tillage and its process with various.pptx

Tillage

1. WELCOME WELCOME

2. introduction Tillage is the first and the most important operation in crop production. Tillage operations are generally carried out before sowing or planting. Although a very large area of land is available in the world, all of it is not fit for crop production. In order to bring these areas into an economically fit condition, variety of mechanical operations have to be performed.

3. TILLAGE Tillage is the mechanical manipulation of soil to provide favourable condition for crop production.

4. About 20% of the total energy required for crop production is utilized in tillage operations. These operations include ploughing , harrowing and mechanical destruction of weeds and soil crust, etc. OBJECTIVES OF TILLAGE: To obtain deep seed bed, suitable for different types of crops. To add more humus and fertility to soil. To destroy and prevent weeds. To aerate the soil for proper growth of crops. To increase water holding capacity of soil.

5. Influence of tillage on soil physical properties Pore space Soil structure Bulk density Soil colour Soil water Soil temperature

6. Types of tillage Primary tillage or ploughing : The operations performed to open up any cultivable land with a view to prepare a seedbed for growing crops, are termed as primary tillage. Optimum time for ploughing : soil moisture -25 to 50% Depth of ploughing : Tap root system - greater depth Fibrous root system – shallow ploughing Number of ploughings : Heavy soils -3 to 5 ploughings Light soils -1 to 3 ploughings Selection of ploughs : Depends on the purpose, soil condition and nature of weed problem.

7. Implements used for primary tillage Wooden or indegenous plough Disc plough Mould board plough Special ploughs: Subsoil plough Chisel plough Ridge plough Rotary plough Basin lister

8. INDEGENOUS PLOUGH

9. Parts of indigenous plough Body: Main part of the plough, and is attached to the shoe with which it penetrates into the soil and breaks it open. Handle: A wooden piece which is attached vertically to the operator to control to the plough. Beam: A long wooden piece, which connects the main body of the plough to the yoke. Share: working part of the plough attached to the shoe with which it penetrates into the soil and breaks it open. Shoe: It supports and stabilizes the plough at required depth.

10. MOULD BOARD PLOUGH

11. Parts of mould board plough Frog: Frog is that of the plough bottom to which the share, the mould board and landside are rigidly attached. Landside: Long flat metal piece, which absorbs the side forces when the furrow is turned. It slides along the face of the furrow wall. Mould board : It is bolted to the side of the frog just above the share. It turns the furrow slides on its edge. Share: It is the business end of the plough bottom, it cuts the underside of the furrow slice away from the land.

12. Cross shaft : The steel shaft filled at the front at right angles to the beam is known as cross shaft. Coulter : a) reduce draft of plough b) avoid the share c) clean the furrow wall and width slightly d)cut the trash over the surface of the field Jointer : It prevents weed to stick with share and also reduces draft by cutting top layer of hard soil. Wheel : These are attached at the end of beam to control depth of ploughing .

13. disc plough It cuts, turns and in some cases breaks furrow slices . Creates no suction but depends on weight and disc angle for penetration, it is heavily built.

14. Parts of disc plough Concave discs : Size of the disc is given in terms of diameter and thickness. Diameter of the disc varies from 24 to 32 inches. Disc scraper: Each disc is equipped with scraper which give a good turning effect to the furrow slice. Standard : It connects the disc bearing to the plough beam. Cross shaft: The steel shaft fitted to the plough at the front at right angles to the beam is known as cross shaft.

15. Furrow wheel : The purpose of the furrow wheel is to stabilize the rear of the plough and to hold it in a position to control the width of cut by the front disc. Disc angle : Angle at which the plane of the cutting edge of the disc is inclined to the direction of travel. For good plough angle should be 42º to 45º Tilt angle : Angle at which the plane of the cutting edge of the disc is inclined to a vertical line. For good plough angle should be 15º - 25º Bearings: Roller bearings are usually mounted in pairs

16. Chisel plough Used to break through and shatter compacted or otherwise impermeable soil layers. Deep tillage shatters compacted sub soil layers and aids in better infilteration and storage of rainwater in the crop root zone.

17. Secondary tillage: Lighter or finer operations performed on the soil after primary tillage is known as secondary tillage. Disc harrows, cultivators, blade harrows, etc are commonly used for this purpose. HARROWS Harrows are implements which are used to prepare the land by breaking clods, cutting weeds, pulverizing the soil, covering seeds, smoothening the surface. Harrows can be classified into : 1. Disc harrows 2.Drag harrows a. spike tooth harrows: b. spring tyne harrows: 3. Blade harrows

18. DISC HARROW The disc harrow consists of a number of concave discs of 45-55cm in diameter They do an effective job of cutting and covering. This devices change the angle of the disc gang to control the penetration of the disc. Discs are spaced about 15-25cm apart and their diameter ranges between 40 and 60cm.

