THINKING-XI E SIS [Autosaved].pptx......

THINKING-XI E SIS [Autosaved].pptx

1. THINKING

2. Thinking is base of all cognitive activities or processes Thinking is unique to human beings Involves manipulation and analysis of information received from environment Eg : If you see a painting- you don’t simply focus colours and line- rather you go beyond and interpret meaning and try to relate to existing information

3. Thinking is a higher metal process through which we manipulate and analyse the acquired or existing information

4. Such manipulation and analysis occur by means of abstracting, reasoning, problem solving, judging and decision making.

5. Thinking is organised and goal directed Thinking is an internal mental process which can be inferred from overt behaviour Chess Player- thinking for several minutes  we can’t see what he is thinking, but through his next move we can simply infer what he was thinking.

6. BUILDING BLOCKS OF THOUGHTS MENTAL IMAGES CONCEPTS PROTOTYPE

7. MENTAL IMAGES An image is a mental representation of sensory experiences, it can be used to think about things, places, and events . IMAGINE You are at Taj Mahal You are planning a vacation in Kerala

8. CONCEPTS Concept – mental representation of a category. Concept refers to a class of object, ideas, or events that share common properties . We try to identify object or event by extracting its characteristics, matching it with already existing category Apple- Categorised as fruit Dog- Animal Helps in organising our knowledge So we can access knowledge with less time and efforts  Quick and efficient ACTIVITY 8.2 – PG- 152

9. PROTOTYPE Best representative member of category People decide whether an item is member of a category by comparing it with most typical item of the category

10. WHEN IS A CUP A “CUP”

11. PROCESS OF THINKING DECISION MAKING REASONING PROBLEM SOLVING JUDGEMENT CREATIVITY LANGUAGE

12. PROBLEM SOLVING GOAL DIRECTED THINKING ALMOST ALL OUR DAILY ACTIVITIES ARE GOAL DIRECTED PROBLEMS IS NOT OBSTACLES OR HURDLES  PROBLEM HERE CAN BE SIMPLE ACTVITIY INITIAL STAGE- PROBLEM END STAGE- GOAL

13. OBSTACLES OF PROBLEM SOLVING MENTAL SET LACK OF MOTIVATION -Tendency of person by following already tried mental operations or steps. -Prior success with particular strategy would sometime help in solving new problem -but also creates mental rigidity that obstructs the problem solver to think of any new rule - some situation-> mental set enhance quality and speed but in other situation hinders problem solving FUNCTIONAL FIXEDNESS- like mental set- Occurs when people fail to solve a problem because they are fixed on a thing’s usual function Skills and talents are not use if individuals are not motivated. Sometimes people give up easily when they face failure or any obstacles in the first step.

14. REASONING Reasoning is the process of gathering and analysing information to arrive at conclusion. -also a form of problem solving -Goal- determine what conclusion can be drawn from certain given information DEDUCTIVE REASONING - Reasoning that begins with an assumption -starts with making a general assumption that you know and then drawing specific conclusion based on this assumption INDUCTIVE REASONIG -Based on specific facts and observation -drawing general conclusion based on particular observation

15. Mohan is mortal, Radha is mortal, Karim is mortal; therefore, all human beings are mortal . All human beings are mortal you are a human being, therefore, you are mortal. INDUCTIVE REASONING DEDUCTIVE REASONING

16. Inductive Reasoning Example in Psychology: Observation: In a psychological study, researchers observe that individuals who consistently practice mindfulness meditation show a significant reduction in symptoms of anxiety over time. Inductive Conclusion: The researchers might infer that regular mindfulness meditation is associated with a decrease in anxiety symptoms.

17. Deductive Reasoning Example in Psychology: Premise 1: Anxiety is often associated with an overactivation of the sympathetic nervous system. Premise 2: Deep breathing exercises have been shown to activate the parasympathetic nervous system, which counteracts the sympathetic nervous system. Conclusion: Therefore, engaging in deep breathing exercises may help alleviate symptoms of anxiety.

18. ANALOGY Another form of reasoning which involves 4 parts. A is to B as C is to D Eg ; water: fish Air: human White: snow Black: Coal Helps in identifying and visualising the salient attributes of an object or event, which would otherwise go unnoticed A method of argument that relies on an inference that a similarity between two or more entities in some attributes justifies a probable assumption that they will be similar in other attributes (APA)

19. AZBY : CXDW EVFU: ??? Silence : Noise Baldness :??? Curd : Milk Shoe: ???  ABC : ZYX : CBA : ???

20. DECISION MAKING Judgements and decision making are interrelated processes Decision Making the problem before us is to choose among alternatives by evaluating the cost and benefit associated with the alternative  we already know solutions or choices and one has to be selected. Judgement – we draw conclusions, form opinions, evaluate events, objects based on knowledge and available evidences.  It is automatic and require no conscious effort by the person and occur as a matter of habit It depend on our beliefs and attitudes

