should be pelle out inthe these lle.

“The title should ot be crested so broadly that it seems to
provide an answer tht cannot be generalized either from
‘the data gathered or rom the methodology employed. An
example ofa broadly sated He is;

Effects of Motivation of Leaming

This is (oo xd Bee Te ie ot Aly sa
investigator Underodk ‘à general investigation of
‘uotvaion as jell as dient aspect, of Jean
hievement. AT specific tide suggesting what was
covered in the, study. might be something like dis:
"Inmediato versés Delayed Feedback: Effects on High
School Maibenkties Achievement Scores”

‘The sithor’s pide should be in small letters lita i
capital letters) andson the 27° line. (13%,double-5pace
lino) fom the top af the papi, in 16 ls (al sie),
"Times New Roi (ont si), bold in upper case (Only
lat er of NE fi, second and third name and so on)
and lower case: Aid using ial Of the name. The
Fefered fom of. autors ame i ft same, Ho
ame and pe.

‘sere the inser año, at 16% tite fom the
‘atom edge ofthe shot (8 double space) and go up to
10° ne tu 12 plot se, Times New Reman at Norma
Sie. The efiiedonidenies the location where the
‘searcher conducted he nv.

1.03 Approval Sheet

* Supervisora name should. appear with. the thon and“
Jar on the right margin atthe Pine fom te boy
Ge ofthe sheet in L2pt font size, in = Times hoe
Roman, al Normal style onthe sight margin, are moses
fn Yaron the ight ide, (ses Appendix A, Jar eh

1 Me le pige has no page-aumber, although i js
{Considered the first page of the preliminary pase ort
thesis

Preliminary pages to Be numbered in lower case ai in

van numeral eg. à te, 25 mm from the
bottom edge ofthe paper

©
mn sie and dico. the approval she
immediately follows the tte page, I contains the tice oe
‘he his name of tho. student, a sement of
Acceplance of the research report, The statement ar
Ten aceptes, de ename: of the holy,
Auscoline (where applicable) and ara of specialinaier
“The gaie ofthe Viva Voce Committee fellow ds
Element. which’ inches Dem, Caiman Diego

© Te pas “Approval Ss’ etd in capi eters
‘nthe 8 sgl ine from he top ofthe paper

Te statement of accepince is ped on doubt space ir
‘he usual indented fon

* The page number i appears one inch from the bottom
fie paper. (For sample approval sheet ce Aypendir
Auch)

104

+ The signatre lines must be 256" io length and the date
Fines 2” in ength As with your title page, the alignment
fof the elements on your approval page will vary
depending upon which fon, word processing program
and printer you are using,

© This page mst be numbered with a lower case Roman

hhumetal,eenred between the margins at the bottom of
the page

Ackäowledgements

‘The. ackuoivicdgement page corains {he writers
expression of aprestos fr the assistance and encouragemect
ven 10 him in the course of higher resedrch. The
[eknowledigementshould nat exceed two double-spaced pages

‘©The acknowledgement sheet follows the approval sheet

+». The wold“Aetgowtetgens” I pa in cpt ene
Zoe anges tom e oy of he age.

+ The acknowledgement should be simple an sincere, The
‘acknowledgement should, avoid, overdoing, the
fxprestion of his: gatude, Only those who gave
sance without payment should be mentioned inthe
‘acknowledgement.

‘© Typist and others who have been paid for their services
should not benluded inthe ackvowledgement

©The initials of he authors; in capital Dettes and wis po
spaces besyésn, should be placed two double spaces
below the las Ibe ofthe acknowledgement and one inch
fom the hund aan a

Fa ei is Det te mou vty a
we te ison oe ts et mien cer
SEEN tal contain robin) ada, med ch, solving
path to cones. The sett o ae
en at Oe pea iy A pease ig
ta ence aad paie Sc
an Ed Zac (00) ga du see
‘ayo et is chains ist we asp 1

SB gupta suis, the act shoul be 350 to 509
0 wats ae Fam u 15 400 wont fa 5 a
$00 weds RD) i shoul eg

SA Be decison ofthe background at Purpose
oft study.) E

BA Semen of de conce oy ere
work and Hypothesis (se),

À ito of the, eb’ or sap, he
sehen CSB, Ihe instrament, and the dane

Ehe sin resus and contusions

°° FR Borat end nettoie só the abet
¿bra lid 12500350 wads han a

E deco of Be question (a sti et
thsi Merci] and/or practical ste ea

A a cum a

developments

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© Te main conclusions.
Abst äbould include only four. five most important
concepts, findings or implications

I shouldbe write in clear and Vigorous prose. Use active
Verbs And present tense to describe reali, Use the past
tense 19 describe specific variables mnipulated or tes

1.06 Tablé.of Contents

‘The table of.contens ts ie preliminary part, th chapter

‘ies, along with the sub divisions ofthe body of the port, and
ine suppeinentary materials included in the appendix.

‘The. werds “Table, of contents” shoitd- appear in
capita ieterscented onthe 8° single spaced line fom the
1 fe Dap 6 D Times New Roa, Ba, upper

‘he prelimiaary pars ae Usted st. ARer these the word
Chapter” is type los on the left-hand margin; the word
“Pago”, Ash with the right hand margin. Each of these
‘words has only th fit letter capitalized, with fon size 12
Pr anormal ole. .

‘The chapter numbers, in Arabic mural, should Be gives.
is placed Below the letter “pin word À Chapter and is
allowed by period

‘The firs chapter shouldbe lised'a tiple space below the
word ‘cheptgs: The title Of the frst chapter shoold be
followed, by double-space; “ther “chapter “tiles and
subdivision being should likewise be Both pres an
followed by double space

* Chapter tie should be in‘capital letters, begining tivo
spaces ate the period following the chapter number

* (Dot) shail be used om the end of the tite (ace
Appendix.C)

Headings of subdivision within chapters should appear in
the table of contents beginning the double space below the
fiat eter of the chapter les.

Headings ola chapter division should have only the fit
ler of the principal words capitalised, They should be
pet single space

1.07 List of Tables

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‘The words “List of Tables" soni apar in capil ee
the ist page of thei on te 8° Sin pace om Me
top of he pape (16 pe Times New Reman bad, pee
cs)

The mumber of cach table should appear in capital eters
(in Anbie numeral), nd shouldbe followed by a period.

14 ‘The tbe dis inthe Mist of tables should have ony the’
first Jeers of principal wörds apitaize,

® Table ties should be in single spaced within individual |
lle, and double-spaced between tiles. Tables appearing la
the appendix shoul be included inthe ist of ables,

© Dot are used in the same way ain tie able o contenta,

© Fora sample list of ables (ee appendix -D)

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108

1.09,

List of Figures
‘Tine of pictures. grophs, chars and othe” ilustrativo
sateils ae al nce in heist of iure. *
«>> Follow instruetions ited in topic "1.07
© For sample it of figures (se Appendix E)

Listof Appenditos (Appendiees)

Follow the soles and instructions cited in topics, 1.05-1.07.

{See Appendix),

= CHAPTER2

ORGANIZATION OF.THE REPORT

avia mst, demonstrate crginalty, appropiate, organization,
«tías puma, etn tat, independent. inking and accra aná
cerplcsdocumentadon very repro sa ii no rent
chapter acing on length ofthe report Thesis rie i
Compre fem, Rater esearher sould 1 10 ornato vier
Fics in expository wing sie, which requis grip of werk inte
lern bape

“The body cfa opr, tesis or disseraion coats fling
five mai palpa,
Chapter, toda

Chapier2 Réview offerte (cortical and Concept!
Framework)

Chapter. | Meade Sal
Chapter 4 Results and Dara Analysis.

chapter Summaryeepelusion), Dixcgsicn md +
Reconoartons

da tn ut ab it,

2.01. Introduetion = ge

Tes bey of he a nen. ih an
introduc thas presents be api prob under say sb dessibes
“eh any, hr oh tne and why Je oan? THE,

following

2.02 Background of the study

203 Statement ofthe Problem

‘The Purpose Of graduate thesis isto ‘rove that jou have made an
Oral aná di combo 1 Enf, ane Examiner wha’ reads
UT hes Should find he answers he Following questions,

‘What is sade research queso

sica good question? à pal

“Therefore avery clear statement ofthe question (problem) i essential (0
provide infomation: you-hive made; Aer developing the background
satel the researcher i win te position to tel what he she did. The
problem studied must be shown as one, which arose from a
need or of unresolved difculy. The reader must be made to recognize
this need, Sine you lnoi thatthe purpose Of graduate reéarch problems
“ifr gray and: there je no one "right" way lo state one, certain
eharacernco of pobleras ah problem statement an be learned and used
10 geod advantage. Le, .

1) The problem should be stated precisely, acsumely ang‘
leary either he declarative or inerrogätive form

bj, can be ciber one main stemen/question, ora series of
Same questions, oa combinaron of ther om

© The problem should be defined in termi of the data that can
‘be bald, B

Keilinger (1979) irkommendi thatthe problem shouldbe sated
in question fora,

A reiurche cn tag his problem in an of th following types:

D Descriptive (descriptive rescrch problem can be tated in
‘usin frm nh allowing Tomb)

+ wt isthe percepión of secondary school teachers fowarés
fie tachar”

D Retaional

“ig: Gre any relationship between pergepion of effective
teacher and professional qualification’ of secondary school
teicher?”

Hi) Causal

cena, any flict of tea! quan <p te
Perception of teachers toward effective etches

A cen

en problems cin hive dierent aspects; peyote,
Política, seonomic, communica

area Staion or oycholgy wil be sucio. You eh epee
ofthe topic you must demonstrate it ad ar

204 Purpose ofthe Stidy/Objectives ofthe Say

Poe) shold be sat city 14 tmambigsouly
frm Ate tating the erh problem th next scp o man the

a in gestion fom Le obs) if sate in dente
form. The ojetve sully dat wi ira these phrase
emi Ve" Te inde.» art fi ou
Bent Oe" To identify. Hence for our example the objectivos

serie: fr dei tement ofthe Probie

ia ute Peiepton of secondary scho] teachers tonada
lective tescher y

Relatiönal (for relatonat statement ofthe problem).

To dei if thee: is any relationship between pereeption of
secondary school teaches towards effective teacher and professional
ualiicaion

Causa) (of causa statement ofthe problem)

“To determine if there ig say effet of professional qualification on the
prespion of secondary school teachers towards effective teacher

2.05, Significance oF the Study

À Ti cn il uted in ree prop a
| research can be justified. _ The study, should justify itself. Why ‘is it
impor i solos Ir pk of ts,
Gertie, io econ oil ete why te probes Jana de
import gd yt spices he ros. ou te x
lec loft me, ti poten coin BF to ra 10

+ smote limpian an e pie ner ont

2,06 Scope and Delimitation of ehe Study

Limits of the study-nbéd to be properly defined. The seo
expected 10 indicat a reasonable aca ofthe. stady, which is Igo enough
16 be significant but narfow enough to permit caréul weatment: The
scope ofthe problem shosid De stated specifically. The nature of subjects
‘vested, eje number; the dations they received, limitations that exit in

refbfence population, and instruments or tesedrch design shobld be

E sues. N
i 2

15

207 Review of Literature (Theoretical and Conceptual
framework)
À separate clap consisting of here famine, review of
Seated Mert, he pattes and inane talón of rene is

Fan dieu alo» phenomeson (Karinger, (979; Mote,
199%; Johnson and Christensen, 2000, Theory his a place Vitalin al
ISS, bats prominence Varia is most equi in pie sues
hen in bate expo research (Newman, 1997, The seat og
PPS sides bring chaiges in existing theories due to alent

ore! welleonfuctd studies have negative findings. A oscar
‘ould ai tne wt of hares or ink of theories with pete hneg
her probein.

‘Tie era Framework helps sto se clar the varies tat we
ray maine. ik provides à genen frame, which guides te
et da rai. The dora! amant is, ccs i
Brepeng oscar proposals using the survey or expeimenl metros
or cae studies a src reser, stents need nat war bos à
"cortical Rework, ;

When ou ar rep theoretical framework that rin,
ou wilt usally neo include sufcest material allow the rade o
enertund the arguments used. When writing this seein’ you ma
‘elude detail: Think too abou the order and ste ‘Of presentation.
"A starting point in developing a theory i to review related literate.

16

208 Review of theory and related studies

Here, yo eid the ste of the at eleven your tei. Ths
den preset the jor des in the sale ofa hip 0. bu nl
ining your own prnl as

‘The purpose of ti sesion it tll wht research as done on Ue
probe and expan. a aries te coca Til ofthe rable,
his sesion provides nel picture othe reger i.

li short the eriepr after ‘can be the first part of the chapter
A Corpa! amewo ite second part if long i can and as a
separe caper, Conse he fling. Goins, whe selig’ ne

Hétu for review:

3. Only. studies, whic and feat in purpose, method or findings”
lo the cument study, should be included In the review. ihe
discussion of sich studies should be in the form of brie?
criti) analysis of thé purposes, method of study, principal
finding and conus,

‘Clarify te interelaionship, ofthe studies reviewed, Poin out
weaknesses and strength of ech study.

© Poimt-out how eaph of the studies’ reviewed relateto the
problem at sod’: Summarize the review and provide a
trans or Ys pas studies tothe present one.”

4 Inh tex, ob es names of the autos ae given. tne
case of comica. diferent works by persone Wilh. same
émane, inti ould be tclded wi be last mam for
proper ideation.

2.09 Conceptual Framework

‘The comceptal famework as Ihe tem suggests present die
relationship between the diferent spec

ie, constructs that we want to
study. A cónsiuct is a clearly defined copegpt: The const that we
Should uso at this level should be derived from the concepts sed atthe
thor level Thee ae vals, ich usa weake or engen
104 influence of the independent variables on the dependent varlbi,
These are called intervening variables, For example it iin problem

la there any relationship between profesional qualification of

Secondary school teacher nd their perception tewaed elec
teacher? -

ie tear nd concept amo could be developed in he oui,
‘unter (Fig. 1)

‘We ean have hisihöreic! and Conceptual framework:

[level ndependent

Dirrent proteica inicios

Concejal, Teacher
(CT. BEANE),

E

de

|

Degree cola ©"! 4 | Soon seating

ining + Ego Teacher

Intervening Dependent
CE

Age
Sex
Education
SES iyi:
Loi {rural or urban)
ES

Scale about
‘Effective teacker

‘Age

Sex

Education

SES

Locality

Figure 1. Process Conceptual and Thesretical framework

The framework assumes that level of professional mening’ dévelops a
postive peretption towand effective teacher, The main concepts therefore,

those serve, as theories

“Baniework for his problem is profesional

‘tsining and fete teacher. And we know that these ovo coaepts ae at

a higher level oF abstraction therfore’ neds to be Fined.

2.10. Hypothesis (es)

‘Hypotheses are conjectural satemenis of relaionships between
{wo or more variables. These sttemenis are based on existing information
nd tested xpérimentilly empirically. Whether stated exploit or not,
hypalhieses are par of a research study, They guide the investigation as
salé by Shaughnessy, Zechmeister, and Zechmeister (2003) that *
Hypotheses attempt fo answer the questions ‘how’ and “why”? (p:26)

Following points may be considered while formulating the hypothesis:

2. The potes (es) should be stad in clear and precise teme
>. The typotheses ae always satin deelartive sentäne frm

& The hypotheses should originate from substantially the same
round as that which served to identify the problem.

A” The research hypotheses are changed in the null form when
they are tested statistically. Oniy ull hypothesis can be
subjected to tistical testing. The search hypotheses gre two
types: directional and non-dieetonal,

Eximples of Research Hypotheses
À Directional Hypothesis: -

Level of profesio Irsining of sesondary school teachers is
Positively elated with ther perception towards effective teacher.

OR

Level of profesional waning of secondary schoo! teacher nd
perception towards effective teacher are positively related

‚Note: (in posive comlaion, if one will increase the-oer will
also increase and vico vera) >

2

i

li Non-irectional Hypothesis

‘These is à significant corcltion between profesional training of
secondary school teachers and their perception towards effective
teacher

oR

Level of profesional. taining and perception towards efectivo
teacher are significantes.

Note (It states that her a significant relationship between two
‘variables but iretion of relationship e not known.)
‘it Example of Null Hypothesis
Professional quaificatos of secondary school teachers and their
| + perception toward effective teacher are not related

oR

‘There is no significant relationship between profesional
‘qualification of secondary school texchere and their "perception
towards an effective eather.

oR

Profesional qualification of secondary school teachers and their
pefception towaid an effective teacher are ungeate.

211. Detntions of Terms/Varibles
$ May ems ae bs oa varity o optan Sach
| en shoul e dined peony seating be pei age
i ‘they are intended to convey, An operational definitior ‚sort of manual
Orion to the ist species the avin of à
| euch in meo ao o in manipulating ie Whereas
| ie (emt deli deines coarecconaet with
soni. Therefore leu presento; fd conca

a

nd operational or working definitions, eg. middle class ie comeptally
efi

+ 35 a category of persons within «society, Operationally, itis a

soup of pesos whose average anal name i 8.10.00 = 15.000

andthe ige is defied by saying à is "e ability 10 hin

abstract”, a operational definition i sore ninelignce es I our

example sated above wo tem ie. festive Teacher and profesional

Min nest to be defined tort) (ee example) and
le sele towar five teacher)

operational (Score on

Example
Elec teacher: Nayior and Kuiker (1981) defined “An effective

212. Methodology

This section varies ftom thesis to thesis and is required almost in
every thesis, Choose your research methodology wisely. Both
methodologies Le. qualitative and quantitative have their importance in
the Gel of research. A qualitative methodology requires considerably
‘ore time and tremendous burden 10 ereste new paths for analysis

whereas a quantitative research study can be accomplished in vey e
and direct ways, Sometimes a combined methodology is wie to yield a

researc that works well

This section includes description of the source of data, the data
entering procedure,
so applcd. After modifying the conceptual definitions
ito working definitions, now researcher i ready for operationalization

nstruments us, the data processing lciniques and
cal eater

2

aly

ote press of

Rene "an pe

terms of spite operations, ensure

struments. oF pric,

n ia der

somes refered 10 as the indicator or measure fa net” Yd

Fiyure2 displays the coneeptuaization and apértionalization process

“The Measurement process for two variables

Tot Vai Ds
nae .
Hypothesis coset
_ AS '
Fa =T E

CE u
De

Operas

mer Tas,
Cou vs poires

Ir mb IF Empire
maus. il}

Spe

Oper

J tev

Figaro? Conga a Operation (Neumann)

Dading operationliation, a researcher linkéthe weil of ideas 10

‘observable elit

ne 2 iles the mes

urement proge far wo.

variables. The reciever linke together by messurement process

in our previous example two main variable’ Effective teacher and
ation needs be defined operationally.

profesional que

Effective Teacher:

This variable was measured on. interval sale, Statements
indicating the, perception of teachers towards effective teacher was
formulated on five-point scale. A unified score was obtained while adding,
lhe responses ofthe respondents to each statemens

Profesional qualification:
#

2 categorical (nominal) variable. Different categories of
profesional qualification (CT, PTC, BEA, MAA) ware assigned
numeral à order t dei the ategorie,

2.13 Sources of Data

‘The report should include approprisle information on the
population and sample and the sources of evidence. Who were the
subjectsrespondents? How many were they? How were they selecta À
How was data handled?

