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1. Advancements and Applications of Three-Dimensional Printing in Cardiovascular Disease: From Models to Medical Devices and Bioresorbable Stents Done by— Ahmed Fares Alarashi Abdulrahman Hatem Al- dois Osama Abdulkhaliq Hasan Ezzeldain Abdullah Alawami

2. Table of contents 01 06 03 08 05 10 Abstract Literature Review Objectives Problem Statement Research Question Methodology 02 07 Introduction Significant of the research 04 09 Aim Limitation 11 13 Analysis and Discussion Conclusion 12 Recommendation 14 Reference

3. Abstract 01

4. Abstract This study explores the use of 3D printing in cardiovascular disease, emphasizing its benefits, applications, challenges, and future possibilities. It discusses improved understanding of cardiovascular anatomy, integration with regenerative medicine, and applications in models, stents, grafts, networks, and organs. The study also covers biomaterials, bioprinting, mimicking soft tissue, and bioresorbable stents. It highlights the diverse applications and potential advancements of 3D printing in cardiovascular disease.

5. Introduction 02

6. Introduction This study highlights the high mortality rate of cardiovascular disease and the limitations of current drug treatments. It introduces 3D printing technology and its potential applications in cardiovascular medicine. The study reviews the current state of 3D printing in this field, emphasizing advantages, limitations, and future research directions. It discusses the use of 3D printing for surgical phantoms, showcasing benefits for training and planning while acknowledging challenges in replicating complex tissues. The study also focuses on the development of bioresorbable stents using a novel 3D printing system, highlighting unique structures and fabrication parameters.

7. Literature Review 03

8. Literature Review Overview of 3D printing in healthcare with a focus on cardiovascular medicine. Discussion of different 3D printing technologies and their pros and cons. Review of research on 3D printed models, stents, grafts, networks, and organs in cardiovascular medicine. Emphasis on personalized medicine and the need for accurate and safe 3D printed devices. Addressing challenges and future perspectives, including new materials and technological advancements.

9. Literature Review Exploration of broader applications of 3D printing in healthcare and medicine. Highlighting the benefits and limitations of 3D printing through a literature review. Examination of the use of 3D printing for surgical phantoms, including specific benefits and limitations. Importance of collaboration among researchers, clinicians, and industry partners. Overall, 3D printing technology's role in improving medical care and the need for further advancements.

10. Aim 04

11. Aim Examine the advancements, potential applications, challenges, and future directions of 3D printing in cardiovascular medicine, encompassing the integration of materials, cells, and cytokines, the development of surgical phantoms, and the fabrication of cardiovascular devices such as stents, with a focus on improving diagnosis, surgical planning, medical education, and regenerative medicine.

12. Objectives 05

13. Objectives Analyze cardiovascular diseases and their clinical requirements. Introduce 3D printing technology and its categories. Discuss research challenges, future perspectives, and opportunities in 3D printing for cardiovascular diseases. Provide a comprehensive review of 3D printing technologies and their medical applications. Highlight advantages of 3D printing, particularly in customizable stent fabrication.

14. Objectives Assess efficiency, energy usage, and sustainability of 3D printing in medicine. Develop a screw extrusion-based 3D printing system for zero Poisson's ratio cardiovascular stents. Conduct tests, evaluate mechanical properties and biocompatibility of stents with different structures. Demonstrate the potential of the screw extrusion-based system in addressing clinical needs for customizable stent fabrication.

15. Problem Statement 06

16. Problem Statement The need to assess the current state of 3D printing in healthcare. lack of information on materials that mimic soft tissue and their reproduction into surgical phantoms. limitations in cardiovascular diagnosis, surgical planning, and cardiovascular stents.

17. Significant of the research 07

18. Significant of the research Comprehensive review of 3D printing technology for cardiovascular devices. Exploration of its potential in disease diagnosis, surgical planning, and medical education. Integration of cells, cytokines, and materials for regenerative medicine in 3D printed cardiovascular devices. Addressing challenges and opportunities in 3D printing for cardiovascular devices. Review of various 3D printing technologies and bio-materials-based additive manufacturing.

19. Significant of the research Highlighting advantages of 3D printing in medical implants. Assessment of efficiency, energy usage, and sustainability in 3D printing for healthcare. Identification of areas for improvement in materials mimicking soft tissue and surgical phantoms. Introduction of a novel screw extrusion-based 3D printing system for cardiovascular stents with zero Poisson's ratio. Aim to improve safety and efficacy in medical additive manufacturing

20. Research question 08

21. Research question What is the potential of 3D printing in cardiovascular regenerative medicine, the current state of 3D printing in healthcare and medicine, suitable materials and techniques for creating surgical phantoms, and the feasibility of using a screw extrusion-based 3D printing system for fabricating cardiovascular stents with zero Poisson's ratio? Additionally, what are the challenges, opportunities, recent advances, integration of cells, cytokines, materials, future directions, and methods to assess efficiency, energy usage, and sustainability of 3D printing in medical, biological, and healthcare fields?

