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1. TIDAL PATTERNS PRESENTED BY: GROUP 4

2. OBJECTIVES: To define and explain what tidal patterns are Identify and describe the different types of tidal patterns (diurnal, semidiurnal, mixed) U nderstand the natural causes of tides And highlight the importance of studying tidal patterns in navigation, construction, fisheries, and environmental monitoring.

3. WHAT ARE TIDES? Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of the gravitational forces exerted by the Moon (and to a much lesser extent, the Sun) and are also caused by the Earth and Moon orbiting one another.

4. TIDAL PATTERNS Repetitive and predictable changes in tidal height. Influence of celestial mechanics and Earth’s rotation. Predictable sequence overtime.

5. TYPES OF TIDAL PATTERNS

6. DIURNAL TIDE One high tide and one low tide per day. Occurs roughly every 24 hours and 50 minutes. Common in Gulf of Mexico, parts of Alaska, and Southeast Asia. Tidal cycle repeats once a day. Caused by Earth’s rotation and Moon’s gravitational pull. More likely in areas where ocean basin shape limits water movement.

7. SEMIDIURNAL TIDE Two high tides and two low tides each day Tidal cycle repeats roughly every 12 hours and 25 minutes High and low tides are usually about the same height Common along the Atlantic coasts of the U.S., Europe, and Africa Caused by the Moon’s gravity and Earth’s rotation More typical in open ocean areas with fewer coastal restrictions

8. MIXED SEMIDIURNAL TIDE Two high tides and two low tides each day. Tide heights vary — one high tide is higher than the other, and the same with the low tides. Tidal cycle still repeats roughly every 12 hours and 25 minutes, but unevenly. Common along the Pacific coasts of North America, Asia, and Australia. Caused by the Moon’s changing angle and Earth’s rotation, plus local geography. Influenced by coastline shape, ocean depth, and local currents .

9. NATURAL CAUSES OF TIDAL PATTERNS

10. There are 4 natural causes of tides which includes: Shape of coastline Ocean Depth Earth’s Tilt Coriolis Effect

11. 1. Shape of Coastline The shape of coastline affects tidal patterns because it influences how tidal waves move and behave as they approach land. Funneling effect Wave reflection and interference Resonance

12. A. Funneling effect Narrow bays or estuaries ( like Bay of Fundy in Canada) can concentrate and amplify tidal water as it moves inland, creating much higher high tides than in open coasts .

13. B. Wave reflection and Interference Irregular coastlines can cause tidal waves to reflect or interact with each other, changing the timing and height of tides locally.

14. C. Resonance Some bays have natural frequencies that match the tidal cycle. When this happens, tidal energy builds up more efficiently, increasing tidal range (height difference between high and low tide). .

15. 2. Ocean Depth When tides move across the ocean, they behave like very long waves. The way these waves move is strongly influenced by the depth of the water and the shape of the ocean floor (called bathymetry). Ocean depth controls the speed of tidal waves Shallow areas reflect and interfere with tidal waves. Underwater features redirect tidal energy .

16. A. Ocean Depth Controls the Speed of Tidal Waves How it works? Tidal waves are long, shallow-water waves that move faster in deeper water and slower in shallower water. The deeper the ocean, the faster tidal waves travel. The shallower the water, the slower the waves go, and the more water piles up vertically as it moves forward.

17. B. Shallow Areas Reflect and Interfere with Tidal Waves How it works? When tidal waves approach shallow regions or underwater slopes, they slow down, and part of the wave energy can be reflected back or bent (refracted). The wave may also interact with itself, creating interference patterns that change the tide’s strength and timing.

18. C. Underwater Features Redirect Tidal Energy How it works? Seafloor features like submarine ridges, trenches, and underwater mountains can channel or block tidal flows. These features act like underwater "valleys and walls," redirecting water and altering how tidal energy spreads.

19. 3. Earth’s Tilt Earth’s axis is tilted at an angle of about 23.5 degrees relative to its orbit around the Sun. This tilt is responsible for seasons, but it also plays a role in how tides vary, especially in terms of tidal patterns. While the tilt doesn’t cause tides directly, it influences how the tidal forces act at different locations on Earth over time.

20. A. Tilt Affects the Moon’s Position Relative to the Equator How it works? Because of Earth’s axial tilt, the Moon’s apparent path across the sky doesn’t stay directly over the equator — it moves north and south over a monthly cycle. This means the Moon’s gravitational pull in Earth's oceans is sometimes stronger in the Northern Hemisphere, and sometimes in the Southern Hemisphere.

21. B. Tilt Causes Tidal Inequality (Mixed Tides) How it works? When the Moon is not directly above the equator (due to tilt), one of the two daily high tides is often higher than the other. This is called a diurnal inequality and is especially noticeable near mid-latitudes..

22. C. Combined Effects with Latitude How it works? Earth’s tilt causes the angle between a location and the tidal bulges (created by the Moon) to change over the month and year. The farther a place is from the equator, the more variable its tidal experience tends to be.

23. 4.Coriolis Effect The Coriolis Effect is the apparent deflection of moving objects (like air or water) due to the rotation of the Earth. Because Earth spins, anything moving over its surface including tidal waves.

24. A. Coriolis Effect Changes the Direction of Tidal Flow How it works? As tidal waves travel across Earth’s surface, the Coriolis effect causes their movement to curve, depending on the hemisphere. In large ocean basins, this curved movement leads to the formation of rotating tidal systems.

25. B. Deflection of Tidal Currents in Coastal Areas How it works? In narrow seas, estuaries, and bays, tidal currents that move in and out with the tide are also deflected by the Coriolis effect. This deflection changes how water flows along the coast and into harbors or river mouths.

26. C. Hemisphere-Dependent Tidal Behavior How it works? Because the Coriolis effect acts in opposite directions in the two hemispheres, the rotation of tidal bulges and direction of tidal flows differ. This means that tidal behavior in the Northern Hemisphere does not mirror that of the Southern Hemisphere.

27. IMPORTANCE OF UNDERSTANDING TIDAL PATTERNS

28. Navigation And Shipping Understanding tidal patterns is crucial for safe entry and exit of ships in harbors, especially those with shallow or narrow channels. It helps prevent grounding or collisions by ensuring vessels move during favorable water levels.

29. 2 . Coastal Construction and Engineering Tidal patterns must be understood before building bridges, seawalls, ports, or offshore structures, as changing water levels can impact structural integrity and safety. Accurate tidal data ensures construction happens during optimal conditions and helps design structures that can withstand tidal forces over time.

30. 3. Fisheries and Aquaculture Tidal patterns influence the movement, feeding, and breeding of many marine species, which is crucial for effective fishing and aquaculture planning. Understanding tides helps fishers and farmers optimize harvest times and manage water flow in aquaculture systems for healthy stock.

31. 4. Environmental and Ecological Monitoring Tidal patterns affect coastal ecosystems, including wetlands, estuaries, and mangroves, which depend on regular flooding and draining. Monitoring tides helps scientists track changes in habitat, water quality, and the impact of climate change on coastal environments.

32. Conclusion In summary, the study of tidal patterns provides a deeper understanding of one of Earth's most important natural processes. By learning what tidal patterns are, the different types such as diurnal, semidiurnal, and mixed, and the natural forces that cause them—including the Moon, the Sun, and Earth's rotation—we gain valuable insight into how tides function. We also recognize how factors like ocean basin shape, weather, and the lunar phases can affect these patterns. Most importantly, understanding tides is essential for practical human activities such as navigation, coastal construction, fisheries, and environmental protection, making it a vital area of study for both science and society .

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