To be valid the investigation must sot make use of second-hand
information, which can be inexact ot incomplete but of primary source

a

ment

in!

+, Figure 3 late the retionsip among base sampling terms,
2 Peter pie wih he hl ala sample

ae |
Fe
=

Sampling Fane
(Second Schal Teachers
workin fn Govt. Fedral
‘shoot land ey)

Simple
(500 Teacher fom
secta school),

Figure: 3 Desiga:strating relationship among baste sampling terms

In discssing sampling techniques, itis essential that we inust clearly
understand the défifon of four terms: Popalaton,- Sampling train;
sample and lesa Popol ith st of al he ass of interest
ou were interest be attitudes of students your collego/chool or
‘on-campus toward te services provided by the library, your population
‘would be all sudénfs in sehooVeaoge or on..cimpus. IP we were
condusting a censis-ws Would attempt 1 obtain information fom every
‘member of the populiton; in a survey, Bü forthe sa Sf eficeney, we
‘tlc asubeet ofthe population to represent tho population asa whole,

25

Most often a population is a hypothetica ety, sd we need to develop à
specific list af the members of he population This specifi is is elle
sampling frame, and is an operational definition of the population of
interest, loa survey. measuring ‘the, pereption of secondary scho
teachers, the sampling frame might he a ist obained ron the Education
fe of al secondary school teachers. is sill posible hat aimé
teachers may Be excluded, such a those who are gone on leave due fo one
roller reason. or just recently appointed, The subeet actully drawn rom
(he sampling frame is called the sample. We might select 500 teachers
fom the is to serve as the sample in ou perception survey (ig)

‘The sampling procedure may be
1: Simple random simpling, 2-Syetematic random sampling

3 Static random sampling 4 - Cluster samp

S- Muse sampling

‘The simple random samplingi one of he most common known
Scientifétetinique in selecting samples, N is useful when we have He
advance knowledge of the population. Systematic Fandom sampling
technique is ‘suit

hen ve have tof mes of population and
ames ae sunbed coca. The Swill sampling i ep
‘hes th lion in aad elise uo de ero hope
opa rn traca ee

The Cluster sampling “is oscil in selecting samples when
eterogencbos groups occupy blocks in à comimunity or city. Tie mul
stage sampling is useful for conducting natiomido surveys or any large
ale surveys involving a big population

26

err pen

In addition to these five techniques, ve have two othe techniques
‘Known as purposive and incidental sampling, These types are commonly
sed but not considered in sientifi research. The purposive technique is
based on cetin criteria Id down by the researcher. People who sata
‘he criteria are selected. This is not a very unreliable way of sampling
IncideniaAccidental is worse than purposive sampling. Here the most
‘wily obtained and readily avaiable respondents are considered sample
Define the population to he studied, specifically in terms ofthe following
‘arises:

8) Gender.) Age c)“Bducational leve
9 Localiy(aialanbar) +) Ethno-cutual tackgsound

1) Other applicable lio experiences.

“he researcher should justify the choice of population to be studied
in terms ofthe objectives ofthe research.

2.14 Design/Procedures
The procedures flowed: in conducting the dy shod be
esplinl in complete deta Technique devices and prodsdures
Pllowed should be, described, Following points should be considered
hile deserbing this section: A

i, In the case of experiment, this section should include

“instructions given 1 the participants, the-formition of groups, the
‘xperiientl mänipuletons, and contro ete inthe design,

fi,” The method gettin should wl he render ‘what the
researcher did and “how ho id

2

i
i. Any ertor or weakness in the procedure that has been
discovered during the conduct of the research should be pointed
out, and consequent Jmitatlone upon the result should be fully!
note.

“A survey usually (llows any ofthese specific designs
one-shot survey b. one group pretest posttest or
Static group comparison.
‘An experimental sty usually follows any one ofthese designs or
variation in these designs:
1 Pre-test: post-test control group design,

2 Posttest only contol greup design, and modification of
these two base designs.

(One-ahot survey includes investigations deoing with phenospena,
which have already happened, and only one group is being studied,
For example, if we want 16 study the influence of a certain
information campaign on the atitudes of people toward the
innovation dissemination in Ihe area method, and we interviewed
‘only those people who were reached by the information, we are
‘conducting: a one-shot survey. Evaluation studies are typical
examples of studies following te one-shot survey.

The one group, presestposttest design is almost tke an
experimental study. Thé only element that disqualifies it as an
dxperiment is the lack ofeontr group.

“The static group design is used when we want to Find out the
impact of certain campaign teaching methods ee, however, unlike

2

eee ome eee

the me shot study, this design used mother group which was not
exposed 1 the sume campaign or teaching method.

215 Data Gathering Instruments ’

In this section a descriptions of adoption, construction, and
adrian of intriment shouldbe included. Instruments include test,
queionnaires, prjestive tests, interviews ete, Apparaten, devices and
aboraory equipment used should be described. inthe complex cr
custommade equipment, a drawing or photograph is recémmended.
Include a complete copy of the instrument inthe appendix. state the
‘ature of questonsiteims/titements, sale format; dr or measurement
techniques in this seétioh. Also provide any information available
regarding the relibility and aliity of the measures, with respect 10 any
pilot study or, protesting The questions, satementtitems should be
‘developed in the light of swdy objective “questions Mypothesis (3),

IF te sisi acces to school record, nero, the
‘spo tbe copie by evidence hat theta was dé avaiable
terest involved secondary sais of dat the investir mast
provide evidence hth ein dais able, and tt no
‘icon vas impot on pain he secondary nay.

Tue results of Study will be useless f the instruments have beet
Poorly constructed. These ae few “general principles of sound
‘questonnsreinsnaient constuction. In this section, mé ist deseribe six
asie eps in preparlig an nstument ie.

Step 1. Decide what information should be sought

»

Step, ats questionnaire Soult he use

Step 3. ea fist deal afa guestionmane

Step.

"Step S. Pretest the questionnaire

Step d. dite question

ine und pci) procure for is use

‘There are certain guidelines 10 follow to minimize probe
arising From the phrasing of survey questions, These guidelines cin be
spplicé 16 omen ended or free response quésions and to closed or
mic. choice questions, Free response questions on a chssroa ts
merely specify the area 10 Be addressed in a response.

Good Questionnaire items should

1. use vocabulary that 6 simple, iret and familiar o af
respondents

Mo beetear and specific,

mor involve, leading, loading and doubie-areied,
‘questions,

jv. beas shor a possible twenty or fewer werd

¥. include all conditions information prior 1 the key ide,

Vi. he edited for eadabity,

‘The design layout af the quenionnir and the ordering of the
usine an he.mporant aspects ofthe meurs, An elon should Be
made io make the design of he questionnaire race ba he enh
should be on making it sens poseo us

Observación techniques, checklists, rating scales and sekievement
should als be designed carefully or sound and rliabie results,

2.16 Statistical Techniques ised/Amalysis

If slatisticaltechnigts are used, his fit shouldbe mentioned and
orepondingyteected a the section on dat analy, one has used a
(ech tt is, tilly speaking: not appropriate to the data this fae
‘should be noted and explanations he mad

{the suite technique used is new or unfair, «formal is
Sven.

IP the design af experiment is complex or he simul requires
Gere description, additional subsection or subheading may be given 13
help readers find specific infomation. include only the infmation,
‘sential to comprehend and replicate the dy

‘The level of sigaiGicance (05, DI oF 001) that is needed in
accepting or ejecting. the mull hypotheses should be mentioned even
before da gathering. The meaning ofthese significan levels is;

fn a 0S ee! meas that if we repeat the sami study 100
times under the same condition, the chance of gettite the same
resul (accepting reparch hypothesis) is 95 times (OS 40), and he
Shance of geting a different etal isenly 5 (8 6)

Steniticant at 91 ev mess that it we tops the same a 100.
times under the same condi, the chance of geting the ome

results (Accepting regearch hypoihsie is 99 times (99%), and he
‘ance of geting a differen reel is only one time. (1%),

Fate at 001 evel meas that if we repeat the some study
¿000 times under the same condition, the chance of gering he
same results (accepting reieatch hypothesis) is 999 times; wn the,
‘hance of getting diferent result is only 1 time,

|
|

a

There is another important aspect of the process of statistical
internos, No matter what decision you reach and no mate how eaeflly
ou reach it, dere is always some chance that you are making an error
The two possible “states ofthe worl” and the two possible decisions an
experimenter an reach ar listed in table |

‘Table 1 Possiblé Outeomes of Decision Making with Inferentab
«Statistics

State ofthe World

Null hypotonic ta pote Fre

jet at aporte Corse Dechion pe Emo

to ree Null Hypothesis Top or Correct Dein

‘The two potential eres are presented inthe table | and these two
"pes of errors hate the highly descriptive names of type 1 error and type
1 eror. These erors arise because ofthe probabilité nature of stitial
inference. When we decide that an outcome à statistically significant
‘because its probability of occuring Under he null pos is es than
105, We aclnowledge that. times out of every 100 tests the outcome could
occur even if the null hypothesit was true The level of significance
therefore represents the probibiiy of making a ype or: rejecting the
null hypothesis when iti tue. The probability of making type) error can
be reduced simply by making the level of significant more stvingent,
perhaps 001

atitcat Decision
Thor", foi any sstiics and Research book, since explanation of al,
those concepts aro beyond the sbope ofthis manual

2.17. Results and Findings

‘This section smmartes the collected data and the statistical
treatment applied 16 them, The results should be presented in a
strightlGeward nd unbiased way. Report the data in sufficient detail to
justify the conclusions. The presentation must be geated tothe restart
questions and the research hypotheses,

Consider the following points while presenting the results and findings

i Present only relevant data, individual scores or raw dt
should not be reported in the text. IF eso need lo be
nehnded a all, (hy should be placed in the appendix:

In reporting dt, choose the médium that will present em
efectively, It wil be helpful 10 summarize the result, and
analysis throug, tables or figures.

iii, Do not repeat the same data in several places, and do not
¿nudo tbls with at that canbe presente a wel in few
nées in bete

iv. The textual presentation should sipplemert or expand the
contents of tables and char, rather than-duplicate them.
Do not expect the tables and gutes to-do the, entire
‘coramnieation foc you.

Vv Thé anahis a data shouldbe objective and logica. Make
a careful distinción between fiet and opinion, Facts, not
‘pinion should previ

vi, Note ll relevant sul including those that run coute to
‘the hypotheses.

vii In reporting steel tests of significance, include
information concerig the obtained magnitude cr value of

3

the test, the degree of freedom, the prohahiliy level, and
the direcion ofthe aiéct eg: with an alpha level of 3
‘The effet of income level was statically significant F
IA = 727, P01

2.18 Summary and Conclusions

‘Summary: Ths last chapter ofthe body ofthe report contains an
‘overview of the research. In thesis and dissertation, it gives the brief
vestatrpent ofthe problem, the procedures, ad findings.

5, Thesummary chapter should mot contain any new
information ut shollé brifly recapitulate be ence
content of the paper. is as if collcague asks he sea
What problem he has studied and what results ho has
obtained. He should reply briefly and to the point,
sketching all the imporiat points ofthe study, describing
the conclusions and how he had arrived a them

Broud generalizaions not adequately supported by dats
should be avoided. Conclusions should be drawn Only for
‘he population and circumstances for which the vider,
as been collected

fi, Any weaknesses in the design, techniques or population
hat have come to ight should be diseussed, with particular
attention given o the manner in which these facors may
ave affected the outcomes ofthe research

iii Menton pra! nications that canbe dran fom the
sud.

Conclusions; Conclusion ae short, concise Statements of the
inferences that you have made because f your work, Organise these ss
short numbered. Order fin mas tes portan. All conclusion
shouldbe dirty ried 1 the research queens sated in Fr chapter

3

2.19 Discussion on findings:

‘Open the discussion ith a leur statement of the support oF non
‘suppor for your orignal hypothesis. Sonic autre piefe to combine i
ith the previous result section. Consider following points when,
«iscusing the findings:

4 The esniggof what has been four.

1: Statmentoinfeences drawn fem he Sings

4, Implications and applications of findings.

"Suggestion or improvement of procedures,

2. — “Emphasize any theoretical consoquences of the results,

2.20 Recommendations

“This is the contribution, which you have nade on the basis of
discusion the conclusions, The summary of contribution wil. be much
sought and carefully rel bY he examiners. ler you list the contribution
of new knowledge that Your thesis makes. There is oflen some overtap
‘with Use pónelisio, but tha is okay, Concise numbered paragriphs are
again best. Organize from most to last important. The figure research
subsection is included so tht researchers picking up this work in fire
ave the benefit of the ideas that you genevated while you were working
onthe thesis I is often the ease with ciento investigation isi mare

5

questions than answers ae produced. Récomniendations should centre on
{be problem investigated and hypotheses tested. Thesis writer should
‘veld making opinionaed statements and suggestions that are not
supported by evidence.

Recorrmendatons maybe in terms of

% What foes each is get by the sud,
What the Sings suggest items of poi.

© Wi he ests een in terms of existing knowledge

‘Your recommendations should be directed to diffrent levels of

possible users of your research i.e. Policy makers, Educatonis, media

‘Planners; communication specitis, othr social sels and the ike
ide the comal s welt as practice implications of your findings.

36

CHAPTER 3.

STYLE AND MECHANICS

01 Writing Style

Every university has a set of syle requicinents forthe thesis,
‘These requtements often give rules for the use of different font the
format forthe bibliographies, wid of the margin etc

Kaoledge of grammar rues is necessary; skills in the use of
language ao also necessary: To achieve clarity, oad wig’ must be
precise in its words, tes of ambiguity, smooth ii flow, and considerate of
its reader. Simplicity, plain language and direct statements should always
be aimed a, The research wer must have she reader in hier mind
when heishe writes the research report, “The text mist be clear. Good
Grammar and thoughtful iting will make the thesis casier tad. Shon,
simple phrases are often beter an long ones. Sometimes it sear to
Present information and arguments as a series of numbered points, rather
thar as one more or awk paragraph. À list of points is asie to
rite (sot to use this syle 16 much): Your thesis should show somete)
and convincing arguments, aot just is of facts asl observations

To teach writing syle is not within the scope of tig rl
However, the following guidelines and suggéstions will help the research
‘writer 0 produce à readable report.

4 Make oertsin that every word used means exdetly what i à
intended to mean. Do not use worts incorrectly. Por ex
‘when fo mean think’, d not write ea”

Ej

‘Short wards are easier to understand than long ones. However,
sometimes a long unususl word expresses an ies betr then

several shor ones, R

‘Avoid coloquial expressions. Por example; se ‘ier not put on;
port, not write’ Gp, similarly avoid coined teams (sg, À

“Copcepamim” for concept

You may use synonymms or near-synonyms to avoid fepetition of a"
ter, as long as the recut docs not seriously detract em the ow
of the thesis,

Wren writing about treatment groups or samples, label them
£aseñl. Is not enough to denote them by numerals and Jeers,
Remember that no reader i as famila with our research az yoo

Wing in short simple sefeñces produces choppy pros. Writing
in long sentences creates difficulty and some tines unreadable
‘material. APA (2001) states short words and short sémences are
‘easier 10 comprehend than are long once" (p 35) Vary sente.
Fengih to affect» satisfactory balance What is tuo of semences is
als tue of paragraphs. Vay paragraph length Boh for email
and visual relict

‘The publication Memal (1994) vies “Although scientific wii,
lifes in form rom literary writing, it need not and should not
luck style or be dull” (p.6). In describing the esearch the wer
should present the ideas and findings in an intersting and
sompeling manner which reflets his involvement with the
problem,

‘Thesis vering should be cer md unambiguous. To do ibis wel
ou should prepare alist of Key words that are important to your
‘esearch and then your. writing should use this set of key words
frequent >

To keep ideas-moving in oferty fashion from one sentence to
‚other, ‚use appropriate wanationel expressions. Diseoucse
markers (List-A and 8) su as following expressions can be usod
for continuity, contrast, consequence, enumeration, or tpetition

38 2

Lista:
Mo
Accra
Althe sme time

Besides
Consequently
Further
Again
Next
Fint
Second
(On the other hard
Then
Similar
On the whole
‘Therefore
Lists

Meanwhile
Thus

Hence
Likewise
Moreover
Further
However
Sait
‘Notwithstanding
Nevertieless
«Finally
nike Wanner
‘Toconshude
Tosimup

Words for introduction of Quotations & paragraphs’

‘The esearch scholars whl introducing quotations, thoughts or
comments it the content suggess the following Words,

Acknowledged
Aequiesced
Added
‘Admitted
‘Aséteised
Adrised
‘Advocate’

CContradicted Insinusted
Commseled

Counter Interested
Debate Ita
Decided Lameated
Declared Lecnred
Decree Lied

»

recounted
refuted
reed
reiterated
joined
related
remarked

Demanded Maintained reminded

Denied Mentioned remosstratsd
Denounced arated repeated
Deseribed Noted “tepoved
Diet Objctsd replied
‘Argued Directe observed reprimanded
Astiulated Disclosed frdered requested
faked Divulged peitioned responded
‘Assented Dragged pleaded revealed
Assured laborated polar out rae
“Atented Enjoyed payed «stated
‘avowed Bnveated preached stipulated
Begges Enunelated ‘proclaimed suggested
Basted” Eguivocated Pronounced —supplicated
Called Exclaimed proposed supposed
Charged Exhorted protested swore
hide Exphined Proved talked
Chimed Granted queried testified
‘Commanded Held destined thought
Comment Hesieted quibble tld
Conceded Hinted hipped wanted
Concluded Imparéd quoted ged
Implored faoted tered
Indicated read vowed
Infered reasoned wamed
Informed ‘rebutted
Tine recited
Insisted recognized

302 Headings

In research thesis or dissertation-the chapters aré divided into
sections and sometimes further into one or more series of subsections,
cach proceeded by a suhltle. The format of display of subtitles or
ending depends on theniunber of series of ection.

