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1. Title Future Horizons: Advancements in Ship Safety and the Evolution of LL 1966e Here Putu Dwipayana [10.E.24/PTRN] POLITEKNIK PELAYARAN SURABAYA

2. International Convention on Load Line Rules 1966 2

3. 3 International Convention on Load Lines 1966 Adoption: 5 April 1966; Entry into force: 21 July 1968 The first International Convention on Load Lines, adopted in 1930, was based on the principle of reserve buoyancy, although it was recognized then that the freeboard should also ensure adequate stability and avoid excessive stress on the ship's hull as a result of overloading. In the 1966 Load Lines convention, adopted by IMO, provisions are made determining the freeboard of ships by subdivision and damage stability calculations.

4. 4 The Convention includes three annexes.   Annex I is divided into four Chapters: Chapter I - General; Chapter II - Conditions of assignment of freeboard; Chapter III - Freeboards; Chapter IV - Special requirements for ships assigned timber freeboards. Annex II covers Zones, areas and seasonal periods. Annex III contains certificates, including the International Load Line Certificate.  Various amendments were adopted in 1971, 1975, 1979, and 1983 but they required positive acceptance by two-thirds of Parties and never came into force.

5. Application 5 Convention shall apply to ships engaged on international voyages, except: warships; * new ships of less than 24 metres in length; * existing ships of less than 150 tons gross; * pleasure yachts not engaged in trade, and; * fishing vessels.

6. 6 Repairs, alterations and modifications 1 . A ship which undergoes repairs, alterations, modifications and outfitting related thereto shall continue to comply with at least the requirements previously applicable to the ship. An existing ship in such a case shall not, as a rule, comply to a lesser extent with the requirements for a new ship than it did before. 2. Repairs, alterations and modifications of a major character and outfitting related thereto should meet the requirements for a new ship in so far as the Administration deems reasonable and practicable.

7. Assignment of Freeboard 7 The surveyor provides the Assigning Authority with it report, which gives the results of the survey, and if that proves satisfactory freeboards are assigned to the ship. The owner is then given particulars of the freeboards assigned and the positions in which Load Lines, the Deck line and the load line mark to be actually marked. The owner is also given two copies of the surveyor's report and is issued with a 'Load Line Certificate’ .

8. Load line Certificate 8 A Load Lines Certificates is valid for not more than 5 years after the date of completion of the survey, subject to annual endorsements (Annual survey) within 3 months either way of each anniversary date of the certificate. This to ensure that alterations have not been made to the hull or superstructures which would affect the calculation determining the position of the Load Line and so as to ensure the maintenance in an effective condition of fittings and appliances for: Protection of openings. Guard rails Freeing port, and Means of access to crews’ quarters.

9. 9 Issue of certificates 1. An International Load Line Certificate (1966) shall be issued to every ship which has been surveyed and marked in accordance with the present Convention. 2. Such certificates shall be issued by the Administration or by any person or organization duly authorized by it. In every case, the Administration assumes full responsibility for the certificate .

10. Load line Certificate 10 The authority may cancel a certificate if: The ship does not comply with the conditions of assignment. The structural strength of the ship is lowered to an unsafe standard (that makes the ship unsafe) The information on which the freeboards were assigned was incorrect A new certificate is issued The ship ceases to be registered in the country (Malaysia) The ship is not periodically inspected (the survey not done or defects not corrected).

11. 11 Suspension 1. In case of hostilities or other extraordinary circumstances which affect the vital interests of a State the Government of which is a Contracting Government , that Government may suspend the operation of the whole or any part of the present Convention . The suspending Government shall immediately give notice of any such suspension to the Organization . 2. Such suspension shall not deprive other Contracting Governments of any right of control under the present Convention over the ships of the suspending Government when such ships are within their ports. 3. The suspending Government may at any time terminate such suspension and shall immediately give notice of such termination to the Organization. 4. The Organization shall notify all Contracting Governments of any suspension or termination of s uspension under this Article.

12. S urveys and inspections 12 (a) An initial survey before the ship is put in service, which shall include a complete inspection of its structure and equipment in so far as the ship is covered by the present Convention. The survey shall be such as to ensure that the arrangements, materials and scantlings fully comply with the requirements of the present Convention. (b) A renewal survey at intervals specified by the Administration but not exceeding five years , which shall be such as to ensure that the structure, equipment, arrangements, materials and scantlings fully comply with the requirements of the present Convention.