21. Judgment: Let's say you are a college graduate contemplating different career paths. You have received job offers from two companies, and you need to make a judgment about which job aligns better with your long-term goals, values, and interests. In this phase, you assess the information available about each company, such as the work culture, salary, growth opportunities, and the alignment of the job roles with your skills . Decision Making : After making judgments about the various aspects of each job offer, you enter the decision-making phase. You weigh the pros and cons of each option, considering factors like salary, work-life balance, location, and the potential for career advancement. Your decision-making process involves assigning values to these different aspects based on their importance to you. For example, if career growth is a top priority, a job with more opportunities for advancement might be given greater weight in your decision.

22. CREATIVE THINKING READ PAGE NO. 157 POETRY MUSIC PRODUCTS OF CREATIVIITY ARTS PAINTING WRITING COOKING STORY TELLING ORGAINISNG EVENTS

23. NATURE OF CREATIVE THINKING Involves Production of novel and orginal ideas or solution to problems. New way of thinking or thinking differently Besides novelty originality is also important in creativity Creativity refers to originality and uniqueness of ideas or solutions that did not previously exist . Characterised by “ effective surprise” ( Bruner) Appropriate to particular context ( it is not different without any pupose ) CREATIVITY IS : Reality oriented Appropriate Constructive (beneficial purpose) Socially desirable

24. J .P GUILFORD PROPOSED TWO TYPES OF THINKING CONVERGENT THINKING DIVERGENT THINKING Refers to thinking that is required to solve problems which have only one correct answer. Mind converges to correct solution Open ended thinking where individual can think of different answers to questions or problems in terms oof his or her experience  which produce novel and orginal ideas. Page no; 158

25. Creative endeavor like designing a logo , convergent thinking plays a crucial role in refining and selecting the most suitable and effective creative solution  In this convergent thinking phase, the designer systematically evaluates and narrows down the options based on specific criteria . The final result is a well-thought-out and carefully chosen logo that embodies the creative vision while aligning with practical considerations. EXAMPLE – CONVERGENT THINKING

26. Designing a Sustainable City Park  Imagine an urban planning team tasked with designing a new city park that not only provides recreational space but also incorporates sustainable and eco-friendly features. In this case, divergent thinking would be crucial for generating a wide array of innovative and creative ideas. Smart Waste Management: (using sensors to detect wastes) Recycled Materials Art Installations from Recycled Materials- turning waste into visually appealing features Divergent thinking leading to a park design that not only serves its primary function but also contributes to environmental sustainability. EXAMPLE – DIVERGENT THINKING

27. FLUENCY FLEXIBILITY ORGINALITY ELABORATION ABILITY TO PRODUCE MANY IDEAS FOR GIVEN TASK OR A PROBLEM. MORE IDEAS= HIGH FLUENCY EG: NO. OF USES FOR PAPER CUP VARIETY OF THINKING- THINKING OF DIFFERENT USES OF AN OBJECT OR DIFFERENT INTERPRETATION OF PICTURE- from many different angles. EG: PAPER CUP CAN BE USED AS CONTAINER OR TO DRAW CIRCLE ABILITY TO PRODUCE IDEAS THAT ARE RARE OR UNUSUAL BY SEEING NEW RELATIONSHIP, COMBINING OLD IDEAS WITH NEW ONES LOOKING AT THE DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE FLUENCY AND FLEXIBILITY ARE NECESSARY ABILITY THAT ENABLES A PERSON TO GO INTO DETAILS AND WORKOUT IMPLICATIONS OF NEW IDEAS DIVERGENT THINKING INCLUDES:

28. Divergent thinking  essential in generating a wide range of ideas Convergent thinking  important to identify the most useful or appropriate idea In summary, convergent thinking is about finding a single correct solution, while divergent thinking is about generating multiple ideas and exploring various possibilities. Both types of thinking play essential roles in problem-solving and creativity .

29. PROCESS OF CREATIVE THINKING

30. PREPARATION - Gather the Raw Material To think and bring out something new , there is need of search of new ideas and ideas by sensing problems and gaps from information. In preparation stage – one understand the task or problem in hand , analyse the problem and become aware of the background facts and related information . - look at the tasks or problem from different angles and view points Example : Suppose you're tasked with designing a new product for a tech company. In the preparation stage, you research current market trends, consumer preferences, and the company's capabilities .