à Cóntered headings have greater atetion value than side
headings; Undecined headings have greater attention valu

40

than headings not underind, Fa thesis has foe levels of
headings they can be indicated in tie way.

(Centered upper and owercase Heading (Level 1)
entered, lalicized, Uppincare and Lowercase Heading (Level 2}
Fish bef lalicteed, Uppercase and Lowercase Side Heading (Level 3)

‘dented, Halicized, iowercase paragraph heading ending. (Level 4)

with period.
‘The inital letra of the fest word and main words are
‘aptalized. No period is used at the end, The txt follows
three spaces below.

Side Heading:

Side Headings are typed Tash tothe left margin with the
inital letters of the fest and main words capitalized. The
text follows two spacs below with an indented paragraph
Example

1

Method. (Level)
Procedure. (Level 3)

Population. (Level 4)

À “Only the fséltler ofthe fist word is capitalized, End the
a Paragroph'hciding with a period and begin the text on the
“ame line, two spaces after the period,

DA decimal notation may bé used for identifying the
eadings ind indicating subordination. Taus as in the
eadings inthis Manual or as given below

Chapter?

Main f en

Headings | 33

Side fa
+ Headings] 335

Side Ca
Headings | 2

Legends: the first digi rom the let means chap 3,
the third main section, The two digits afer the dial
pont stand forthe next level subsection The third ig, for
3 series in the second level seein, and o on.

Note: In side subheading roman numeral or lowercase
alphabets may be used,

Put thee or four blank ine before subhesd and twa blank
lines afer subheads, which are centered, cary more we
than subhead, which are Mas, lef

Which styles used shouldbe followed consistently
fvoughout the report, The style should alo be reflected in
ihe table of contents

For each section the research writer should consider the
sequence and level of imponance of tie ideas he wishes to
present The headings are meant to help à reader grasp the
Outline of the paper andthe relative importance ofthe parts
ofthe repo.

+ Do not introduce a topic abri, The reader should not be
left wondering how a topic rsubsoction fs in, In the
same way, do not abandon atópi or argument abruptly,
leaving the reader “hanging

3.03 Grammar
‘Good grammar is necessary for communicating ideas. Obviously
ver must agree with their subjedts, and pronouns With the nouns to which
they refer. Below are some: guides on frequent problems of grammar”
usage.
Person
‘There is strong sion to use the And “person in scientific
‘writing, First and second person pronouns (lps, we, us, ours, you
and your, mine) should be avoided as it detracts the reader from
the subject of the research paper, The research writer should
always stay in the background and let his study speak fr it. Fist
perse reference gives a shade of subjectivity to the report e.
Incorrect!
In my opinion the evidence shows that
Correct:

“The evidénce shows that.

- 5
‘The fs person pronoun is appropriate when you relate a pérsonal
experience inthe proceso research,

One important stylistic choice is between the setive voice and
passive voice. Use ative voice it makes clear that you did the
research

‘Tease

A asi or, ition ad sach pap shld be we nthe
pp 0 me I rn under abi

3. Past tense iz usually appropriate for the Itefuune review.
And also use past tense while express an action or a
<ónditon that occured at specific, definite ime inthe past

4

©. Use the present tense 10 describe and discuss results or
findings. When referring to dala tiles and istration,
tho present tense is appropriate. Une the presen: pero
tense fr the action thet began in the past and continue in
the present

© The fire tens is rarely used in the search report; bu in
the’ writen proposal for research, the research design and
procedures ae inthe futur tase

Voice
‘Both the active and passive voces are med, scientific writing uses

the passive voice much more often: specially, when you want to
focus on subject ofthe action rather op Ihe actor

es
“poor: Hrandowly assign the pup to

or ‘The researcher randomly assigned the pupil
Betler ; The pupils were randomly signed wo...
Poor: Khan(1998) presents the sie cols
Better; Khan (1998) presented the same results
Verb

A verb must agree in umber (ey, singular or plural with its
subject, Verb must also agree in the sentences intervened withthe
words such as gether with, including pas, and ay wel a

Poor: ‘The perentage ofthe rate of mora as well a he spéed of
reading words increases with practice.

Better: The percentage of the rate of correct responses as wel as
* "the speed of reading words increases with practise

Agreement

Some words of Latin ar Gree origin that end on “a, such as dat,
cetera and phenornens ar plural ene, they require pra ve
‘when ied as subjects of sentences.

Incorrect; The data indicates that...
Correct, The data indicate that...

Incoret +, Thepheromena presets.

Comet. Tite phenomena presen,
Incomegt The siteria shows
Coreet | 2. The crea show

Collective nuns ike faculy and sta take singular verbs if
reference lso te numbers ofthe group.

3.04. Abbreviations, .

Though aboreviaions save space but increase difculy in
understanding the material, Abbreviaions, which are unfamiliar to the.
reader, should no be used fréquent.

à A term to be abbreviated should be spelled out on it st.

appearance in the text, Therefore the abbreviated form may
be used:

b Use period inthe following abbreviations

© Latin abbreviated forms (ies va em)

Reference abbreviations (vol. 1; 2% Ba. P.6)

© Nonmetic measurement units (Rs 16). no
‘peiod is needed for abbreviations of metric
‘measures. (Cm, Ke).

‘© Use period forthe following Lalin abbreviations used in
parenthetical terials,

as

En comnare
aa. andärers
ae. also in
ef. + sample
ie,” wo Ulis

Vies namely
Me vers again

‘The tile of joumats in the bibliography should not be
sbbrevited; they should be spelled out in al.

"The following ae acceptable abbreviations the
bibliography or reference ist (APA, 2001, p. 217)

‘chap fos, chapter

«à,

Rev-ed.

Anden.

a edition

ve revises edition

second cito

Ea (Eds). Bator (9)

page(s)

volume:
volumes
Translator)
no dite

Number

46

Poa Pat

Tech. Rep. y Technical Report
Suppl.» Supplement
F © Abbreviations which appear as word entries (hey are not
labeled abbr. in Websters Collegite-Dictionary) may be
Used without further explanation. Examples;
IQ. REM, ESP, AIDS. HIV
3.05 Numbers and Numeral
Generally, one digit number should be spelled out and al! numbers
‘from 10 upward should be writen as numerals. Any number whether
below, or above ‘10° ahoúld be spelled out if it-begins a sentence. 1f
‘possible rewrite Core sentence to avoid starting witha mude.

Correct

+ "© Alfogsther, ive gioups were.
=. The group consisted of 20 andergrduats.
+ Fortwo graduates were inclided in esti,

‘A total of 42 grades were included.

Altogether, 5 groups were selected.
~ + 542 prduates were included inthe study,
‘The gris consisted of twenty underaduates,

© Asia of nyt graduates were includes,

a

‘Use Figures or numeral for any numbers. above or below
+ 10, which refer to unite of measirement use mambers for time,
dates, age, sanipl, sub sample, population size; money, sores ec;

units of measurement (S.mg drug pl

8 for 8 days)
Ü The younges was 4 years old: (Use numbers for age, ine
ate sample, subsample, money, sores, population ex.

fii, time and dates (12:30 P.M, on March 8, 1999),

fv, ratio, decimals, rations, percentages (4:5; 2.38; 3/5; 686
Y. exaét sus of money (Rs 40.75)
vi page'numbers

vil, seres offour or mare (Grades 12,34, and 7)

vill scores and points ona scale {he rain was 5 on à 7- poin
sale)

in mms oped for comparison: (rl go
Sompe 12 Vial compared oe Eng gas

‘Ordinal number should be rested lke cardinal numbers e.g

‘The fifth ial for de second group;
‘The 48" score, ie, one = 1%

Ordinal numbers: 19 2,310 _ dns 1, twos 2,

Cardia numbers: ont, ivetets to

Perecails arid quartiles should always be written as figures. (5%
percentile; 1% qual ete.) i

Either Arabic-or Roman, numerali may be used for chapter
rubers, bu us Arabic numbers for numbering able.

a

|
|

F
y

& Ue Roman numbers for established terminology. (Type error;
Factor tb,

© Use commas ft numbers of our or more digits. (2,210; 10,000
respondents)

1° Use décimal factions instead of mix ations. (625, notó Y)

3.06 Statistical and Mathematical Notations
Do not give areferénce for statistics in common ise (e.g, mes:
media], bu cite the reference (0) fr less commonly used ati,
© Include formulas of any less commonly: used statistics, and
‘ive a legend fpr the symbols involved.
* Display all complex equations on x widely spaced line.

* Space mathematical expressions and equations ds you would
space words.Pocr:avb=e Beter:a~B me

* To present functions in one ine intext, use slated in (1)
and appropiate parentheses and brackets. Use ( } Art then [€
Dad fay. (D

‘© Use parentheses and brackets 10 avoid ambiguity. Note the
Terence here:

AA

ra e
3.07 Quotations

Like tables and figures quotations support txt: Diréct quotations
should be uen) sparingly, however too many produce monotony and give

49

‘be impression that the research writer does not have mastery of the
materia. Direct quotations are justified in the folowing cases,

"© When the ides cano be put in a beter and more teling manner
than the quotations.

* When the contras of opposing ideas makes the preciso wording
‘of the author esse

© Wen the author is clearing an authority in the filé being
discussed; hence his words cary much weight,

Mechantes of quoting

* The quotation should comespond eidelly with the original in
‘Wording, punetntion, spelling, and capitalization

‘Indicate direct quotlions of fewer in your text, enclose the
‘quotation within double quotation marke

* "Provide the author, year, and specii page citation in the text,
‘and include x complete reference in te reference Uist,

* Punctuation marks such as, periods, comma, and semi éolon
‘should appear after the parenthetical citation. Quotation marks
and exclamation points should appear within the ‘euotting
marks if they are a part of the quotation bat aller the
Parentheical citation they are a part of your text.

* The whole quotation should be enclosed in double quotation
mas, i.é, According to Duke and Meskel, “students sore to
reali to behave in a certain way in class” (p15) or

Duke and Mecke (1984) observed, that The studenis come to
realizo that the teacher expects them to behave in à certain way
inclass”.(p15)

* | When tee is a quote within a quotion enclose the inner quote

in single quovation marks and the whole quotation in double
<qpostion marks fer short quotation. See example

so

“This “The Thres Languages’ is the siory of an adolescent
‘whose needs are not understood by his ater”

(© Type the entire quotation in the new margin and indent the fir
line of any subsequent paragraph within he quotation Ave
spaces from the new margin. Example:

Zubaii and Alu (2001) observed he following:

Students come to realize thatthe teacher expects them
10 behave in a certain way in elas... (.15)

© Maintain double space throughout the manuscript.

© you are using x quotation that uses quotation marks in a Block
quote, use double quotation marks to set ofthe material hat was
orginally in the quotation marks

© Thos eter ofthe first word in a quotation may be changed to
capital or smal ltr. The punctuation mark at the end of a
sentence may be changed t it the syntax.

8. Words that ere not italicized in the original may be itlicized
(underlined) for eniphasis desired by the weiter ofthe pape. The
change can be indicated to the reader, either by puting “Tales
lines in square brackets, immediatly after the underlined werk,
rin parenthesis following the quotation. A footnote tay alo be
‘sed for this purpose.

3.08 Reference Citation in Text

‘Use las näme (samme) when citing author(s) in the text and do
not use suffix such as Sr I, ete in text citation. Researcher can cite
reference in txt in on ofthe following wage:

1 One workeby one author:
‘© Khan (2003) found new methods,
a

© in resent survey of the tesching prices (Khan,
2003)

sı

ME. Work by i authors

wre ¿Lo bas, ce he suman Of beth
cg OY id tex,
a er

Khan and Zabani (2001) foun

E Work by more than ove aut

TEE a authors (ves ovr, ang ave ‘nly, the st

or ta eM spas ete en sumame
of fst au ved Ano! italicized nd
vi à period eer at que! citation,

Examples

(cee, Zeb. Khan and Redman (2003) found
Focus fst tion in on

Gig eve references o be same years
Seno or more regnen. 4 the eference is

Ein bai. & Rehman, 2003 ang
Zubei. & Barr, 2003)

Short reference

ET Ei À Reh 2001 vd an Ru
CERN

* Bi or mare suthors
Lie nly the sume ofthe fi
aes sce snd a period far
FO He fst and uba tas

Group author

Do ni use abran ar is inne
ann aii sy se hs
realy idee ou ston

First ia
(Goard of Adeancel Stas and Reese BASE.
2008)

Sebsequont Staion

US

(American Psychological Association [APA 20011
‘Subsequent ition

ARA, tant

Tae name ofthe flowing group alors should be
ite oa in Gl ial Wt ets

Universit ofthe Pana, (19)
Allin Il Open Universi 302)

Several studies

tion of steal sis

Several stuies khan, Man. St
Zubiri and Mali, 2002: Relig: À Ve
an & Rehman. in pres) foun,

Note: Sejuralé each citation wth semicolon

5?

CHAPTER 4
TABLES

i Through the statistical table, the researcher socks 10 communicate
is work o others. A table comprises data and allows the reader te sec
‘lationship not readily dicemible in text.

‘The aspects of bula? presentation, which often poses problems
fbr the research or thesis wie are the table, the sub and eon
headings, and the content, te-use of lines oF ruling and placement and
Agent of blo of different lengths Tale cables the research to
reel a large amount of data in a small amount of space aer choosing
‘important mumeicl values um dlspeportonately large amoint of
values À tle be separaten he tet by re spaced bth above and
below

General Instructions: *
4.01 Table Number and Titles

© Number al tables with Arabic mumérals in order in which
à the tables ao firs mentioned in et,
© Une single spacing for table tiles or captions.

© The fe or caption of table should be telegraphie (not
ave many more charactes in length thin the entric in
the table.

® Do hot undeline the boldface ofthe table te,

+ Number each ble by an Arabic numeral written afer he
word "Table" thls is on a lin by itself Table number

and cation be flushed with left margin on the same ine in
Times New Roman in 12 plas

Ar not possible to use the ame font and pont size 45
the text of he thesis, ite allowed fo use a different font or
smallevlarge got size, as Jong as all the tables in the
thesis un the sore variations consistently.

Use aster to ii probity value. HT you have used
fone ase for 005 probability (9° < 0.08) and two
Sie for 001 probably + < 000), then
anistey the same rom able o bl

note: The largest probablliy receives the fewest
cenit

Allow toe characters or sess between eblumns
Refer to tables by their mumbers inthe text instead of page
Discuss only the able highlights in he text.

Capitale he fest etter ofeach word of the able le,
“Table te should bess spaced

Standard abbreviations and symbols for non technical terms
212.90, for number, % for percent canbe used.

Abbreviations oftechnital terms group names, and the like
‘must be explained in a noe tothe table, Someximes can be
Paremetclly explained in the ble tie, There can be
futher note, content note, copyright permission note or

ie le ang, sett inte two or ovens.

No termination point (Tu stop) place atthe end of able
til,

One style of table caption must be used consiste
‘throughout the thesispaper 3

5

The table may abe be pled serca nthe page dy
will noi A horizontally the paye however should have I
‘sume margin athe ret ofthe thesis,

; he heads the tin of abies should eomespond in ye
i sy ofthe thst. Capa om the tt oad oe nos
sound propa env,

4.02. Stub and Column Headings

An general every column shout havea heading, and this heading

¿beni ar othe subas oF the tabula of data died under

* The Stub column (the fet most column of the table is calle

stub column) usually appears at the extreme let of ate

* ems in the stub emy data appearing I the lam of
{he table, row by row, (See Table De

* Columm or bay heading ay const ofa single ul ic,
Spanner headings or subheadings,

* All sub heads Should’ derive logically from the column
heading under which they send

4 * All sabheads under one box heading should be parallel in
scr,

‘Center all the headings above the columns or the group of
{ubhcads to which they apply Lenve the Same out of
blank at ca one, above and below, and als al either end of
{he individual headings. Type al the column headings on

le spaces à

150 ar as poule estegones used in de como beatings
shouldbe

a) mutually exclusive and 4) atinelusive.

© Follow a eönsisten scheme of capitalization of column
headings in ali tables. Capitalize the fs éter the frst
"word and ali vous, pronouas, adjective, adverb and vers,

© Wen hesdings must: be long phrases, they can be
accommodated beter in the stub than inthe columns

Bram
TNE Mew sie fe Ra Compe fer re
pes
[eras] cm
Su [+
O
Fes frs
vie
ro 6s
Vie a 8
sab a
ie % 3% 6 s
(ue. an 5 &

Note: maximum score = 70

st Nmiber ofchilden in each group.

40 Table Content

As in other aspects to table making, the main consideaios in
determining the most appropriate order of entes is the funcion, which
the ableis imended o gene.

se

© Wen there de a quantitative classification of major
independent Valuables, this is usually place inthe sub, and
the numerical description of clas interval serve as row
headings.

9 * Ina queres distinto, it is usally best to mange the
classes used for tabulation in descending order, tht i from.
‘ic highest class to the low

‘© "Decimal pois should be aligned in the columns.

© The Rs. or dollar sign is plated only before the fin item
and before the total

‘© Wen percent i used as column heading, the sign i nor
place afer each entry im Ihe olas,

© The words “Total”, “Mean” and “Average” in the stub
should be Indented, the (erm total shouldbe reserved for
those summaries which are obtained by the addition of other
entries.

+ Numbers ae rudd in accordance with the usual rule for
such work. > i

‘© Azar should de used to indicate a méaningfOl entry of zero
‘Size, never to Indicte lack of data or absence of equency.