19. Parts of disc harrow Disc blades : The blades of the harrow are concave in shape and have a sharp edge. Gang : A group of more than 2 discs when fitted on a shaft with spacers in between them, is called a gang. Bearings: The gang is mounted on the frame through bearings housing which carry bearings. Main frame: The frame is the main body on which gangs are attached through bearing standard.

20. Arrangement of gangs Single action: 2 gangs are placed end to end, which throw soil in opposite direction. Double action: 2 gangs are placed in one behind the other. Offset: It has 2 gang of discs. The land is tilled twice and the fields are nearly levelled after harrowing.

21. BLADE HARROW It helps to sweep, moving into the top surface of the soil without inverting it. The width of the cut made by the harrow varies from 38-105cm. The improved V shaped blade if fitted on the implement can provide relief from clogging. Killing of weeds, covering of thrash and as a tillage equipment where a shallow ploughing is required .

22. Spike tooth harrow The teeth of these harrows resemble that of the spikes, therefore, are called spike tooth harrow. Its principal is to smooth and level the soil after ploughing . It generally stirs the soil upto 5cm. The basic frame of the harrow is triangular or rectangular and has pointed pegs of about 23cm long. Peg point is fitted backward vertically so that soil is not accumulated in the front. The depth of penetration is increased by weight.

23. CULTIVATORS These are used for opening the land, preparing the seed bed for sowing of the seeds. These are available as animal drawn and tractor drawn. The animal drawn cultivators are of the adjustable type. These are mostly shovel type cultivators. Frequent sharpening of the cultivator points and keeping them coated with a good rust preventive material when not in use.

24. TRACTOR DRAWN CULTIVATOR It is used to destroy the weeds that germinate after ploughing . The main object of providing two rows and staggering the position of tynes is to provide clearance between tynes so that clods and plant residues can freely pass through without blocking. The number of the tynes ranges from 7-13. Width covered by the cultivator depends upon the row spacing of the crop. The shovels on many cultivators are protected against breakage by spring.

25. ANIMAL DRAWN cultivator Animal drawn cultivators are provided with a long beam or a hook in the front. The spacing of tynes can be varied between 45 and 105cm. The frame is provide with many holes, both on its vertical, and horizontal planes. In addition to the tynes , 2 handles and a beam are also fixed to the basic frame.

26. Conclusion: As the population is increasing day by day and food scarcity also increasing. To meet the food demands of population we need to increase the productivity. Hence, only way is that adoption of technologies in agriculture. Tillage improves the physical properties of soil, conservation of soil moisture, weed control, enhancing the nutrient availability.

27. references Principals of agricultural engineering –T.O.JHA and A.M.MICHAEL Farm machinery An approach –S.C.JAIN AND GRACE PHILIP PRINCIPALS OF AGRONOMY – T.Yellamanda reddy and G.H. Sankara Reddy Internet –Tillage impements

28. Mould board Sl.no Components Material used cost 1 Share Cast iron Rs.17,000/ piece 2 Mould board Solid steel, soft center steel, chilled cast iron 3 Land side Cast iron 4 Frog Mild steel and cast iron

29. Indigenous plough SL. NO COMPONENTS MATERIAL UESD COST 1 Beam Wood Rs. 3000/piece 2 Share Mild steel bar 3 Handle Wood 4 Shoe Mild steel bar/ wood

30. Disc harrow SL.NO COMPONENTS MATERIALS USED COST 1 Disc blades Cast iron Rs. 18,000/ piece 2 Bearings Chilled cast iron 3 Main frame Wood

31. DISC PLOUGH SL.NO COMPONENTS MATERIALS USED COST 1 Disc High carbon steel Rs18,000/piece 2 Standard High carbon steel 3 Cross shaft Steel 4 Wheel Alloy of Al and Mg

32. Blade harrow SL.NO COMPONENTS MATERIALS USED COST 1 Handle Wood Rs18,000/piece 2 Frame Wood 3 Blade Carbon steel, stainless steel, alloy steel

33. cultivators SL.NO COMPONENTS MATERIALS USED COST 1 Handle Wood Tractor drawn-Rs.22,000/piece 2 Beam Wood 3 Shovels High carbon steel 4 Tynes Mild steel flats 5 Frame Steel 6 Hitch point Mild steel 7 spring Steel alloy, chrome vanadium and stainless steel

34. SWAROOPA RANI