31. INCUBATION One may get stuck, or experience failure and leave the problem or the task for sometime. Allow the information to sink in and let your subconscious mind work on the problem. Take a break or engage in unrelated activities to give your mind some space. That stage is incubation. Creative ideas may not occur immediately after incubation- when individual is not consciously thinking about problem, but seeking relaxation from conscious effo rt. Ideas occur or strike when a person is doing something else– eg : going to sleep, waking up, taking bath or just when walk alone. Example: After conducting research, take a step back and focus on other tasks. Your mind might make unexpected connections when you're not actively thinking about the problem . Let Your Unconscious Cultivate the Idea

32. ILLUMINATION After incubation- there is stage of the ‘Aha’ or ‘I have found it’ experience  moment we normally associate with emergence of creative ideas. There is a feeling of excitement, even satisfaction of having found of a creative idea. Example: While taking a shower or going for a walk, you suddenly realize that combining a certain technology from a different industry with your product could create a unique and innovative solution. Recognize and Experience the Idea

33. VERIFICATION - Last stage - When worth or appropriateness of ideas or solutions are tested and judged - Convergent thinking plays its role in selecting appropriate ideas or solutions that works. Example: Create a prototype of the product with the integrated technology. Conduct user testing and gather feedback to identify any potential issues or improvements. Make the Idea Ready for others to Experience

34. THOUGHT AND LANGUAGE DID YOU FEEL THAT WORDS OR LANGUAGE ARE ESSENTIAL TO EXPRESS WHAT WE THINK? IS IT LANGUAGE DETERMINING YOUR THOUGHTS OR THOUGHTS DETERMINING YOUR LANGUAGE?

35. Language as a determinant of thought Benjamin Lee Whorf His view is known as Linguistic relativity hypothesis How and What a human possibly can think is determined by the language and linguistic categories they use. LINGUISTIC DETERMINISM

36. Thought as determinant of language Jean Piaget Believed thought determines language and thought precedes language Piaget argued that children creates internal representation of world through thinking- For eg ; when children see something and later copy it, thinking does take place which doesn’t include language Jean Piaget- Believed that for understanding a language itself require knowledge of underlying concepts and that is thinking  So thought is basic and necessary to understand the languages.

37. ORGINS OF LANGUAGE AND THOUGHT Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky argued that thoughts and language develop in a child separately until two years of age when they merge. Before 2 years thought is preverbal and is experienced more in action ( Piaget’s sensory motor stage) Child’s utterances are more automatic reflexes than thought based -( crying when uncomfortable)

38. Around two years- thoughts and language are interdependent  development of conceptual thinking depends upon on quality of inner speech and vice-versa Language is used without thinking when it is nonverbal- ie , visual or movement related Language is used without thought when expressing feelings

39. MEANING AND NATURE OF LANGUAGE Language consist of a system of symbols organised by means of certain rules that we use to communicate with each other. Language has 3 basic characteristics Presence of symbols Set of rules to organize these symbols communication

40. 1 SYMBOLS Language involves symbols Symbols represent something or someone – For eg ; the word home’ represents place where you live The thing that you eat is called food. These words alone don’t carry any meaning until it is associated with some objects or events and we begin to recognise those objects or events

41. 2 RULES Language have certain rules Follow a definite and accepted order of presenting these words For eg ; I am going to school school am going I

42. 3 COMMUNICATION Through language one communicate one’s thought, ideas, intentions and feelings to others Some occasions we communicate using our body parts- called gestures and postures( non verbal communication ) Some people who cannot use oral speech ( severe hearing and speech problem) communicate through sign language

43. DEVELOPMENT OF LANGUAGE Human language is more spontaneous, creative and complex than the system of language of other animals. There is also a great deal of r egularity with which children all over the world seem to be learning the language or languages to which they are exposed. There is some predictable pattern in which children’s acquisition of language from ‘no use’ of language to becoming competent language user

44. CRYING - FIRST SOUND PRODUCED BY BABIES Initial crying is similar across the various situations- gradually the pattern of crying varies in its pitch and intensity to signify different states such as hunger, pain, and sleepiness, etc COOING SOUND- Gradually crying become more meaningful cooing sounds like ‘ aaa ’, ‘ uuu , ’-  usually to express happiness BABBLING STAGE- (6 months) Prolonged repetition of variety of consonants and vowel sounds - da…aa.. ba .. - By six months children show some understanding of few words

45. ECHOLALIA-(9 Months)- Gradually the sounds get elaborated to strings of sound combinations into repetitive - dadadadad ONE-WORD STAGE-(1 year)- their first word usually contain one syllable- ‘ma or da’ - Gradually they move to one or more words to combine as whole sentence or phrase= “ HOLOPHRASE” TWO-WORD STAGE-(18-20 Months)- Child begin to use two words together  telegraphic speech ( like telegrams- ‘ got admission; send money ”- contains mostly nouns and verbs