4.04 Use of tines om Ruling

‘The purpose of ruling. is to set off the table from the ext and to
guide tho readers eye he plan of rating as adopted should faiitate the
Kind of ending most ¿proprit forthe ale

® The minimum Filing on a able Ihre horizontales: one
above the body of the table, another below the body af the
‘able and a third separating the column headings from the
‘etal data inthe tale

+ Two-olumn tables should be lft completely une.

When a table contains os wo or tree columns which can
be separated by wide spacing, the use of vec hes aus.
o purposes which canbe served as wel bythe white ance
it,

‘Wien’ able crows the page, so fat is ot possible to
Provide enough space betwoen the figures 18 lt Me ese
Select with ceaaily the figure for which it i fool

‚serial ling be used (See two example of Table sue

Sample Table 2 with Kins and Rating.

Bove the bois fab.

Sprung cited
Costes

Body ofthe table
|

!

Pre rating below the body

Sample Table Horizontal and vertical cing

“ln complex ible, itis olen efe to use ter cs,

sing the white space o separate the items within rajo
iio,
An a complex table it i offen effective o use vertical lines

do work off many divisions. Only, using the white space to
separate the items within major division,

©

405

® Inside a table horizontal fines should be used only when
there à break inthe structure o be emphasized or a major
classification tobe set off. Using horizontal fines with every
row of tems is confusing and undesirable

‘© Use horizontal lines rather verical is

Spacing and size of a table

© Cronding a wbte in a page or erowding data inside a
shouldbe aves.

© Whenever lable precedes tx: on the same page, pine of
text should begin onthe third space below the table. When a
‘able follows tex on the same page, there should be three
spaces between last in of ent and the table number.

‘© The nisin body of the table may be typed double space, or
‘one-andhalf space. The spaeing may vary from table to
table, but shouldbe consistent within one manuscript

There should be equal space above and beloi box headings
tect them off from the res of the table. Similarly there
should be equal spaces before and ater each headings,

‘© Allow seep characters for spaces between columns.
© Adjustihe haracters according tothe width ofthe page.

+. Iki recommended that a able should follow immediately
alter j is ist mentioned in the text. Where this is not
possible, the table may be defered one or two pages. ln no
fase should the ‘able, precede it is mentioned and/or
discusion

2 able whic is more than one page in length should begin.
smith afer ts rl mention in the 12, since it would
hareto be divided anyay

+. Long tale nity bo continsing from page to pago. The able
sister and tes ac types atthe beginning oF te ables he

ét

table number only on suscceding pags, writen, e. “Table
(continued)

med over two oF mote pages, the box
repeat on the second page

© Af le table is very wide, it may be typed broadside; that is,
{he with signet with the length ofthe sheet. In such ease
tte table number and th til shouldbe atthe binding side
ofthe page,

+ Hfihe table too wide to be accommodeted Broadside, it
may be arranged on two facing sheets, or on two posted
‘sheets. In later the table is folded, taking care thatthe fai
Over fap isnot caught in the binding

* Tables, which are too wide, may be typed on joined sheets
and reducedto page ie bya suitable photographic process,

4.06 Footnotes to tables
Foototes may be general, specii or probably ievel notes. À
general note explains or provides information about the tables a whole.
A specific note refers to a particular column or entry, À probabil level
ote indicates the results of ets of significance.
*. All footnotes 1 tables should be placed immediatly below
fe tables, not atthe bottom of he page

The fist footnote should begin uh Tet and he subsequent
lines follow one ater the ather onthe new line

# The frst line ofeach footnote shold begin fash left and the
subsequent ins follow one after the other onthe new ine.

© “Type single space within etch footnote and double space
Daten individual footnotes

© Footnote superscripts in tables usually follow numerals,
mall letra, (4, “b") or asterisks *, rather than, Arie

‘General notes ae designated by the word Nove (underlined)
followed by a period. General note indicates that «table ie
from othersoure,

‘Superscript small eters indicate specific note. The letters
should be ordered horizontally sexo the table by rows The
specific note to a table ae independent of any other table
and begin with‘ in cach value

‘Use asterisks to indicate probebility-evel notes. When more.
‘than one probably Jove is used in a table use one aterist
for the lowest level and progress upwanl.

Sample able footnotes
General Note

Alte proportions total more than 100% because mote than
‘one response was allowed per respondent.

‘Specific Notes:
Nea

Na

Probability level notes:
"Be

“pen

If a table extends over several pages any featnote apply
lo the able as whole s write on the ast page.

JE data in a table are drawn from publication of another
individual or agency, that fact should be inade, clear by
complet eferenee to the source, including the place and
¡ale of publication; as well as the name of the ‘thor to
‘hom they are tobe credited.

same able wan specifics pais aie

Table 3 Test of Cis seures by comprehension leve

CCAA a

Pa any naan a
Sintra nn me a
ny tica ns me im

‘ca grup acide 30 ande
"es group inclue 4 sates
Brose

eve tater ie gues, chants: icine, graph dic help the
dr inderstnd the teat. Sometimes an lan eng do what a
Joni icon fs ecómpli inem of radar Understanding.
The ceca span wise must ik himself these questions: Is the
Mein nca? Doss it imply cepa what in tert has said?
[sat di should complet athe hen pet en other,

5.01 Figure number and caption

re mata in he rete repo should be called
figures.
* mar number caption should be sont pj the

Span Ansa numeral 5 writes ane 0 word
igre" fellows hy period see gure 1-3)

"en Houle bit explaatory soul describe
es fé ria pa (ga

Al Mares inthe report shout be numbered consecitively

"nales amet gua ob pg
A dear Never une be igen ae
re fur on page à

© Legends, Keys, or descriptive materia and
letter or symbels not present inthe
{he Boy print Photos or Anal pr
»

ny necessary ines,
sation must appear on
(ses Figure-2 & Figure,

igre L tiated frequency of current

Finn e actual frequency of ccercets

Legend:
TE Group A; Immediate Feedback group
Group B, Delayed Feedback group

ace Tests (Min)

Furet To :
gr Comparten nen Ie ac an Dep
ahah oop on Puro tages

Mean Number of Errors

5.02. Size and Proportion of Figurés

Laden
igh Hemisphere

SPATIAL. 2 VERBAL
signs ean EE Tas BR
ca ac op

Generali, figures should not be longer than 8% X 11 tines, or
smaller han 2 X 2. Figures of equal importance in the repo shall be ai

approximately equal sie,

photographs. are 8 % X 11 in size they need not he
‘mounted ua dr More page on regula typing paper.

LE fie details to be shown in an illustration. les
recommended that original iguro bo made much longer
thin page size then reduced 0 page size by photography

5.03 Placement and Paging
"= 2 As With bles, illustrations should follow as close as posible the

frst referenegs to them intext

ln all four sides of pago eaying ¡lusrative material, a
‘agin ofa least oncinchebond be owned, Ihe margin
Saul be more, in Le asc of srl ira, The gue
apton, descriptive matter, and legends shoul fal wien
"he margin. seeexampte fig 2)

la Whe eis of lustig occupying half ess than half
OF page, tal materia may be typed onthe sume page

in no case should ess thn five lines of pation testo
beput in th same page as an itustation,

As milo tables, fosas Which are too vide may be
placed broadside or sideways om the paper The Rae
umber and capion it ped broadside, cetaed deny
below the illustration. The top of the illustration should be

‘Two or more illustrations may be grouped in om page if
they ace of one type, each with a number and y copos,
ach can have a legend if necessary. Howeren Y the
legend applies to, al Ihe figures on the page, it should be
‘oped only once A

Mssraions ger than a page may be reduced
photographically. I this isnot possible, he iron can
be placed on two or mere pased sheets and felded, king
ae thatthe fas) and he ridges are pot caught we
Binding nor sheared in the trimming process,

Pages containing ilustative materials should be numbéred
‘consecutively with the textual materia

A folded ilkstation sheet is page numbered in the center a
he tp ofthe fold hat is exposed.

Legend appears within the dimensions of the graph
Independent variable ia lotes on the vertical axis (or x)

and the dependent variable is plotted on the vertical (or y)

és

CHAPTER 6
TYPING THE REPORT

le type or qua prit should be usd für research report,
‘esis aná dissertation. The manus: shoul! be typo printed on one
$e of 000 quality (22 x28 cm), A4 (8 4x 1 inch of size heavy white
‘ord paper (wbstance 160 18, oF 90 ms. weigh for orignal copy), Get
cl opi (usually té Co seven) of yor report fron your ord presses.
So, tha the quit and standard could be maintained. Qnionskin,erestble
Paper or low substance or low weight paper should not be used, because
(tes: papers de not wild handling And. such manuscript or
ecumenss ae kept for «long prod of time as reine. Therefore,
should be made a valuable propeny. Most ist
photocopies,

tons! universities permit

6.01 Typeface and font size

[The main sript shöld.Iook met, clear and reedable as vel ax
active. The following rules a recommended

* _Apaly12-pint fou iz with one fon syle (pe fas)

* Use acceptble: typeface: The following aro accepsble
typefaces

Times New Roman. (Recommended for" AIOU, thesis
writers)

8. The sinplerandom
samplings one of the
‘ost eominanly known

Sclentifi technigue i
sectingsampies,

El

Courier.

That we must
concern ourselves
with the settings
evente with
behavior.

E MS Serif

‘The simple random
sampling is one of
{he most commenly
now sente
technique in
selecting, samples.

6.02 Margin

‘The margin ofthe body ofthe report (for English is 1x12 inches
(98 cm) at he eR hand, on inch (2.5 em) on righthand side and 16" for
top and One inch bottom margin except on the first page of ach chapter
ich may have «one and à hal inch margin a the top. Typist should
observe requirement careflly for the margin because some of cath
‘margins immed in the binding proces.

603 Spacing
Double spacing is used in the body of the report, excep in the

‘quoted material of more han five pe weten Ines and footnotes
© In typing eave two spaces atera period, guéstion mar
exclamation mark, Leave aso, two spaces ater a colon

except when it separates a volume or chapter fom a page
number, in which only one space is ot

* Lesve one space ater al other pucetuation marks exe
fhe dash, which should be typed as two phone wihstt
Space between or at either side

© Type a section hesding tree spaces below the last line oF
text ofthe previous section, but have only one double space
between the heading and the first-line OF text afi tne
heading. b

* Leave des spaces between text material and tables or
illustrations

Leave three space Between the chapter Hé and the fst
line of text materi in that chaper

* 7 Donot put a sub heading at the bottom ofa page unless it is
followed by atleast wo lines of text.

* Singe space: within individual items and double space
bee items inthe footnotes and bibliography,

Single spacing cage cd for table titles and Headings
‘gure captions, references, fotnote and Jong quotations

* Double spacing sis required between references and
footnotes!

+ orig quotations may be indened five spaces,
* Quadmuple spacing canbe used for ‘chapter. title, before
major endings, before footnotes and before and alee
‘ables intext
F604 Indention

Indent the fst line of every paragraph five to seven spaces or is
ich, This should be followed eoisisently in both. txt. material and
lines toe union It

a

Quoted material consisting of more than Five typed writen
"ines or font or more words should be single-spaced and
{dented five o seven spaces, The beginning of paragraph
ia such material is further indented five 1 seven paces

Numbired or levered enumeration shoud be indented five
La seven spaces or % inch, that is the number (er Jete)
shouldbe type onthe eighth space ofthe Hine

6.05 Pagination
Every page except the blank sheet following th tle page shoold

be assigned a number.
© One tte page, page number is nt shove,

+ Lowerrase Roman numeral is used for the preliminary
pars. The tle page is amanged °S" although this numeral
be mot wen, The numbering begins with "i" om the next
page ofthe preliminares

© The body of the tex, the bibliography, and the appendices
ate numbered continously with Arabie numeral,

& The Arabie numeral is center on the Rh space below the

6.06 Uses of comma:

1

top edge ofthe pape (ome require in the center ofthe
paper exce in the case of the ist page ofa chapter ar
rajar division ke te bBtiogaphy or te app, i
Sich cas the numeral cere othe FR ine above
Ihe boot edge

No page number appears of the fist page of chapter I but
‘willbe counted page No.

Before an and orina seres

© The gentes, age, and ication attainments ofthe
respondents in = work by Khan, Siddiqui and Malik
(1999).

n

To set offselause which a substance can do without,

28 | Thé line interval; which was fifteen seconds, was.
recorded,

To separate” "tuo independent. eläuses joined by” a
‘conjunction specially he clases are long,

58 The laboratory mas sufficienly’ lighted and
ventlated, and there were at least five entran
Feadingtoit E

‘Tose offconmasted lemas. |

68 ‘The arder ey tried, the more they lot

‘To indicate a distincr breakin though.

SE however, the result wae not significant, The
‘aypothsis, therefore, rejected

To preventmisredidng of a sentence.

58. afer tetig, the pupil were slowed to go.

To separate an ‘opening subordinate clause or phrase or an

inteodictory phrase containing a ground, infnisve or

Pañiciple fom the min cause :

To indicate dlipsis. The references, between author and
yeitofpibliition. eg. (Khan, 2000)

6.97 Uses of semicolon:

‘To scparato o independent clauses ka are not joined by
2 conjunction, partulaiy when these. are closely
connected in thought,

© The subjects in frt grouf had & mean ege-of 12.5
‘yews those inthe second group, 13.1 eae,

‘To separate items in a series which already contain

+8. Thé combination of responses was yés, no; may be ,
10, yes and always, never and sometimes,

5

6.08 Uses of colon

© Before a phrase or
preceding materia

ase that ilusate or amplis

8. The outcome was consistent over the two regions:
1 Und is better thao English as the medium of
instrveton in Math over al the grade level studies.
+ Inratios an proportions

2. ‚The miios of comet to wIokg responses inthe three
examples were 1, 4:1 & 52.

“+ In references, between
publishes,

8: Islamabad: Module, 1999,

place of publication and

© To separate the main ile fromthe subite of e book,

‘oe! Evaluative Research: principes and practice in public

6.09 ‘Uses of dash

® Use à dash to indicate a sudden interupion in the
continu of a sentence. Overuse of dashes weakens the
flow often, however,

© A dash is indicated by means of two hyphens without
space before, between, ater.

6.10. Useé of parentheses

#2 Tost off amer independent element,
2g, The eas we significant (See Fig.)

9 To set off references cited in text:
‘eg a. Khan and Khan (1993) found ha …

n

Pb. as reponed by a number of researcher (og
Rehman, 1995; Khan, 1998; Johns, 1986; Zubair
1996),

2 Tointrodude an abbrevition

$8. Inierms oftype-token ratio (TTR)...

© Tose ff auintas or letters ina serie
e.g, The five indicators were
O le

© Tocneloae the cit

ion ofa rest quotation,

2g, “The caso study is a way of orgañizing Ada date”
203

+ To group mathematical expressions
A)
6.11 Use of Brackets
2 To enclose prete material within parentheses

63 (The mimber of subjects fn = 40) is consistent
throughout tke analysis)

® To enclose’ material inserted in a quotation by some
Person other than the write,

28. "Wen they [pupils] asked to fein..."
612 Use of Hyphenation

Décision on wheter to join two words with a hyphen or not ean bé
solved by te dictionary ar by observing some rules

© hyphen is used when a compound adjective comes
before the noun,

fey, Theoryoriented gradustes. test resulte ost
“result ofthe tte")

‘A byphen is used when two or more modifiers have &
common base which is omitted in all but the last
modifie.

es! Longand shor-tem rteion; 2-, 3 and S-sep
intervalo. a

General, the following prefixes are not followed by
hyphens:

Afi eg aero
ami Ai eigion

bi ou Hentai
co a comer
counter countercharge
cure extn fine

mer inter language
inven igual
am. © mulipurpose
nom © non sigaifieant
over overactive,

Post peste
pre lest
mi. seiitanspären
suo ou Sibheading
pe ear

sp pra ee

%

wha, ramedem ultrasound
un = Ameonmoll
under.” under treated

The prefixes are writen with hyphens when thé
base word ise number, a proper naun oan abbreviation,

82 somander
Pre-ADMON.
Post-war

A hyphen is used after a pre to avoid aioward doute.
‘vowels orto avoid possible misreading,

se ‘anindividuat > Corplayer
coset Préempt

A pb io used afer self, imespecive of whether itis
followed by snow, oran adjective,

ES. selfinstuetional mati,
Self
Seléxeper
Selkraing

A hyphen is used in a compound ‘adjective formed by a
number.

© Tiostep process
‘Three-way analysis
9” grade students

Use quoition marks when citing exact words fom’ y

Use double quotation marks 10 se OT from the text quoted
material, which i ive type written lines or more

”

‘© Use single quotation marks for quotes within material

+ o quoted material is more than five writen lines,
ti typed single space indented. In such cases no quetatis
marks are use,

® When a period or comme occurs with a closing quotation
atk, place the period oF comma before the quotation
mak,

‘eg. On the first day ofthe treatment, the experimenter
told the pupils, "This is not ates”

When the whole sentence with quoted material is a
“question, the question mark is placed alter the double
‘quotation. mark at the end. If the. quoted material is
‘question itself, the question mack is placed before the end
‘of the quotation mark,

ég On the fist day id the experimente
remeniber 1 say, “this isnot atest”?

‘The experimenter inguired "Did jou expect atest?”
I he fnomotes and bibliography, quotation marks are üsed

to set off articles from a periodica, or parts ofa book from
adtle of a ound volume.

”

É

CHAPTER7
BIBLOGRAPHY

A Biblio is necessary for every reach paper research
Papers be bibliography is sometimes fixed as “Reference” or “Work
led. Gral, the bibtiophy isn phat at of ars and
reel hat have bean dawn upon fr the stl, and not necesaily
very wok examined ig the planing of the reee Te et enables
te readers to judge the dieinimion and scholly grasp of de
Pesacher inthe elton this rs study. Somatimes itis preferable
lo tocado sil matas tht were used by the ala bur not
actual ced inthe paper. tn this ca the author would provide à
geh which acids a the relevant referenda, cité mt, (Bet
4 Kati, 1993), They tater make diference betwee bibliogr, and
Fée ts “A tete section should mat de comes with. a
bibliography: bibliography: contains everything that would, be in
referee econ plus er patins tit are sell were nt cited
‘in the manyseript” (p, 66).