13. Deck Line (Regulation 4) 13 The deck line is a horizontal line 300 m m in length and 25 m m in breadth. It shall be marked amidships on each side of the ship, and its upper edge shall normally pass through the point where the continuation outwards of the upper surface of the freeboard deck intersects the outer surface of the shell plating

14. However, the deck line may be placed with reference to another fixed point on the ship on condition that the freeboard is correspondingly corrected and that the reference point location and the identification of the freeboard deck is clearly indicated on the International Load Line Certificate. This is typical in the case of a ship having a radiuses sheer strake (rounded gunwale)

15. Regulation 5 L oad Line Mark 15 The Load Line Mark shall consist of a ring 300 m m in outside diameter and 25 m m wide which is intersected by a horizontal line 450 m m in length and 25 m m in breadth, the upper edge of which passes through the centre of the ring. The centre of the ring shall be placed amidships and at a distance equal to the assigned summer freeboard measured vertically below the upper edge of the deck line.

16. Load Line Mark 16 300 mm 450 mm 25 mm

17. 17

18. 18 Minimum free boards are assigned so that a vessel remain seaworthy when loaded and to provide reserve buoyancy so that: The vessel will not be in danger of foundering in heavy seas In the event of major damage the vessel will still remain afloat or will sink slowly enough so as to enable the crew to get clear International convention has divided the world into zones the least dangerous 'Tropical' zone and the most dangerous 'winter, North Atlantic'. The winter in the North Atlantic is notoriously rugged and so that is where the ship needs the greatest amount of intact space above the waterline.

19. Load line Zones 19 The seasonal zones, areas and periods that determine the appropriate load line in a particular sea area at a given time of year are by way of the chart. The Tropical , Summer and Winter freeboard zones are based upon the following weather criteria: Summer Zones – Regions where not more than 10% of wind speeds exceed force 8 Beaufort (34 knots). Tropical Zones – Regions where not more than 1% of wind speeds exceed force 8 Beaufort (34 knots) and not more than one tropical storm in a ten-year period occurs in an area of 5º latitude/longitude square in any one separate calendar month. Winter Zones – Are all other regions.

20. 20 Tropical Zone : - The permanent tropical is colored 'green' on the zone chart, the boundary north and south of it may be seen on the zone chart. The ships are allowed to load up to tropical Load line when they are in this zone through out the year. Seasonal Tropical or Summer Zones or Areas : - these zone or areas are found on the zone chart with 'Light Green colors', which lies between the permanent tropical, and summer zones. The ships loading in these areas are required to load according to the" season. Seasonal period for this is as:

21. Regulation 10 Information to be supplied to the master 21 The master of every new ship shall be supplied with sufficient information, in an approved form, to enable him to arrange for the loading and ballasting of his ship in such a way as to avoid the creation of any unacceptable stresses in the ship's structure, provided that this requirement need not apply to any particular length, design or class of ship where the Administration considers it to be unnecessary. (2) The master of every new ship which is not already provided with stability information under an international convention for the safety of life at sea in force shall be supplied with sufficient information in an approved form to give him guidance as to the stability of the ship under varying conditions of service, and a copy shall be furnished to the Administration.

22. 22 Check that all access openings at ends of enclosed structures are in good conditions. All dogs, clamps and hinges to be free and well greased. All gaskets and water-tight seals should be crack free. Ensure that the doors open from both sides Check all cargo hatches and access to holds for weather tightness Check the efficiency and securing of portable beams If portable wooden hatch covers are used check that they are in good condition If tarpaulins are used at least two should be provided for each hatch and in good condition Preparation for load line survey

23. 23 Inspect all machinery space opening on exposed deck Check that any manholes and flush scuttles are capable of being made watertight Check that all ventilator openings are provided with efficient weather tight closing appliance All air pipe should be provided with satisfactory means for closing and opening Inspect any cargo ports below the freeboard deck and ensure that all of them are watertight Preparation for load line survey

24. 24 Ensure that non return valves on overboard valves are operating in a satisfactory manner Side scuttles and openings below the freeboard deck must have efficient internal watertight deadlights Check that all freeing ports are in satisfactory conditions All guard-rails and bulwarks should be satisfactory condition De rust and paint the deck line, load line marks, load line and the draught marks Preparation for load line survey