22. Limitations 09

23. Limitations Acknowledgment of gaps in the applications of 3D printing in cardiovascular regenerative medicine. Emphasis on the need for further research to enhance accuracy and safety of 3D printed devices. Requirement for new materials and technology to overcome challenges, including biocompatibility and high-resolution imaging. Balanced perspective on the potential and limitations of 3D printing in cardiovascular medicine. Uncertainty around commercialization of 3D printing technologies in healthcare. Some highlighted technologies may be more suitable for research purposes.

24. Limitations Study does not provide an exhaustive review of the current state of 3D printing in healthcare. Limitations of cited studies in terms of sample size, methodology, and generalizability. Study may not cover all available materials and printing techniques for surgical phantoms. Study may not offer a comprehensive overview of 3D printing technology in the medical field or address all potential challenges and limitations. Lack of specific recommendations for addressing limitations in using 3D printed surgical phantoms

25. Methodology 10

26. Methodology Types of data used literature review. Experimental data. Surveyed patients data. Case studies. Analysis approach Qualitative. Quantitative. Expected result an overview of the current state, potential, and challenges of using 3D printing in cardiovascular disease. a comprehensive overview of the current state of 3D printing in healthcare and medicine. Highlight potential benefits and limitations of 3D printing in healthcare.

27. Analysis And Discussion 11

28. Analysis And Discussion Comprehensive analysis of 3D printing in cardiovascular regenerative medicine. Covers characteristics, clinical needs, and applications of 3D printing in cardiovascular diseases. Discusses challenges, future perspectives, and the need for new materials and technology. Valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and engineers in cardiovascular 3D printing. Discusses challenges, opportunities, and potential benefits of 3D printing in healthcare. Emphasizes importance of academic and industry support and thorough assessment.

29. Analysis And Discussion Comprehensive literature review and case studies of 3D printed surgical phantoms. Experiments and patient surveys conducted to evaluate materials and impact of organ models. 3D printing technology found useful for surgical training, planning, and patient consultation. Screw extrusion-based 3D printing system shows potential for cardiovascular stents. System allows customization and produces stents with good mechanical properties and biocompatibility.

30. Recommendation 12

31. Recommendation Emphasis on the need for further research in cardiovascular regenerative medicine to enhance accuracy and safety of 3D printed devices. Highlighting the importance of integrating cells, cytokines, and materials, and promoting collaboration among researchers, clinicians, and engineers. Significance of academic and industry support in 3D printing in healthcare. Emphasis on thorough assessment of 3D printing applications and products for efficiency and sustainability. Need for further research and development to overcome limitations and challenges in 3D printing healthcare. Recommendations for fabrication of surgical phantoms, including the use of multiple materials and careful selection of printing techniques.

32. Recommendation Importance of high-resolution printers and thorough validation processes for surgical phantom accuracy. Collaboration with medical professionals to identify specific needs and applications for surgical phantoms. Exploration of new materials and printing techniques to improve surgical phantom accuracy and functionality. Suggestions for optimizing fabrication parameters and investigating long-term performance of screw extrusion-based 3D printing system for stents. Potential of the system for fabricating other medical devices, such as orthopedic implants and tissue engineering scaffolds.

33. Conclusion 13

34. Conclusion Potential of 3D printing in cardiovascular medicine for creating various devices. Emphasizes need for new materials and technology to enhance accuracy and safety. Valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and policymakers interested in 3D printing in healthcare. Benefits of 3D printing in healthcare and its impact on future medical practices. Potential of 3D printing to revolutionize medical procedures with realistic and interactive models.

35. Conclusion Recommendations for further research to overcome challenges in replicating complex tissues. Comprehensive overview of advantages and challenges of 3D printing in the medical field. Capability of screw extrusion-based 3D printing system to fabricate stents with favorable properties. Biocompatibility of stents without cytotoxicity or hemocompatibility issues. Implications for next-generation stents with improved mechanical properties and biocompatibility.

36. References 14

37. Shen, Y., Cui, J., X, Y., Song, J., Cai, P., Guo, W., Zhao, Y., Wu, J., Gu, H., Sun, B., & Mo, X. (2024, January 1). Recent advances in three-dimensional printing in cardiovascular devices: Bench and bedside applications. Smart Materials in Medicine, 36–51(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smaim.2023.07.001 References Eshkalak, S. K., Ghomi, E. R., Dai, Y., Choudhury, D., & Ramakrishna, S. (2020, September 1). The Role of Three-dimensional Printing in Healthcare and Medicine. Materials & Design. Retrieved September 9, 2023, from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108940 Higgins, M. C., Leung, S. K., & Radacsi, N. (2022, June 1). 3D Printing Surgical Phantoms and Their Role in the Visualization of Medical Procedures. Annals of 3D printed medicine. Retrieved September 9, 2023, from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stlm.2022.100057

38. References Wang, C., Zhang, L., Fang, Y., & Sun, W. (2021, July 1). Design, Characterization, and 3D Printing of Cardiovascular Stents with Zero Poisson’s Ratio in Longitudinal Deformation. Engineering. Retrieved September 9, 2023, from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2020.02.013

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