References consist of a docimens, inclui journal
als ook, capers, tenia por, computer programs, and
"abla wr at are mentioned nthe ent of manip

Therefor Bibliography not the reference sexton I
eg for Ph hss

El

7.01 Typing Instructions

‘The bibliography follows the body of the text and is à separate
section. In theses and dissertations, iis néroduéed by a page number and
the word “Bibliography”

‘The first page of the bibliography should have the word
“bibliography centered and in capital letters on the 8°
„Single space fom the top ofthe paper

' The entries in the bibliography are arranged in an under
‘img, single-spaced form, with double spacing between
references, Bach entry begins sh with the left margın
rd the second and cusuing lines aro indented five lo
seven spices (follow one Syle throughout te reference
is

€. The bibliography is divided into categories iis long

“As a ul of thom, a bibliography containing fewer than
20 tes should not be subdivided into categories.

Within the bibliography, category headings are
separated from proceeding mateils by a tiple
space

li References are arranged in each vision of a divided
bibliography in alphabetical order,

ii the bibliography entries are annotated, the
annotation should be typéd in single spacing and
Should begin on the line following the entry proper,
Annotstion isnot require fr all enter

4. you have cited many work by one author, order them
in reference list by publication date, oler to newer!
us 92000 ice would appear before 2003 article)

30

When an autbor appears both as a sole author and, in an
it group, list he one

£ Halicize or undedin ites of Saks and jouais

Capitalize only the fret letter ofthe frst word ofa ite
sable ofa work.

7.02 Alphabetizing

Problems of tphabetizing wise in the case’ of abbrevisied or
Compound furans as well as muliple works ind autors. The following
Guidelines will be help

# In alphabedaing names in the biography, any boôk which

an author has written alone should precede on whick he ag
ten with another author

es $
Baron, RA (1977) Human aggression, New York
Plena, ®

Baron, R-A, Byrne, D. (2000). Socal Psychology, (Oth
4), Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

‘When a reference tas been written by more thin one
author, the-mames, should be listed in the order in Wa
‘hey appear on the tie page ofthe reference and should be"
phabetized under the name of the author whose name
appears fit.

‘he reference wil be
Best LV. Kah, DN, (1993), Research in
Erin, (Th ed), Boston; Aliys & Bacon
fü Wien city the initiate an authori known and andthec it
listed who asthe same last name and à fst name which

"A name beginning with a prefix “De”, “1

begins with the same rat ints, the one whose name is
‘written out should e Hit at

ee

Best, JH. (Ed). (1983). Historial Inquiry in Edson.
Agende. Washington,” DC: American Education
Research Association

Bess, John W. (1948). An analyst of certain selected
‘Jactors underlying the choice ef teaching asa
‘profession. Unpublished doctoral dissertation,
university of Wisconsin, Madison.

Should be alphabetized by the prefix i his is the part ofthe
hast mame,

veg

3. À (2000): Human Comnunieueh: The base

‘couse. (ih ed), New. Yorke Addison. Wesley
Longman

{the prefix isnot used but is par ofthe or name, teat

{he prefix as part of the middle name, eg: Mahboob ui
Hq

Hag, M. UL (199

Zaman, K. Uz (1998.

A me which begins with “MC, “Mac”, or "Me" sho
be alphabetized if it were one word beginning with "Maé

Macarnur
MacDonald, T.K. (1999).

Mure, 3. (1998)

WA name which begins with “St of “Su should be
ghz as iit were writen ou as “Sain although
it should always appear in abbreviated fom’ bef

Con one icon Of a book i refered 1 an the version

7.03 Format of Entries

‚ach reference in the bibliography should include the author's
ame; the tact tle ofthe reference, nd al publication data which wi
bet help o the reader in locating the material
1 [re tle andthe publication data should be taken kön the
ile page rather than fom the case of the book

A Tor case of reading and ittepreing, Arabi camer
ftould be werd for al sonen, pans, volumes, bas
sions and ace, even though they may be ban ee
Roman numeral in the publications themselves,
Abbreviation ds "bul", “iy, and “ter shouldbe used
ny when the word is used in & general sense. the word
ir pas ofthe name of a special publication, it ahead oe
friten 04:22, (Bulein of communication Education
Principals")
7.04 Author's Name

In all mis, except the case of anonymous works, the author's
ane should be given fr with the lait name fist, followed by the
inal, 1 the fll name ati a the tae is used, this sould be
bsorved consistently in all the references itd,

The abbreviations “i” and “Se Coming names of
Authors should be set off by commas.

8

en

Othman, MN. Je (1982) Technical Reporting
Lahore: Honey Hol.

Walker, A. Jr. (Ed). (2001). Theses of
psychologie index terms (9 ed),
‘Washington, DC: American Psychologica

‘ Association

If a reference has win by ro authors, the first author's
ume is weiten frst followed by a coma and the wort
and” and the second author's mame. Both are willen
sumame (rast name) Ses

fa wor has more than six auto
‘write, folowed by ta.

Ge name of first ex ie

References written by the same author or a combination o
authors should be included in orde of date, withthe most
recently published being std last

ei
Devito, Joseph A. (1999). Messages; Dusting
Interpersonal Communication shill, 4° ed.
Now York: Longmen
Deo, Joseph A. (2000). The elemente of Publi
‘Speoking. (Ih 66) New York: Longman.
‘The title M" utd never be used with the name of 2
married woman an authors unless abe has written under
her hosband’s fll name rather than hes own,

In case an editor, compile, or chairman of a comme is
responsible for publication, hs name should be given in
place of that of authors, followed by the word "edi
compile” or "chair" asthe ease may be.

Example fory & vi
eg. John, Mis. TH, (chal).

lo case an institution, association, coninission or simile
group has put out a publication and no author, editor or

ss

Sie i ive, the orgenization shouldbe given as the
Auer.

en

‘American Psychlogical Association. (1994),
Publication, Manual of American
Poychologica Association (4% ed)
‘Washington, DC: Author.

¡rivers of Chicago Pres (199). ‘The Chicago

© Manual of Se (14th ed). Chicago: Sue

(1983). Guidelines for bia-free

‘Publishing. New York: Author
Reference t report made by a epmmitee or section of an

JE no author or other individuals or group responsible forthe
Duelo is given, the tie ofthe references should be urn
lphabetzing 5

vif Uhstation Committee. (1988),
Tati Science: Standard for Publication,
Bethesda, MD: Council of Biology dites.
7.05 Dictionary
Ft Mind new ternational dictonar unabridged

ia MEY of tho English Language (1989
Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webate

e Mehr copie dictionary. (10 04) (1853)
Springfield, MA: Merriam Webster,

7.06 Encyclopedia

Begin P. G. (1953). Rat. I the new enzyiopeia
Dane (VOL 26, pp 501-508). Chicago: Eneylovetia

as

7.07 Journal article in press

Khan, R.M. in pres). Character Building: A case of Hidden
‘curculum. Joural of Elementary Education.

7.08 Paper submitted for publication

han, R. M: (2008). Character Building: A case of Hidden
‘curricula, Maruserpl submitted fr pulietion,

7.09 Article Published in Journal

Author, À. A. (2003), Tite of the arisle. Tile of Periodical,
Volume (numberof journal if any), Pages,

i. (one author)

ges, DG CO) The ud, ede and i of py
people. American Psyehologia, 55,

(evo ar more than two authors)

MeGraw, K:O,, Tew, M.D Williams . E (2000)
“The integrity of web delivered experiments: Can you
true the daa? Psychological Sconce, 1, 502-508,

Ai Journal article, more than six authors

Her, M., Karen, E, Stacks, G. Hoffman, D, Debio,
TR Chat, P, al. (2001). Writing fabs andthe
Hellywooe connection Journal of Film and Writing,
AG) 213-245,

Name ofall authors wil be entered up to six authors
7.10 Thesis reference

A201). fect of English language games on academie
Achievement of secondary school studems in NEP.

36

ramet Doctoral ei, Alaa bal Open Universi
Islamabad, 5

7:11. Book Reference (nom periodical)
Fermée ED & Pots Ej. 2003, Data Anas and

Arezpretation in Behavioral Sctences, Buen Ca
Wadsworth:

7.12, Element of a reference to an article or Chapter in an
edited book:

nn HL Pick Jr, P. Van den Brock $e
MG (FE) | Copnition, Conceptual un
etedologial issues Gp. 51-60). Wap nt
‘American Psyshological Association

7.13 Unpublished manaseript
Venter Bos GR IN. Digo: cate mi fy
Fair (Unpublished manuscript, ade Kan 1

750 mean Poycholgial Association Publicos enh
750 First see, NE. Washington, DC: 20002-4040"

‘MeCall R. 8, (1981), Writing strategy ana styles. * Upublished
manuscript,
7.14. Title of the References

Tie Complete tile of the work oc erence shoul follow
the author's name, ==

‘Ta the: ete of the book the inital Leer ot och

À he cae of m aile fom a peridicl or à work
Sig bok coining of ever sections writen ss
ditt mors, the tite: should Be entiers Y
Soon. mark. The Geet deter of a

ë

beginning, word and All principal words in the tile
are copita,

“The ile of a Book or the journal is followed by a

fü. UF move than one edition of a publication has been
printed in the same year. the edition should also be
ncluded following the tte, The nas ofthe edition
should e take from the ile page and should be in
Abbrevintes form.

leg. eu. O72" ed)

tn case a sube is included in he bibliography. it
should be separated from the main ile by a colon.

lv IF a complete work is refered to and the work
apps in several volumes, only the ole of the
Sole should be used, anıl the number of
Volumes should be given instead of the mimber of
pases.
eB.
ala, P,Joseply W., and Hemman, A. (1998). The

trate of Ámerica.

An clitoral and other newspaper arcles are
wonymous; therefore, a phrase such as "un
Stora” or "news item” should be used afer the
file and outside Se quotation marks closing the
tie, followed by a peros.

7.15 Daily Newspaper article

FRetuman, HL (2003, January 11) An of Pie Speaking. The News,
paid,
If on anche appears on discontinuous pages, give all page
numbers, and separate numbers wit comma. (APA, 2001) ©

Schar, 1.0. (1993, September 20): Obesity affects economic.
social sens The Washington Post, pp. Al, Ad.

7.16. Facts of Publication 2

Facts of publication ile he place of publication, the publisher,
and year of publication: In the ase of book the place of publication is
followed by à colon. more than one place of publication ae listed,

ame only the fret one. Foeell known cis do not write name of the

sat or county
7.17, Electronic Media.

1. “Online Sources.
“Te folowing ae he elrhents of on-line references. (APA
1998)

‘Author 1. (date) Tile ofthe article. Name of Periodic! (or
line). Volume, Availabe specify path:

‘Author, 1, & Autor, 2. (ate). Title of chape Title of fll
‘work (online) Available: specify path.

es,

Runde DIC, (1994, Mirch)» Jidgmental process end
‘content: commentary on, Kochler on baserate (9
Paragrphs). Psychology’ (online serial), 5 (17)
Available E-mail Psyc@Puoe Message: Get Poyo 9.
2000

Hi Abstract on CD-ROM.
Author: ate), Tie of sticle (CD-ROM) Title of
Journal, 2X, XXXIONK., Abstract from; Soure and
retieval number
es,

Meyer, "AS, & Book, (1992). The tip-ofitne tongue:
Phenomenon: Blocking or Partial activation? (CD:

9

Vi Article in internet only newsletter

Glueck

ER.L. Whitson, J, Kain, J, Vogelgssang S.,
Hudsen, Metal (1998), Ju), Videooounseligg for
families of ial teens with eplepsy-Project ander
Techelig News, 2,2). Retrioved from
ah ney subscribes state nl)
Stand-aloñe documents on the internet
6

vi

"58 saw user survey (nd). Retrieved August 8,
2000; fom

M ce at ue
93740

asomo sume

VÍ Electronic copy ofa joua ariel, re to five authors,

retrieved fom database

Boreman, Y C. Hanson, M. A, Oppler, SH. Pulakos, E
Dy & Whit, L a. (1992). "Role of early supervicory
experience in superviser performance. Journal of
‚Applied Psychology. 78, 443-449, Retrieved October
23,2000, from PaycARTICLES database.

‘See Format for Urdu Bibliography (Appendix- 3)

a

CHAPTER 8

Writing Articles for Professional Journals

A very lange quantity of research publications carry e lot, of
variation in content, mechanics and ile. 1 reviewed more than tren
sescarch papers published in joumals of Socal Sciences and Behavioral
Sciences. Among them many ares were poorly written in unacceptable
format The coftinit ofthe thoughiweoneept, writing syle, mechänies,
jseenation oF table and figures were Sloppily structured, Even seme of,
the papers cated thesis format. The author ofthe thesis did not wock 10
restructure the thesis Tor publican format. The editorial board due to
‘heir leibiepublieation poliey wovepts such works, Such atcts do not
leave scholarly impresion ofthe research aie as well as the joumal

8.05 Writing paper from thesis
(One of the reson of submitting research ace. for publishing

‘without adopting appropiate format and syle fs due to the fact thatthe
authors have not readily available Herature on publiggtion writing.
‘Though most of the Scholarly Joumals provide instructions 10 the
coniibutr, The ond-page instuctions with only one- example of
refesenee citation style do ot FA the requirement. Converting thesis or
Gisseation into a publication manuserip: requires careful and logical
tailoring The following features could be helpful in preparing an
iccoptable and scholarly publication (APA, 2001).

2. Length

b Selectivity

»

© Writing ate
a Interpretation of daa

ded
Wine distorting the loge! continus of though ae frets ln fet,
itis a mater of ent te manuscript
Sei enh ei more tan oc ale, tanh males their ask
"cult Division of objecives, potins, bier Gata, interpretation
Sel alte inn nd scope of the werk done. nie ot a matter
OF SAI one page Gm one sexton and pate ie de
(AP 2000, stc ges selig and ri

Selectivity

TEE aan ei Self sever ah dimensions of yor
thesis or dissertation and cus one

‘Sele result tes on specif pic hat ou have selected for
Publication,

Writing Style
Follow the wing sole of APA for tbe, rs, references end
Baden of cta seis. Though in dite no thesis

se

writing Universtie or batitions require any one of these manual:
APA, MLA, or Chicago, or combination of theo, but mostly research

Journals cuire esca

papers writen on APA style. Since itis an
interätioaly accepted format and is easy to follow. Repetition, overly

‘exces reporting and extranoous words should be avotded, A

dar and explicit style of writing is recommended.

Interpretation of Data
Problems of over interpretation in those research articles that are
hom dissertation is not wnexpsctet. Fist timo writers of research article
usualy face this problem. ply interpret dato, which comtesponds to your
specific topic, APA (2001) states that * Compared with a dissertation, a

journal paper requires a tighter theoretical framework, a more succines

8

review ofthe literature, u more consoled presentation of methsdology,
and u more retrained discussion of result” (5.329), Givé conclusions
eva rom th findings of your suid and avoid your conclusions

802 Internationally Acceptable Format for Research,
Articles

À need was fl to provide an intemationalty acceptable format te the
writers oF seholr joumals, and to-give a helpful guieline to fire
writers and student for tailoring their has dissertation inte research
stile
‘The research article consists ofthe follwing cons.

Title page

Abstract

Introduction

Med

95

Discusion
References
Appendix {if ay)
Authors note

Title Page

ThE me ac when smiled fr publican cates» Seperate
title page, I includes the:

Name ofthe author (3)
‘The institution] affiliation (5)

s Ber ie Pee its wha the cc stow, who di he ese
And where be reach was done? The ste i paps the most
Soper of the pape, Because tis the most ily tobe real! “The tive
‘ould ee indicate what the cet topic of ou paper athe ania
‘ofthe Publication Manual (2001)

A Sle shuld summarize the min ide 0 he paper
simply and, 5 possible, with style. de should eo,
one Slemet of the mai ope and soul ¿gon
‘tual acabes or theoreti! ses under vestigate,
Ed he relation between them. Tiles are combo
{dexed and compites in numerous reference monks

eat

study Of" 0 "An Experimental investigation of begin
tile fp. 1)

A commn format forthe lle ofa rescarch ance is

Effets of Teacher presence during the interview on
sure response concerning Teacher perfomtnce

96

The ile must not only be informative, but it should also be brief the
recommended maximum length is 10-12 words. Be sure your tile
describes as specifically as possibi Ihe content of your research

me of Author(s)

“The tte page shoul include the frst name, middle inital, and lat name.
Allies such as Ph.D, PSYD, BAD sircand professor should be omitted
om the author?) name, The authors should mention the institutional
filiation and any financial support provides for investigation,

Abstract

‘The second page of the ai appears under that single word, which is
Aupedas a center heading. The abstracts a ono- paragraph summary of
‘the content and purpose of the research paper. The abstract ofa report of
an empirical study should be described in 100-120 words and for a
review or theoretical anicle should be descbed in 75-100 words
Publication Marual, 1994.

“The abstract sould highlight the eral points made in each ofthe body
of the report (introduction, method, resul, discusion). The abstract
Should aso speify the population from which subjeis were dean, the
ature Of the intrümen and the data gathering procedures ~ all in
sulficient deal 0 reflet thelr importance ip the research study. Since do
much information are presented In one paragraph therefore it seems
difficult to write a goed aberac One Guia approach isto write i fast. IF

s

À tor todo eben te ticle. shoul,
Present specific problem nde

4 Dese th esearch step.

hola well stated and blancas Feview of wink
id crediting the cation, ©

de Chers peine o sei top.

Yi State te purpose and rationale,
Wi Cite the th-ortica mpi

À stod:inrodueon of the ros als nao above. cited
absceso paa) or gv he eter wine and how was
{be y done. This is the only secon of omita ‘lice begins with à
‘Aston beading, The introduction serve tie pogo

‘he one i which ete objectives ae nit in ay, ven repo may vary,
Dre he den whic he author dese hem ew pe ‘oe common

lot: Tis icon should provide genet statement of the
Problem being addreseed

9

Second: The secon! objective is to summarize briefly the relevant
Pacha Inertire that led you to the present research
problem

Third: The invoduciin include an outline of the presem study and
logical development of the prediction or hypothesis (if any)
guiding the rech. All Chee of these Objectives share a
common purpose lo give the reader à firm Sense of what you
have done

Method
Method section isd

into four labeled Subsections It includes the:

description of he participant and clientele under “Sample label
‘The researcher should report the procedures fr selecting and assigning
them 10 diferen groups, The publication Manual (APA, 2001)
summarizes the content of subjets subsection:

‘The subsection on subjects answers these questions:
‘Whe participated in the study” How many participants
wert thete? How were they selected?” Give the total
number of pestiipants Give major
‘demographic characteristics such as general geographic
Vocation, type of insittiona affiliation, sex, and age.
‘Wien animals are Ue. partipanis, report the gems,
species, and sin number of other specific
‘entiation, such’ as the name of supplier. Give the
‘numer of animals, and the animal's sex, weight, and
psychologie condition. Le addition’ specify all
Essential details of other treatment and handling so that
‘he investigation ean be successfully replicated (p. 14)

“The design subsection contin information about the nature of
variables. The procedure used to form groups of subjects

sould be deseribed. Ofen the information in

subsection
and tha in he subjects sibseclion are presented together in 4
combined subsection called Design and Subjects. Another

common practice is 1 include the material that would be

»

resented in the design subsection in the procedure subsection,
Where the design information appear inthe method section is
optional.

‘The Äpptrats sibsection i also optional Ifthe apparais of
Me material played a central roe in the study, à separate
‘subsection is useful. In general the label. "Apparatus" is used
hen mechanical coupent is described,

“The! bat Material” je and vin as ‘mechanical
instruments, such as peperand-pencit ‘personality tests have
beta constructed or used. If you used équipement or mati)
developed by air investigate, you should cite the wae of
‘hat tovestigaon, but you should alo include the general
baracteristies ofthe maténa in your por.

‘The ‘procedure subsection isthe most critical component of

‘he. method ection. The organization SÉ ‚the procedure +
Fees is est chronological. Tus eier beins wing

Mis section by out Tining the. important steps in testing

Participants i each group, or interviewing the respondents, or

observing the subjects, In general, his suction summasazo

ich step in the execution of research, Th language used in the

tion of ata, itstutions gen to the pâricipants, and

how the experiment” was conducted, of instrument wae

‘ministered, The rade sould be given ascent det

‘Notes Bach of these’ four subsections nro by
‘subheading that ually begs at hele mari

ton

Results

“The results section contains the climax of he research report.
“The result section is Tike the evidence presented during the
testimony of witnesses in the trial. The guiding principle in the
result section i to sic tothe “acts, jus ie facts.

‘The publication Manual. provides cles statement of the
objectives of result section:

“The result should summarize the data collected
and the stil treatment of them. First, briefly
faethe main results of findings,” (9-15)

“Then report the data in sificio detail to just
the conclusion.

“Thor ls structure fr he paragraph of the results ácction that
vill help you meet these objectives. The struct is

E Marni the “dssriptive. statistics to. be used to
summnatize theresuls

ü Presents summary ofthis descriptive statistics across
condition in the tex self, ina table or ina figure

fii, Watableo igre is use, point out he findings on
‘which the reader should focus.

iv Present the reasons for, and the results of, inferentil
statin ess. .

y State the conclusion hat follows ftom each tet. Bit do
mot discuss implications. These are placed in the
discussion section.

“The, most important ep in weiing a paragraph of the result

section is to present the reasons for, and the rents of,

101

inferential statistical: test, ‘The reason for doing analysis
Should be sted ina phrase. By saying « “an adie 0
Ve wes done to determine the over) ara oF the
Sr teaching medods" or 0 en the
ra et moi teaching
methods.

Be Ben by he ciate of os as for that
Je ot ample the ven lt of th dag ra, was

‘Therefore, you do not need 10 refer 1 concepts suchas he null
hypothesis or ment
the etes region, AMF that is required in your thesis

on heer your outcome falls in or auto

dissertation is not novostrily be reported in esearch atico.
Select those findings that are cial, being sure to.report all

that data pertinent othe questions raised in your introduction.
Presenting data la tablesingere

‘Tables and figures péovide an effective and efficient means of
presenting large amount of dats in concise form. Ti table
should supplement and not duplicate information inthe text of
the pape, but it should bé well integrated nto the ex.

‘When manuserp

sibmited for publication, each table is
typed on à separate page and the able appears on the end of the
paper afer the references. This is done principally for the
convenience of the typesettes who will be positioning the tables
and figures in the proue journal ace. The table and figures
should be nunbered eaneeeutivey o that they ean be reer
10 sl in the text by their number

Discussion

‘The four and the last section of the research article,
discussion: opens with centered head, After presenting the
vidence in the resul section, you are ready for your closing
statements. Inthe Words of Publication Manual (1994)

103

Er te an oc Tage
Se a me
a nee
pera rmici

‘The discussion should begin With a conciso statement ofthe
essential Findings, and-you should give particle: stenton to
how your findings support or refute your hypothesis (es). You
So not repeat the descriptivo statistics in this summa
YOU necessarily refer to the statiical significance of the
findings. The discusion is weten in-a tone and style
consistent with te introduction,

ner do

“aie ign ep he dain er gs
i ol ame iho tae eas
i det. “Snes dere tna
te of o the sd yl e vn
coco” (tin Mama. 18). ya ag
fot nth your end pri, or hee
sii pias be ds Se jener
crio il bo eect iia te ne
‘eam oe et a nia en hl ot dite
any on yo pp ct ote
ar te igh a

104

References

“The reference section appears on a separate page. have:
already described the procedure for citing references. The
standard procédures for cltion ensure tht the references re
“accurate, complete and useful to investigators and radar.

Appendix
“Appendix ae less coimon in published ailes. Howeven, if
there is any, it appears at thé end of the paper following the
references

Author Note

is imparti spe on separate page, Autor srt
te abut he depart iin ws of fading (1
trv acoviignen ema lo ‚he persons RE
cred in tems of ais” and mon hl an
enacting ino mation fr nero enden

os

CHAPTER 9

DEVELOPING A RESEARCH PROPOSAL

Semi researc is pub atviy. When one makes the
decision 10 work wt he mastr o dctrat, be commit inset the
task ofthe conducig earch ard writing a diseration upon I is
viewed as 4 way of destin nc qvlifetion to besarte à post
ve epee holder and mu well a significant experidce in eave
and productive scholarship. dissertation that is clearly thought through |
and developed it an elle propos ia half writen One thai not
carefully ouh hoygh and adegusey proposal offers very reat
promis fr very rea problems

Seis in reach method cines Are sometimes regu 10
‘bait proposals desing research they might do, Wii a dreflly
const plan or theresa the unprepared instigator sy 16

produce an unworksbie, un analyzable, or un iiterpreable piece of
roscar.

In fact the purpose of a reearch proposal is o endure a workable
‘experimental or survey design, that when implemented, will fesult in an
interpretable empiria! findings of significant sente Meni

A written research proposal flows the general format ofa journal
article, but the headings of Wie various sections ae slightly diferent. The
proposa should include te following main sections:

107

Invodueton
Malos
Sica Treatment
Expected Result
References
“Append
An abstracts. not included ina research proposal. The intoducton of ¢
proposal should ind:
9.01 Introduction
Make sue yo, proposal has à comprehensive review of the
llene included. Yoo do need 0 such the relevant teatro for
‘Proposal indeed, This the ime 1 ik ad 1 do it Ii im o ge
informed, and to leim-om others who have precsdod you. Before
Win induction of your proposal res some one else's propo
‘When you end something related to your tie photocopy the relevant
‘mattal article pago, a seco, Keep you photocopies ganized ater
‘wing the background of your topic. a next ston you
problem

il at the

E Thestatement of the research problem

Do not define statement of the problem broally. You wil be able
to manage the problem if itis narovly defined. Say iin specifi
and defintive way, Usually a broadly defined is no do-able, By
definig too broadly wil be unmanageable. You may not be able
to solve all ofthe problems in his one research thsi.

W Research questo

I is important that your proposal be organized around 4 sc of
questions that will guide your research. Wen selecting thse
Bug questions try to weile them to. that they fame your
research and put it into perspective with other research, These
‘questions must serve to establish the line between your research

108

and other research that had preceded you. Your questions should
easy show th relationship of you research to your study. You
Trust act from broad relational questions instead of making 100
arrow questions, The research questions, objectives, hypothesis
And significance should be writen in fiure tense since it is
proposal. The three chiples of 3.9000 proposal can easily be
{med into past ens fr thesis

WL The logical development of hypottesis (es)

‘The reseicher states the deduced consequences cleary in cle
aná precise way a0 that not o leaving any question about the
Factor, being tested necessary state te assumptions explicitly on
which the hypothesis (es) willbe predicated.

lv" Significance ofthe problem

“The problem should possess potential value in helping to solve
theoretical or practical edueationalsocal problems.

‘The Method Section =

‘Type of study (eg, experiment or survey)

‘Conceptual and Operation definition of terms

er clearly labeling the section the researcher should

i Define the important variable in clear and unequivocal
language.

Hi. Define constitutive and operational terms of important
constructs

Data collection. (ue of survey, time and location of data
calletion)

‘a: How variables will be measured? How the rellablity and
said of measures wil be measured?

What is the sample? How many subjects and respondents
willbe involved inthe sty? Hw they wll e selected.

9.03

©, How will ethical issues and y

cific concems ofthe design
willbe deal?

nn once the da se clei. Ths secon ls ee
25 th ls ¡raiz the dat recordo during the colin shag
‘0 thatthe mest efficient apse can bo used 1 amar ne

Expected Results should include

‘aatcipated. results of the coste,
oh a ast cass the exact nature of te esposas ese ny
Tobe known. Nevertheless, a researcher mus lugo han
‘dea of the outcome of te recu

Right thse that are most important he std

> Reasonable altemativs tothe expected results ould alo be
mentioned as wel as posible problems of interpretation de
il ais ithe resus devise fom the esearch poets

The reference section shouldbe exact hike that same: section
it would be submited withthe inal rope

Hinnagpendie should complete the research proposal and should
pci Oa atril that will be used doing the sree
‘or experiment in most cases

À copy finition 1 sujet responden
The typeof appara used
Alistot simu mae or a espion of imal
‘Teaching material oc teas

“Main eonsideraions for wring research proposal

an proposal inst be cle, technically nd ingitieliy en, and
professionally sound.

DE

.000 words ho. 18:20

10. -Thelenath of proposal should nat exceed

‘ped, double-spaced pages
HI The proposal may.ute the common referencing system eg. APA,
9.04 Bibliography:

À The stent is equizd o follow APA reference te. The style
content, and arrangement of bibliography Should meet the réguirement of
“she Instituo. Moreover, te rescarcher should make sure that each entry
concn all the necessary items of information, and are ordered proper,
spelled comes, nd punctuated accurately
9.05 Schedule

Plan ‘a tentative time period required for the completion of each

major research ‘acvity, while consider

intefore during thesis wating,

sl constraints expected lo

9.06 Format and Style

se APA format ad syle for yping and organization of proposal

um

Chapter-10

Ethical Issues

hal problems are from the process and products of research,
Consideation of research. ethics constitutes an integral part of the
evelopment ad implementation of any research study. Reseach et
ae "A set of principles to guide and stil researchers in establishing goals
and reconciling, conflicting values. [is important fist to identify the
ethical issues that are of importance to researchers. Diener and Crandall
(1978) have, idemifiad three areas of ethical conce for social and
‘behavioral sientit. These areas are (1) he relationship between society
and science, (2) profesional issues, (3) the treatment of research,
participants.

‘The etic issue sonceming the relationship between society. and
science revolves around the extent u whith'societal concerts and cultura!
‘clues should direct the coure of research. The society in whjch we live
tends to dicte 10 a great extent the issues and reseirch areas that are
considered importan and should be investigated, There ere many issues
inst have more farsesshing implications. + Society considers such
proble uch more important, and it encourages research Gn-are that
‘are considered important. Government. and: nenGovemment funding
agencies send milions of rupees every year on both basic an applied
research. Every” year theie funding agencies ennoiince “Requests for
Proposals” in specific areas Usually the requists for propuso ace very

us

‘road shat ange fiom focusing où improving suits achievements in
SD const ates 16 those th ul promote xo und ety in
{he education of eildren a risk for educational fire
In “many studies reeearchere manip or
Psychological behpvior oftheir subjects. Serious ethical eb
whenever subject sk injury by participating in psychological res)
‘Th potential for soca is exists when infomation gained sat

an individual though his or her participation in psychological ressrch is
‘ected 10 others. °A eéserch participant is net likely to want ths
information divlge to teaches, employers, of ers. Falre io pots! the
confidentially of a subject's responses may significantly increase the
possibility of social injury

‘The imeratona law and codes of ethics recoge some prohibitions
‘These are minimal standards (Neumán, 1997)

E Neveraise unnecessary an responsible harm to subjects
b. Secure prior voluntary consent when possible.
& + > Never vmnoceuiy humilite degrade of release ham
information about specific individuals that was coles ne
‘esearch pps
Scientific Misconduct *

retical:böhbvior, which is called scientific misconduct by research

‘community tudes

2 Reach Fra
Je ss vn à res isso dan the dats or pr fe
“data. tn some cases hoshe invents data that was not really coliected,

b. Plagiarism
‘occurs when’ researcher steals the ideas or writings of another author
‘or uses them without sting the sources. Plágarism als curs when a
researcher steals Ihe work of “another researcher, an assistant or a student,
and misrepresented it as‘one’s vin (Neuman, 1997). Many International
Research Institutions, Universities and reputed Research Joumals have
their own policies and procedures to detect such scientific misconduct.

Ethics sues

Researchers face may ethical dilemma that arise during the conduct of
research. The term ‘ethics define what is moral and legitimate behavior
fbr a researcher, Code Ofic provide guidance. "The researcher has a
‘moral and profesional obligation'to be ethical. A researcher can pose
fret yes of arms during the process of esearch, These ae

a Physical Harm a
‘The researcher should not cause any physical han. The researcher should
discontine or terminate the research activity or project immediately ¡Cho
‘or she no longer guarantee the physical safety ofthe people involved init.
Providing basic safety facilites eg. safe building, fumituro, equipment,
comfortable "etmosphere and environment can Keep away the
“ubjecteparicipante fom physia harm,

Psychologie aros

Psychological harm is sienili research is not rae, A reseeher some
times places their sobjeca/paticpants in streceful, embarassing, ait

us

Proaueng, ot pleasant situations. " Causing discomfort to sty
Participe is highly riticiz by proponents of buman nights. Researchers
should ever eet neces sree beyond the nial amount eed
to reat ihe dsied effet, or trés iat has no direc, legitimate research
Purpose (Neiman, 1997). Neuman suggested that ifthe level of sess
could haye long-term effects, the researcher should follow up and offer
fiee coinseling,

ferent types of Harm
‘Bésides physical and peyehologicl harm. sómo researchers cause some
‘other pes of ham. For example a survey interview may exeate amicty
and discomfort among participants who are asked to récall uaploasani
‘ents. Asking the subjects o provide infomation regarding thir carer,
‘iperviselemployer et; or income could céuse negtivé effets. Even in
such situations the subjects do not reveal correct information due t the
‘isk associatod with the consequences. Keeping in view al the risks
related to the research, then what is thé researcher's reiponsibilig?
‘Though, there is nota fixed response to such questions. A researcher must
value each css, weigh poll hann against potential benefit, and
bear the responsibility fr the decision (Publication Manual, 1994)

How to avoid ethical issues?

Privacy, anonymity and confidentiality are main concerns of the sues,
‘They should be assured that the information revealed by them will not be
‘islosed. Rescahers invade into baies, background and behavior at
even private detal Therefore anonymity in such caía shold be assured
1o,the- subjects prior to colleting informition, Anonymity means thet

die

ets remain anonymous or nameless. In describing the anonymous
lags or events a ld researcher gives a Bcttious name or location

ur

References

Alias Iqbal Open University, (2003) Regulations Relating 16 Admissior,
Registration and Examinaton for MPH Degree Program of
AIO, Isles: Author

Alla, Iqbal Open University (2003). Regulations Relating to Admission,
‘Registration and animation for PhD Degree Program of AIOU, |
Islamabad: Author

American Peyologial Association, (1994), Publication Manual ofthe
American Psychological Association (th ed). Washington, DC:
Author

‘American Psychological Assóciaoo. (2001), Publication Manual
of the American Psychological Assocation (Sth ed), Washington,
DC: Author .

Chinneck, J. W. (1999), sep.29.). Howto organize your thet
Retrieved January $2003 from

bugs se.carleton a/fculty/hinnedk/thesis aml
Johnson, B. and Christensen, L (2000). Educational Research:
Ouanttative end Qualitative Approacher. Bostén: ‘Allyn and

Bacon,

Keinger, FN. (1979). Behapiora! Research: A cohespnul approach,
Now York! Holt, Rie Hart and Winston,

us

Motin, A. R: (1998): A Guide to Research Proposal and Report Writing.
‘Malaya: Rescireh Cente Internationa islamic University.

Neuman,” WL.: (1997), Social Research Methods: Qualitative and
Qugntittive Approaches Ath ed), Boston: Aya and Bacon

O'Leary, D. (1999) The thesis writing process. Retrotod December 22,

2002 from p/v, add grade
Shäughnessy.L, Zechmeiste, B, and Zechmeister, J, (2003). Hescorch |
Metis in Psychology. Boston: MeGraw Hil oe

ni 3

Ape
(Spine) (Outer Cover)

(Hard Bound, Maroon Colour)

Research Topic

Students Name

Roll Number

ima pe a ay 1 0 az pu am) do yaseaen iind

E

E

El ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY

z ISLAMABAD D
3 YEAR

un $

ny

°

ace eer eer

pass
Feng
OS

Sa Nr
‚usa POUR NOMAS

‘woLowoirt
el

mina
Yar
sacra
‘sen

oxen tombe te

(Specimen Outer Tile

sun in wy a of eset Tes Now Ran De

THE EFFECT OF EVALUATION PROCEDURES:

AND SELF CONCEPT UPON PSYCHOMOTOR
PERFORMANCEIN DRAFTING

A Tea rn

Jamal Khan Khattak ~
Roll No. F 7212432

ig 1 Tne Now Rr. Di

mind para fumed e requirements or he
Master of Psp nee in li) .
‘A he Furey of ss

Ta Open De
if

ea fo ae certs le er Ro
Sager on

rey E

(Gover Tile Page)

Topic

Students Name

Roll Number

‘Submited in partial fallment ofthe requirements fr the Master of
"Philosophy degree in

wit
be applicable)

sion in
atthe Fa
“Allama bal Open Univesity, Blamabad.

Supervisor ‘Month, Year

ns

ie Cover Specs)
(ard Bent Ray he Calor)

[BRST] sont e ma 2
7 THE EFFECT OF EVALUATION PROCEDURES
E AND SELF CONCEPT UPON PSYCHOMOTOR
5 PERFORMANCE IN DRAFTING
5
E
apa
na
325
A Tees New Rem i
538
833 Jamal Khan Kahinttak
232 Roll No. F 7212432
o
3
535
232
O83
E ©
28
SE
58 U A sae
Php. el ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY
FR ISLAMABAD

oe 2001

ur

(pesen of mer Te)
(rt ies roo yin of he bein 8p Ties New Rea, Bo)
THE EFFECT OF EVALUATION PROCEDURES
AND SELF CONCEPT UPON PSYCHOMOTOR
PERFORMANCE IN DRAFTING

7 ee Te rR. Rinse
Jamu Khan Khattak
Roll No. F 7212432

(se 16% te oo fae ost up in 12 Tes New
em No)

‘baited in parta fulfilment o e requirements for the Doctor of
Philosophy degree in. *

(Discipline, with
Specialization Geber applicable)
at he Feu of,

‘Allama Il Open Universi, Isiamabad,

(ate 7 ine for the Dona edge ofthe sheet in 12 pt. Times New Roman,
Normal)

Supervisor Mont, Year

us

Appendix -B
(Specimen-t)
APPROVAL SHEET
“fp me thesis atached hereto, ted *
proposed and subrited by Rolo.

in paria fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of
| Pniosophy in Education (Teacher Education) is hereby accepted,

Advisor

Viva Voce Committee

External Examiner

ChairmaniCharperson —

Dean
Faculty of Education

|
Li . (Day, Month, Year)

m

(Specimen)
APPROVAL SHEET

Tale pres

ae pese 1
Acseped by the Fac of Een aia
Alma al Open Unos paria E are nes
for the Master of Philosophy Degree in Education wih speeaization in
“Teacher hausen

Viva Voce Commits

(Bay, Month, Year

. (Specimen-d)
(Approval Sheet)
pince by the Viva Voce Committee)

Tile of Thesis

Nam of Student

Agente the feu of
Name ‘la on Open Universi
À paria en the equ Tre Doctor of Philosophy
À Dee ‘with speilsation in

{where applicable)

Viva Voce Commitee

rra Director

Extemal Examiner

Superior,

Member

(May, Mont, year)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter,

2

Page

Sopuenon,
13 Datkround of he sty
12. Siren ofthe problem =
Y Spa objectives =
Siguientes of ay
s

tope and Limitations —

CONCEPTUAS FRAMEWORK
5.1 Aumission decision making»
323 Adiielen decision process
33 Goncapristion of Variables =
34 Presario endete predictor
38 Nonacademie predictor
3A Hypotheses sam s
METHODOLOGY AND REASEARCH DESIGN
AN Pop a SUI srr

42 Restarch design
43 Dina election u
44 Operatisitligation af variables su
45

RESU
51 The profit of tudes e
5.2. Gérrelation analysis cet »

‘37

APPENDICC

APPENDIX-D
LIST OF TABLES

‘TableNo Bas

1.5 Findings of stats Study

2 Studies on student's Academic Success
3 > Distibution of Admitod and Selected

À St sample) individuals 6
Distribution of denied individuals 6
$ Distribution of subject according to their

degree program & admission Stats 2
6 Disteinutian of subjects according to their high

school score & mission Status 5
7 Distribution of individuals accord to their

intermeditescoe & admission stats s

8 Disributienofindividbals according 10

baccalaureate sete d+ admision sus ”
9. Disributionofindividuals according io

ir English score Cadmision status ss
10 Distribution of individuals according to

‘heir sx & admission status a a
11 Distribution of individual according to

their age & admission tas 2
12 Distribution of individutsccording to

civil status admission satus à >

12 Dishibuton of individuals according to <
le province & admission sntus 9

us

14 Distribution of itiidilsaevordingto >
ek pension expert & admission tas 9

13. Distribution oPindiviale song to
thi profesional tin & aii starts >

wi

Apbendin-E

LIST OF FIGURES
Aue Pas

1. Admission model elements 4
2. ‘Admission decision process a

1

APPENDICES.
Append

À Gorin ewer irs it fr
She ia amore bros

‘Correlations been predictors anal entera for
‘he varius demographic subgrouns

‘Results afihe peeitrs and rien mean
comparison analysis

“able for validation of rie rgrescion
assumpilons and recen related documents

15

Apex

Page

2

2

Append
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

Lo Pere a Ad size BAR"
except i
fbr deawings and
maps
2 Paperweight 90 gris, photo
copying paper =

3. Margin For Bglish)

(D. Lefthand margin 3.8 om (1-12")
Gi), Righthand margin 25em0")
(a) Botom margin 25 em 0°)
(iv). Top margin 32 0m (14)
4 Typesize
Text 2points
Headings 14 points
Chapter Numberits le 16 points
5. Typeface ‘Times New Roman

6. ‘Thethiss beeror See, No corostion in ink shall be acceptable.
7. Binding
Ö Rexinelcloth: Rexineiclih edges uncut,
(iD Letered boldly up back in god
18 points tres new roman, bold (ss per specimen
ofits cover)

8. Onlyone side of paper be us,

107

a

is.

2

Double space al lines except block quotations and references,

Leave three spaces above and below the centred heading and three
space above hesanding side heading and double space below it

Indent ve spaces forall runing lines, paragraph and block
quotations,

Leave two spaces after a (ul stop(), colon: ada sign of
interogaton() inthe body ofthe tete

Preliminary pages os numbered in lovier case Roman numerals
‘Git ete, 25mm from the bottom edge ofthe paper.

Page numbers ofthe actual text of thsi from page one of Ebapte
1 o the end including Appendices et, be given in Arabie numerle
(42,3...) the upper ght hand comer 30 ma (1-14) fom
top and right eg of paper wilho intruding nto the marins.

‘Bach chapter shouldbe stared on a new page
Page number ofa chapter page shouldbe skipped bat cousted.
Chapter number should be ike this: CHAPTER 2 (167s, New

‘Times Rotan Bold) ad placed at four space below the top margin
and centred between margin

Chapter tiles and centro headings, too long for oe lino, be
dividadinto two er more live in inverted pyramid.

(Chapter tl be tree single spaces below the chapter number and
be al in capital (uppercase on 16 pi, Timos New Roman, Bald)
and singe space.

First line of chapter hal begin thee single-spaced below the

‘ite, :

TABLE OF CONTENTS; LIST OF TABLES and LIST OF

FIGURES; CHAPTER NUMBER, REFERENCES ae to be begin
_—-on.aseparate page and ave ped in uppercase (capital) 16 pt Times

D]

New Roman, Bold ai be placed at fourth Tne below top margin
and cented between margin

2 Tables

(For citation purposes only highlights of a table should be
discussed. Discusion should follow the table

di) Taste number, and caption be Aush with 1 main on the
= tam line in New Times Roman, 12 pt, bold with ist eter
of each werd in capital Long eapiion be in invertet
pyramid, There shall be a single space between the caption
and content ofthe table.
Example:

‘Table 1, Moan of Correct Response
(Gi) Tiere can be.a note (Author note, content footnote,

copyright permission note or source et. atthe bottom of à
‘able

Ge) A table be separated Goin the text by three spácts both
© above and belo

(6) All bles be numbered consecutively throughout the thesis
including the Obs at appear in an appendix

(vi) A ile compossitped in landscapeforme! (eng wis) it
‘may be so placed that the alee is onthe spinebinding
side.

(ii) Referto ables by their mimbers eg, as shown in Table 5.

(vi) Do not repeat the data in a table by using another means
like figure or vce vere as it is usnecessary duplication.

2.

gures (Line graphs) Bar graphs, Circles or Pie graph Scatter
raphe Pictorial graph, charts, maps, diagrams, drawing et.)

(©) Migwe caption sould be bret bur a descriptive phrase

15

D Number all fgurs with Arabic numerals (1, 2,3, ..) and
rm them conseeuivelythroushoat the bhesis

(Gi). Figure sumer and captionbe given atthe bottom of the
figure in upper ease end lower ease lentes in 12 pt. Times
‘New Roman Bold

Es .
Figure 1. Share of income from Various Sources

(G9) Discussion should follow the figure. figure in landscape
(roadside) format be so placed that the caption is rend
from right sido of the thesis and is thus opposite to the
binding side

23, Appendices

able cach appendix with a capital leer e.g. APPENDIS A.
in 12 point Times New Roman, Bold at four spaces below the top
‘margin and sh with ight hand margin.

24, Numeral

Use figures to'show numbers 10 and above and words to
«express numbers below 10

Use the symbol for percent only where precede by a
umber

É 25 Quotation

© Ur debi quon mat for a en of et
thn

(Do not use quotation marks fr block quotation ie,
‘quotation of 40 words or more,

Gin AÑ potins abe do. proper od a
(Auer Ves, Page prb)

155

2%

2.

2

Headings

(Centred Heading, Cenied within margins, set-off
the centre heating in 14 pl, New Times Roman,
Boo, all in capials and single spaced with Unos
pce above and below. It shall not be numbered.

@

side Headiqy, Flush wit ef margin in 14 pt. New
Times Romen, Bold, wits fret letters of words in
Tuner case (spl. Leave tres spaces above the
Sido Reading and tree spaces below and ther is no
Fonctuation the side heading takes more than 60
on une a wo space underhung indentation and
“ule space between the lines ofthe heading

Paragraph Heading, Indent Bs spaces from left
margin with only first Teter capitales! in lower
‘ave ending with a period in 12 pt. Nev Times
‘Roman, Bold, Comins the text on ihe same line

6) Additonal vel of headings can be introduced by
Andellaing the heading, The tnderlined heading
"ill be secondary to the one without undestiing

Atigmentof Numerals

night hand clara of Reman or Arabic numerals isalgned,
Fume

When te lens aré enumerate, here may Be disingished by

ne be following format and bringing the second and Secc
a a em Back even it the number or letter oF te itm,

1. Aeconing te
1 Ateording to -
‘A According
(According to
(According to
“According to

155

Examples of References

o

&

o

6

o

«a

ite the quoted source in parentheses fer the punetation
mare.

hen a work"haé two or Ihree authors, cite both names
everytime.

hen a Work as four or mote authors’ cite all authors the
Firat timo the reference is used and in sibseguent citations
“elude the stymane of the fist author followed by à
comma and“ a.”

‘The examples of various sources af materials o be sed in
à hess give in his manual follow the publition of APA.
Use abbreviation sparingly to maximize clarity and
puréathese may be used to introduce an abbreviation.

Never begin a sentonce with à lower case abbreviation e
».

‘Any one of the following manuals may be used for thesis in
English. Approprise djustents may be made for urdu and oer
languages, However, any other manual approved by the Board of
'Advareed Studies and Research may also be used, if needed. In
Gate of th une of such a mal the application wil be limited to
the matters not covered in these Appendixes.

0

@

we

Publication Manual of Amirican Psychological
‘Associaton

Modern Languages Associ
Research Papers USA.

ion, Handbook for Writers of

A uni or Wailers of Tem Paper, Theses, ind
Dissertation by KL. Turabian

157

Appendich
(Yo be separately submitted t6 the Departmmentlnsfitnie st the time of
Mission of Thess by the Supervisor)

FORWARDING SHEET

“The thesis ented

Sobmited by in pata fletiment of M Pl
degree

in Discipline)

with specialisation in (where applicable)

_ has been completed ander my

guidon and supervision Tam sid with he quali of ens
research work.

ate: ss Signature: _____-—

ha pi e

(NOT A PART OF THE THESIS)

(Fo be seperately submitted tothe Departmen/lustitute atthe thine of
‘submission of Thesis bythe Suyervisar)

FORWARDING SHEET
‘The thesis end

Submited y in partial fulfilment of PhD.

degeoin

Discipline)

with specialisation in (were applicable)

ha been completed under my guidance and

supervision, Iam satisfied with the quality of student's research work.

Date: a Signs

Name:

161

Append}

(DECLARATION BY STUDENT AT THE TIME OF
‘SUBMISSION OF THESIS TO THE SUPERVISOR
FOR EXTERNAL EVALUATION)

(Tote retained by the Controle of examinations)

»

SonDaughter of

Ro Rp. Registration No

‘A studeat of MPhil atthe Allama Ibai Open University do hereby
olmnty declare at he thesis ent _

ad by we in pana linen of MEA degree im discipline

is my original work, and has
CR GE ov publiaied caer and shall ot, in future, be
pate by me for obtaining any degree om this or any other
Univesity or insintion A

Date: D Sew Siggature: ||

Name:

16

(DECLARATION BY STUDENT AT THE TIME OF
SUBMISSION OF THESIS TO THE SUPERVISOR
"FOR EXTERNAL EVALUATION)

(To bercaineg by the Controller of examinations)

© DECLARATION

| SonDeughtérof

Roll No

Registration No.

A student of Ph.D: lth Allama Iqbal Open University do hereby
Foley declaro hat he thesis ec, ba

ir

by mein pana flfimentofph.D. degree in discipline

is my original work,
‘Tice where otherwise ee EME inthe fet, end has not been,
(rod or published earier and shall not, in future, be Submited by me
for obran any degree from ths or ay other University or institution

Date:

16

Appendix

raue

sa Largs ana al fix Siren angel
q CU ALE rt Ode
ROA rs unde
TAO AAA £ ult Syl gS adn
LES Uan. ear UML Ee
tee re LS na RES

ap rf Lect

pers
er
ver

En

WEN EE tb Lif Sine Rem ate sl rors
RANA BEE ate ba)
of
pean
wht? Creu icon Ch
A an gi Sel eg et
IE es
AS El SNA

PR ee
Ana era

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i Ln LABIA Se ILLS
. rides
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ERIN
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ont AS
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el er
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Ut pe Betis a
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wt val rig st
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EAN rl” ce
ASABE SP Sergi ae RER

PoP

nt 4
Zapf aa buch pese

A or

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ener

Suing abut tle PEED SARE LEAP ER
Maly Cria Cate
conbarunee een ia
Paes APP hebt
uf eurer bist arb
y bs Si
IIA ot
espada digas werde Amir
A eur
A
pb wg fied A fonce A
oid ot
ES
ji mt RUN A
US aL bo,
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din dese fi ee 7
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pode Lucy ct Lu
Wb ieee We exe nee ro LPI ES

„uf Wise a DOM ASI ne

weal dh ie
af Si ti Lo
AIR

VUE REI AA

m

Appendixck

Regulations Relating to Admisilon, Registration and Examination for
- MPhil Degree Programme

PROCEDURE FOR ADMISSION

A candidate seeking admission to an M.Phil. Degree programme
‘Shall apply om the reseribed form o the Chaimam Director of tr
ceoncemed Deparmenvstitute

There shall bea Departmental Admissions Committee consisting
ofthe following

© | Cheinman/Direior ofthe Deparmenvinstituté | Chairman
or Dean in case there is no Chairman/Direstor
in position

(il), Two senior teachers with a PAD qualiicacion Members
nominated bythe Vice-Chancellor from within
the DepartmenV/istitte/Faculy er ouside the
‘University in ease no Ph.D. is available in
Deparmentbittute Faculty.

(ii) - One Profesor/Associte Professor nominated * Member
by the Vice-Chancellor fom outside the
Departmendibstite.

“The quorum for ie ineting sal be tre.

“The admission Nit “Gnalized and signed by the Departmental
{Admissions Commitée wil be forwarded tothe Dean. *

“The admission shall be approved by the Vice-Chancellor on the
recommendation by the Dean.

A candidate will stand registered for MPhil. Programme upon
‘depositing ofthe fe

‘An appeal by a candidate agains the decision of the Departmental
‘Admission Commitee shall he decided by the Vice Chauscitorin

m

‘ecommésdation of Charman Director of Department se

A student mit to an M.Phil. programme and A specialization

D wherever splcable, shall not be allowed fa cha ko

Fame Specaiion. The caida stall have to py

Sesh for admission to another programe espacial
DURATION AND MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION

TRE minimum duration of M Phi. programme shall be iv year
and maximus duration shall be five year

‘There willbe two semesters in ech year,
‘The course work shall be completed within two yeas,

(us minimum period 0 complet the thesis fer conrmation of
{he candidature wil be one year and the maximum period shal fe
thee yeas, ,

ZAG MPR programme wil be of eight credits including four
edit course work and four credits research work.

The medium of instruction, examination and language for the
{Ress for ML sal be EngihtUniutingage of the decpie
in case of language, Tho use of any or language shad ne
alowed bythe Dean for reasons 1 be recorded

COMPONENTS OF INSTRUCTION
ue coutss shal be proposed by the Department, processed

ugh the Samory Bodies, recommended und endorse by the
“Academic Council and approved bythe Executive Cour”

m6

“The distribution continuos assessment and final examination
willbe as follows: >

©. Continuous Assessment

@ Assignments 40%
(0) + Course workshop 10%
(Attendance will be compulsory)

Gal Examination som
‘Te isrbuion of marks fr face to face comes shall be as under.
+ Continous Assessment som
(D Final Examination sur

‘The student will ave total oF we chances to attend and pass the
workshop ofthe course concemed Passing the workshop willbe a
pre-equisite for sppearing in the final examination of the course
In exceptional ciamstances, a special chance may be allows by
tic Vice Chancellor, on the recommendation of the
Chairman Diretor, A

‘The minimum pass percentage in each component ofa course shal)
be 40.

‘The aggregate percentage required to obtain an M.Phil. Degree.
wit be 30%,

SUPERVISOR

ach student hall werk under the guidance of a Supérvisor
direct, related to the arca of spelcalizaion of thesis. The
Supervisor shall be appointed by BASR: He shall hold Doctorate
‘mn the sea of students Red of study except in ate ofa renowned
scholar

‘The Supervisor, topic and synopsis shall be approved by BASR,
‘The consent of the-eoncemed expert will be obtained prior to
jnvimation of appeinunent ps Superior

‘The Supervisor wil be expected.o:

oo

in planning and condueting research,
Gi) Supervise the student inthe research work,

Gi Centity the asceptai
‘xlemal evaluation

yy and adequacy of the thesis for

(Gv) Intimate the Chairman Director for initiation of appropriate
‘ction if student's progress is unsatisfactory,

(0) Submit a report foreach semester on the progress of the
student othe Departmentinsiate,

In case a nou PhD. is appoinedrecommended for appoint as
& Supervisor for an M.Phil. student reasons shall be cubitos
along with the proposal

‘TRANSFER OF CREDITS

‘TransfevJexemption of course work upto a minimum of 50% ofthe
‘required Gore credits may be allowed after the candidate has
been admitted to an MPhil programme, He shall apply tothe
Chairman, Deparmental Admissions Commitee for wranser of

by providing a copy of the TranseipéDetailed Marks
Certificate along wth the course tines. The case willbe refered
to the Equivalence comunitee of the Univesity. The Equivalence
Committee shall co-opt the chaiomanDirector of he
Departmenvinstitute,

a student is given credit exemption, his co
reduced accordingly

1. work shall be

In caso of edit transfer, if any Uh cumulative percentage and
‘minimum, pass percentage requirements will apply to the bala
of eee)

‘The magnitude and course(s) of any credit transfer willbe recorded
on students of coursewseademic record

6

THESIS

‘The sion will be allowed to take a Feszarh topic after taking
four credit courses and passing a! least two including ene an
search mods, But he will be allowed 10 smi the thesis only
er paecing all the courses,

resented to the BASR
ation Workshop.

Sinopsis of only those students wil
‘who had aided the Synopsis Ori

A student must enol and pay fes for fur credits spreading over 2
19 4 semesters, In cae of further extension the student will enroli
{or one ered, per semester.

“The student wil regir for the thesis as given below:

(i). The student select the topic and identify the Supervisor
in comsalaion with he ChairnanDiretor of Ihe
Departmentinsttute

(i) The Deparmentinsiute will Bold one Weck Synopsis
Orientation Workshop in Which the participation of the
tant wil be mandat}

(ii) The. synopsis Will e prepared in accordance with
guidelines approved by the BASR, including top
fntroducionreview of literature, statement ofthe problem,
research questionsthypothases, method of research, tool,
techniques tobe used and references.

(iv) The student wil submit o. the Chairman/Diretor the
snopsis prepared under the guidance of prospective
Supervisor.

The BASR shall approve dhe synopsis alongeith the name of the
Supervisor on the recommendation of the ChaimmanDirector end
the Dean

The Secretary BASR will send a copy of the minuts to the
Admissions office.

10,

ar Bd allowed fr completion ofthe ths, which
ill stat from the
deter,

(0), The name and address ofthe Supervisor

esis ite 60 MPL willbe conimed on rca of be
(esis fe at least equivalen to one crate

nome Sent dep within te due dt, be wll hate odo to in
mat te permi on the Dean Im a
Chairman Director concerne

ng Penn wil monitor he prozess of de st
during his research,

Spee DE to. coria una) pars foc he
Anat Be ation fr the hess may be can y oe
raión Ofic on recommendation of Deparment de
lean unsatisfctryrespoase om the std

mal ot more than re sidets may be signed to-a
‘Supervisor in year, but not more than five ts thee:

ers evo hal nt be changed exept in ato of a bar
‘here an NOC from te original Supervisor nus a bl

à student ses o change. the top of hie research already
tounge SR: he vil have o apply again sepia he

180

A minor change or rewocding ithe topic ofthe thesis, i needed
‘without changing the main theme, shall be approved by the vice»
chanellor on the. recommendation of the. ChairmawDirector
‘trough ths Dean

“Tho student envoled in the thesis should remain on rll until he
complets the thesis witha the maxi time limit for completing
the thesis except as provide in Cause-7 of Chapter-13, In ease of
cfa in depositing peseribed fee every semester to maintain his
‘enrolment, he shall have to pay 50 percent more ‘than the
preteibed fee due for suc peros

Extension, beyond the prod in which fee forfour credits has ben

i, wil bellowed bythe Dean ofthe Faculty every semester on
saésfactory progress report by the Supervisor provided the cent
registers withthe Unyer for extended period by paying fee
flo one cred: of MPhil ever semester within the maximum
period species for completing the thesis Le, Ihree Vers. Tho
Adlon office aná Ge Controle of Examinations wil be
{oxime according. I wi be the responsibility ofthe sider 1
ste progres repo fom de Supervisor.

The result shet of the student enolled in Thesis will show him as
‘continuing’ and will lso indicate the number of semesters taken
for ine thsi S

‘The student will be required to observe the guidelines regarding
format, writing, efreacing, paper and other related mates as
given in Appendix-A, Appendin-B and as por specimen give in
Publication Manual of APA,

‘THESIS EVALUATION
Te will be the tesponsibiliy of the student to complete all the

degree requirements and clear dues before submission of thesis fr
valuation

(On completion of research, the student willbe require to submit
{our spiral bound copies of he thesis othe Supervisor.

im

er et Psd a tl wt fr ee by him
debi any degree fom Wi ar mene univers or

man Dace {ata leo copies of the thesis to the
hair Dirctr wit a cert indie

(0 Thetopie ofthe thesis:
i) Students name;

The te oF the programme; rnin
Eredar df spre de top,
(0) Ft hi ha ben completo nds pianos

(That he is satisfied with Bo quality of the students
‘esearch work; eng

(ii) The date of forwarding the thesis.

dan ant sal py the thesis ea fc 2 y outstanding
dere ie of suiting te hess or see the
mE wil sue ta at dues have bees at oy degrees
the aa ren O5 me spe Relations boire Poe
‘the thesis for extemal evaluations

Exports for thes
and not below the rank of Assist P
“o/publicaion to ther erat. T
submited for consideration of BASR

Named Qualificajons
Designation

182

3
j

14

‘The Chaman’ Director il forward the thice Cops of the thesis
slong withthe approved panei o the Vice-Chancellor through the
Dean, who will approve two names of External Evaluators and
sand dire tothe Controller Examinations.

‘Fhe Contöller of Examinations shall sex the thesis to extemal
Evaluators for ther opinion

ons shall be made 8 ge he thesis evainted within a period oF
four mont.

be evaluted by Extemal Evaluators on
Approved’ or “Conditionally Approved”
basis. The epott of External Evaluators shail state:

(© * Teste ofthe ess,

Name often‘;

(Gi) Tite oF e programmé,

A) Approval, nom approve or condiióal approval

(0) Reasons fr nos-appoval or conditions approval,

(vi) Genet suggests for improvement ofthe ei, Cay
te tesis is approved by ExtenalBvalustors, de Controller of
Examinations" see copy ofthe opinion of the Fxtemal

Evaluators alongwith copies ofthe thesis (if retuned) iramediatsly
to the dean lo arrange vive-vooe ordinal within three weeks,

Lf the approval is condition, the Controller of Examinations shall
send the conditions indicated by the Evaluatr(s) and copies ofthe
thesis, if rtumed, 10. the Dean for onward transmission to the
student endorsing copies to the Chairman/Direclor und
supervisor.

6) Mibesisiscondiinally approved, the student wi be
permitted to submit the revised thesis within six sounds
fom the date of communication of the decision by ihe

183,

»,

16) The procedure for resubmission of the thesis by the
Audet after mecting te conditions shall be the anne ve
1° at fest submission e, rouge Sapa
‘The Committe comprising the following will ensure ‘that the
‘conditions are fill e thei autos

(0 Chairpaevbivectonot te deparenentinsiue | Chaman

iD Two senior members nominste'by Members
Vice-Chancellor on te recommendation
fe Dean from the Deparment nse
‘having M.PhitPh.D. or from within the
ul or fom out sie the University it
0 senior members) possessing, M Phi
‘oF PAD. isa available inthe
Departentlnetiat,

("The commits consid unde? Cie 15 si ue de
futillng ofthe conditions other stlafaction

(G8) The thesis so submited shall not be sen again to the
Estemal Fvaluatr. It will rather be proceed for iv

He thesis 5 not approved by
Wil be set by the Contaller of Examinations to thie erahnen
Bente dy the View Chancellor ut ofthe panel approved by
BASR.

In case thesis is not approved by External. Evaluators, it willbe
considered rejected.

fhe. thesis is approved by the’ Extemal Evaluators of the

Commie consti 1 ensue falling ofthe condo a oe
‘ase may be, the Dean shall aman the vivawooe of te and

14

æ

a

2.

induce weeks, The Vivasvoce Commitice shall comprise the
followings

© Dean of Facuty. Ch

(i) Chairman Direetor of the Departmer/insttute, Member

ii) Ons ofthe External Evaluators wominsted Member
Dy the Viee-Chancellor

GA Supervisor Member

“The quorim for the meeting shall be thee including tho
Chairman Director. b

"Mie close relative of a candidate shall not be the Supervis
External Evaluator or the members of Vi
declaration from the Supervsor/2xteral Evaluator/Members of
Viva Voce Committee eating tht the candidate is a close re
to the Supervisoriäxternal Bvaluatar(syMembets of Viva-Vore
Comuni, the View Chancellor shall make the substitution,

In case the Dean and the Chairperson happen 19 be sume person, a
senior faclly member having PhD. ftom the ‚Department or
Institute or the Fay, not available inthe Departmentnstitte,
may be nominated by the Vice-Chancellor to work on the
Comite.

“Tae Viva: Voce Comite, will cerf the satisfctry defence of
the thesis and its acceptance forthe M Phil, Degree I shall award
marks onthe these, The marks will be ewärded by calculating the
“average ofthe marks given by the members of the commit

Any aiugndmeatssuggestions/eomments made during Viva Vooe
may be communicate to the stodent by the Chairmian/Direstor
“lin à week from the date of Viva Voce for incerparaion, The
Chairman Director shall ceriy the incorporaiön of amendments.
‘The whole process of iucompocaing the comment and verification
cof incorpration ball e completed within two months

188,

24° ms es der acepte but he stent fl ey

25. “The ‘suudent will sub two Bound. ops (one forthe
Departmenvinsiute, and onc, fa the Cental Lib) “af sno
approved ‘esi the, Chaiman/Diretor as per spears.
Siyen in Appendix-A. Alemaiively the University may alo ter
mision ofthe loose copes and'ask the student wo soy Le
Binding charges .

26, The result. of de Viva Voce wil be communicated to the

~ ¿Corral of the Examisaion by the Dean upon the esp of he
cetificate of “amendments” by be ChaitmanDineee aoe
‘submission of-two final copies. The date of declaration of fern
Shall be date of Vire-Voce

27. The MPG degree shall be awarded at the. cotipcton of an
&

28 CO). The pagiiaton, i suspected, wil be determined by the
committee comprising the follow

(0) Dean Chairman
(6) | ChsirmanDirectoref the conceined .

Department, Member
6), One subject exper. ou ofthe appréved

pauel of experi, other than the evajuators

ofthe ties. 7 Member

(i) ces the plagiarzation is proved the action wil be taker
by the Coitrole of Examinations under tne Regultions

186

in incas eis fou tbe planing ven of eros
Incase arch work, ext, et. published or unpublished
thats Sanur for M.Phil degree shall be canceled an
Me Sanden sal be debarol for ever fiom. admision te

Any programme ofthe University.

9 In cs the ration is pot fer o wets
ln Sa Dg the Degree sale cancllad irnos
de sert vil be debaed free for mission Io

Any programme of the Universia, 1

ui) ce the plazo is rove. fe te anat Sl
Hirai, Dees the Degree sal be angle
e arent wi be debared foreyt for admission te

any programe ofthe Univers

‘Note:The rues and repulsion de sujet to shangelrevision

CANCELLATION OF ADMISSION

13° AxpeeUnivesi Regalos, nisin Fa leu mA
aa à nen candidate maybe cancelled in the following
oumaanees: 2" E
(set cnet foun gui of avin OE nt
‘th degrees or relevant documents to the
University fr mission of MER propa.

0. Di fr misheaviurnibondut
Go Paton
Ge Favre to fab any ofthe Feajisemens to qualify ofthe

tages wih the maxima time ries fr he
pognon :

2° Ren, os ssn is canceled fr (are he

187

(E icemema within he maximus ae fini as at iv) may apply
ELS admission: in ar caos por be dobared from taking
admission forever,

MISCELLANEOUS
en ef camp, cours o tudes og

St sal e mado ons ace of the sig
rene ad runa on of shall monitor it

naka student to pass à
a) aft evel mag ee ing
Megas But such courses abt me 2 a toward

Aalen i required talco) of tober evel. he wit be
Calo de ation we is nea oo but thei
PA wll not be conte toward his MP

Decente with at eet oe pp Ont eut
willbe allowed t Offer M Ph prog

dle tes wt it de ia, However,
Meena who completed es mil pe os 40 publish it,
‘fer write pemmison Bom the Vise Goan

188

Appendix L

steutnions Relating fo Admission, Retrato and Examination fr
Ph. D Degree Programme.

‘ADMISSION PROCEDURE,

1 ne Degarimentl Admizsons Compite sal heist of he
following:
€ Deanof the Faculty concemed| Chairman

(i) CtaizievDiretrof te Degarmentisis Member
concerned,

dio Oni Professor sci Professor with PhD Member
Qualigeaion nominated by the Vice-Chancellor
From the Departisnv institute Focal

Gu)’ Twoteacber tolling Th. D point by Member
“The Vice Chaneaior from the concerned
Commitee of Courses

(o OrePrfetsornominated wy he Vice Member
ide the Department

The quorum forthe Committee meeting shall be four
2 “The Department Admissions Commies wi be responsible

9 Deteine the etiiilit ofthe candidate on
prescribed entra, :

+ iy Conduct atmits

4 and interview.
tity Retard se nares of selected candidato).
ivi Submiibe ns) signe by all member of he

Departmental admissions Comite present, of
Pc candidates to the Vie-Chancallor for approval

19

Den, 2 Sie aint he decison or de
hal be decis Comi rearing ai
PD, shall ba deided bythe Vice Capac

Damien fr Ph. D. will he noted by we Admissions
fea A coco of admin ae ayy Workshop
fee,

RESEARCH DESIGN AND CANDIDACY

M be a Departa! Synopsis Common sompritng the
following:

6. manito orte Darme

ra D MON teacher fe Drm ne
holding Pk. D, Degr

Gi) Tom AIOU techn beling php
discipline

‘The Departietal Synopsis Commitee wi

"Comite with the asisance of Deja
có, il eld öneweck Sopa See
‘workshep.o identity the ope restarle

RE RS sal be Prepare bacon with the side’
ine format approved by BSR

190

5. Pastcipation in he sii

4. In se candidate desires 1 change’

“The side shal sima a detailed research proposal within fist
Semester and make & presentation before the Deparment
‘Synopsis Commitee.

ation workshop will be wiandatory

Candidacy. his topic and synopsis will be recommended by
Department Synopsis Committe for approval bythe BASR,

A candidate admitted to a programme shal not. be allowed to
transfer to any other area of specialization of some other
Desartment/instiute

“The sudent sha require te deposit Ihe prescribed dues for nvo
escola of des in each semester for the minimum prescribed
peros.

0, The payment of fe wit fal ina semester

The candiditure for Ph. D. will be notified by the Admission
Office ater spprovalby the BASR.

PROGRAMME OF STUDIES AND MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION

“The rime period for completing PhD. willbe two years and
maximum period to complet all requirements shall be five years.
‘The Period wil be counted [rom the last date of payment of fos at
the ime of confirmation oF eandicacy

“The programme will be of eight exits

“A PhD. student may be required to enroll in speifie coure(s, if
‘advised by the Deparment Admission Committee, to make up any
deficiency.

2 specialization of his PLD.
degree or où the detection of deficiency, the Departmental
‘Admission Committee will require him to pass the specific courses
‘of specialization,

it

ee em of ion, examination and language for the
thesis for Ph shall gema ha Enalish Urdwhanguage of the
ne ue Of language Tae ee A language
bal be allowed by the Dean reason 1a be

rear TAM no abe to complete hs thesis during the

antag Pod Of 100 yea, he stale raquis de ay fee
valencia oer este caian of aon,
„ Salvation wii maxima te fae

Make up andior ex
credit,

Eset) will not be counted towand Pi.

. SUPERVISOR

BAR Sen wl hea Supero be pie bythe
seek ei of approval of heaps ea te eee
Proposal

The Supervisor will be expected 1,

© Guide inplaning and conduction research,
(©) ‘Supervise the student inte roses ork,

Say e sect and adequacy ofthe thesis for
‘eternal evaluation,

(Intimate the Chairman Director for tio of appropriate
‘ction if student's progress is unsatisfactory

(9°. Sumi pot ate end of cach mee on the, progress
of the student tothe Department

D ses oF hanging the Supervisor il be the sain hat for
appoint

‘The Supervisor hall old ass doctorat.

me slo relative of candidate shl- pot be the Supervisor,
Fer Brauer and on the Vira Vous, Copia

192

esiaration fiom-the Swpervisor/Bxtcmal EvaluatosuMember of
Viva Voce Comites sing that the candidate is not a close
relative shal be obtsinod. In ease a candidate is a close relative to
the SupervisovEstemal Evaluators Members of Viva Voce
Cormmite, the Vie-Chancollo hall make ihe subsnuion.

‘There will be Doctoral Advisory Committee. for, every doctoral
student comprising the following;

Gi Supendisor Chairman

ChuiranDirecor of the Department Member
Insite

GG One fouly member with PAD. nominated by
by the Vice-Chancellor from the relevant field
om within the faulty Member

or

‘A speicalist holding Ph.D. degree in he discipline
[Nominated bythe Vice-Chancellor from ouside the
University Member

“Tas Doctoral Advisory Commitee will meet as often as possible to
study and review the student's research work and suggest
improvenent/changss, The consultation could also be trough
electronic media in addition 1 face to face meting).

“The Doctoral Advisory Commitce will monitor the progres of a
student and send Ihe report at the end-of each semester to the
‘Chairman/Directl

The Supervisor shall'zot be changed except in cates. of real

Hhanlshüp where an NOC from the original Supervisor must be
biaines

193

Thesis writing A systematic approach AIOU

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